PSYC test 2 ch. 4

In the NICHD longitudinal study, what percentage of children experienced positive nonparental care?

12%

In 1992, the European Union mandated a

14-week paid maternity leave

About ______ children in the United States currently receive formal, licensed child care. Multiple choice question.

2 million

Babies three cries

Basic cry, Angry cry, and pain cry

Bringing Home Baby project

It is a workshop for new parents that emphasizes strengthening the couples' relationship and becoming acquainted with the baby.

______ skills refer to crawling, walking, and running; once infants and toddlers are able to do this, they expand their exploration considerably.

locomotion

Many children in the United States are cared for by ______ outside caregivers.

multiple

anxiety, anger, and guilt are classified as ____________ emotions.

negative

The enduring personal characteristics of the individual are known as

personality

In a most basic classification sense, enthusiasm, joy, and love are classified as_________ emotions

positive

The early emotions of anger, disgust, fear, interest, joy, sadness, and surprise are all examples of ______ emotions.

primary or basic

Emotional interactions between caregiver and child are ______, or synchronous, meaning they shape and are shaped by each other.

reciprocal

Which type of infant smile does not depend on external stimuli?

reflexive

An important form of reciprocal socialization is _____________ in which parents adjust the level of guidance to fit the child's performance, thus allowing them to be more skillful.

scaffolding

The interaction between children and caregivers is like a dance or dialog in which each successive action depends on the partner's previous behavior. The term used to describe this is reciprocal _____________

socialization

The family can be thought of as a constellation of ______ defined in terms of generation, gender, and role.

subsystems

According to a 2006 study of discipline and corrective behavior, which of the following was the MAIN method parents used to correct unwanted behavior in their 12-month-olds?

diverting the infants attention

A feeling or affect that occurs when individuals are in a state or an interaction that is important to them, especially to their well-being, is called an_______

emotion

Infants communicate important aspects of their lives such as joy, sadness, interest, and fear through

emotions

What emotion would an infant younger than 6 months likely not experience?

guilt

At what age do children markedly increase their imitative and reciprocal play behaviors?

between 18 and 24 months

What best describes the influence of biology and environment on emotional development?

Emotions are influenced by both nature and nurture

___________ play encourages infants to prefer people over objects.

Face-to-face

Longitudinal research regarding the transition to parenthood revealed what trend?

One-third of couples showed an increase in marital satisfaction after a baby was born.

Jenny, an infant, gets scared and starts to cry. She is using her emotions to ______ with her parents.

communicate

Which of the following are the two most important emotional expressions that infants display when interacting with their parents?

cries and smiles

An infant's most powerful method of communicating need or distress is through the act of_____________

crying

As the nervous system in infants develops, locomotion becomes possible and children are able to develop a certain amount of ___________

independence

True or false: Personality in infants is thought to involve a sense of self, trust, self-recognition, and independence

true

True or false: Marital relationships, parenting, and infant behavior and development have both direct and indirect effects on one another.

true because Parents' behaviors influence children, children's behaviors influence parents, and couples' behavior influences children.

When the caregiver and infant are able to focus on the same object it is called

joint attention

Almost all classifications designate an emotion as either

positive or negative

The term stranger _________________ describes a situation in which infants demonstrate a wariness of people they do not know.

anxiety

When parents of children in East Asia encourage the demonstration of emotional reserve, this illustrates the influence of _________ diversity on emotional development.

cultural

_____________ attached infants have caregivers who are sensitive to their signals and constantly available to respond to the infants' needs.

secure

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of 'me'?

self-conscious emotions

stranger anxiety appears at ________ months

six

In general, infant fear first emerges at __________ months and peaks at about ____________ months.

six eighteen

According to research, some couples experienced which of the positive results in the transition to parenting?

>Couples reported have a more stable couple identity. >Men became more concerned with intimacy. >Women more closely attended to their own personal growth. >Women improved family task management.

Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic way of responding reflect the ___________ of a person's personality.

temperament

Infants are able to understand that people have intentions because they can engage in which of the following?

Gaze following Joint attention

Between 18 and 24 months of age, children markedly increase their ______ play.

Imitative and reciprocal

_____ are influenced by both biological foundations and by an individual's experiences.

emotions

Children from low-income families benefited in terms of school readiness and language development when their parents selected ______ child care.

high quality

Which of the following statements are true regarding cultural influences on emotional development? (Select all that apply.) >Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. >East Asian parents encourage their children to express emotions versus showing emotional reserve. >Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. >East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.

>Non-Latino White mothers are more likely than Japanese parents to respond after their children become distressed. >Japanese parents try to prevent their children from experiencing negative emotions. >East Asian infants display less frequent and less positive and negative emotions than non-Latino White infants.