PSYCH 101 final JMU
rods
120 mil located: periphery high sensitivity to dim light not color sensitive not detail sensitive
cognitive psychology
1960s study of mental processes how we process information and how it influences our behavior
pre operational stage
2-6 some logic can't understand more than one thing at a time
cones
6 mil located:center low sensitivity to dim light color sensitive detail sensitive
placebo effect
a beneficial effect, produced by a fake treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment
adaptation
add, delete, or build schemes assimilation: add to pre existing ones accommodation: completely create new ones
correlation
an indication of relationship between 2 variables positive=both going same way negative= going different ways
relibality
are the same results obtained with repeated measurements
blind spot
area of missing info in our field of vision
sleep spindles
asleep stage 2
beta waves
awake
conscious
aware of events and mental processes
equilibrium/disequilibrium
balance between your schemes and your experiences
counseling psychology (social work)
basic therapy not serious disorders
REM sleep
body is completely relaxed but brain appears awake in a scan right before you wake up
physiological dependence
body needs it
behaviorism
break behavior down to smallest part
psychiatry
can give medicine medical degree
attention
can't attend to every stimuli around us so have to decide what to pay attention to
discontinuity (Piaget)
changes happen in stages that are not related
accommodation
changing sense to match the reaction of the world around you
population
complete group you want study to apply to
optic nerve
connects to the central nervous system, sends messages from photoreceptors> brain
retina
contains rods and cones, photoreceptors
iris
controls light entering
circadian rhythms
cycle of behaviors that repeat about 24 hours
sensation
detect stimulus from the environment and convert into neural signals physical
operational definitions of variables
different people will explain their experience differently leading to different results
night terrors
don't remember these happen during slow wave sleep
sleep walking
don't remember these happen during slow wave sleep
alpha waves
drowsy
surveys
efficient, quick and cheap question bias and truthfulness of answers
dual process
emotional process almost always wins
random assignment
equal chance to be put in groups
unconscious
events actively kept out of consciousness
random
everyone in population has an even chance to be in study goal is to generalize accurately
sample
everyone in the experiment that you're studying conclusions made based on sample represent the population
tolerance to drugs
get used to effects and need a higher dose leads to withdrawal
fMRI
giant magnet that aligns electrons to monitor blood flow can't tell you when something happens only where
cornea
helps protect eye, retracts and flips light onto lens
structuralism
how we do something/ how things work
validity
how well does procedure actually measure the variable being studied
Rogers and Maslow
humanism
priming
implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus
case study
intense observation of 1 person or a small group allows for rich data doesn't allow representativeness
perception
interpreting those neural signals mental
theta waves
light sleep stage 1
top down processing
make interpretations from experiences and expectations try to make sense using your interpretation
Wish fulfillment (Freud)
manifeset content-whats happening in dream latent content- hidden actual meaning of dream
functions of sleep
memory consolidation tissue grows and repairs temperature dips stress hormones dip washing toxins
preconscious
mental events outside awareness but can easily be aware of with some focus
scheme
mental interpretations of the world around you your first schemes are reflexes
non conscious
mental processing removed
opponent processing
mixes the colors to make all the colors we see
insomnia
most common sleep disorder
evolutionary psychology
natural selection DNA determines behavior
experiments
need at least 2 groups: experimental and control control group is getting the thing dependent/independent variables allows for control and discovering cause and effect could be artificial, interferes with ethics
divided attention
no such thing as multitasking only divided attention
object permanence
object still exists even if not directly visible
naturalistic observation
observing behavior in its natural context allows for real life behavior lacks control, participants might not react, observer bias
deep sleep
occurs earlier in the night
humanism
people are unique emphasis on personal growth and fulfilling potential free will
perceptual set
perceptually stuck, can't see it another way
Formed by combining ____________ and _______________
philosophy and physiology
Skinner
radical behaviorism
narcolepsy
randomly enter REM sleep during everyday activities
organization
rearrange existing structures
reductionism
reducing things to their parts
nightmares
remember these happen during REM sleep
intentional blindness
selective attention
bottom up processing
sense receptors> mind> build interpretation pure sensation
feature detectors
sensors specialized to see lines
clinical psychology
severe mental/emotional issues basic counseling
perpetual constancy
size and shape of object remain the same despite changes in physical orientation
radical behaviorism
society determines peoples behavior so teach people to be good citizens
role of cones
specialized for short, medium and high light perceive different colors
delta waves
stage 3/4 deep sleep, big slow waves
sleep apnea
stop breathing in deep sleep and must wake up in order to breathe
continuity (Skinner)
tell what something will be like from the start
Freud's contribution to functionalism
the concept of unconscious
Gestalt Principles of Perception
the whole is more than the sum of its parts proximity continuity connectedness similarity
Rule of proximity
things close together belong together
object constancy
things remain the same despite changes in viewers perspective
problem solving view (Cartwright)
think through major problems and wake up with the answers
sensitive periods
time when certain experiences are easier to learn ex: when you're younger easier to learn a new language
critical periods
time when certain experiences have to happen or you won't develop properly ex: vision and language
Function of dreams
to express thing you can't during the day
vision
transforms light energy into neural signals represents objects in terms of shape size and color packages sensation so brain can make sense of it
activation synthesis model (Hobson and McCarthy)
we want to make sense of everything the way the brain makes sense of random brain functions neurons will randomly fire> cerebral turns them into stories through dreams
change blindness
when something changes in front of your face and you don't see it
social psychology
why do people do what they do how are people influenced used scientific methods to understand and explain how behavior thoughts and feelings of individuals interact
functionalism
why something works as a whole/why is it there/what does it do for us
developmental psychology
womb to tomb people change and are influenced over time study of change and continuity over time
psychological dependence
you feel like you need it, habit
consciousness
your interpretation of awareness of world around you
issues with developmental psych
-nature vs nurture (genetics or experience) -continuity vs discontinuty (changes happen gradually or suddenly) -individual differences in development -difference vs deficit (something different or something you are unable to do) -time
sensorimotor stage
0-2 no knowledge only use sensory motor skills