PSYCH 101 final JMU

rods

120 mil located: periphery high sensitivity to dim light not color sensitive not detail sensitive

cognitive psychology

1960s study of mental processes how we process information and how it influences our behavior

pre operational stage

2-6 some logic can't understand more than one thing at a time

cones

6 mil located:center low sensitivity to dim light color sensitive detail sensitive

placebo effect

a beneficial effect, produced by a fake treatment, that cannot be attributed to the properties of the placebo itself, and must therefore be due to the patient's belief in that treatment

adaptation

add, delete, or build schemes assimilation: add to pre existing ones accommodation: completely create new ones

correlation

an indication of relationship between 2 variables positive=both going same way negative= going different ways

relibality

are the same results obtained with repeated measurements

blind spot

area of missing info in our field of vision

sleep spindles

asleep stage 2

beta waves

awake

conscious

aware of events and mental processes

equilibrium/disequilibrium

balance between your schemes and your experiences

counseling psychology (social work)

basic therapy not serious disorders

REM sleep

body is completely relaxed but brain appears awake in a scan right before you wake up

physiological dependence

body needs it

behaviorism

break behavior down to smallest part

psychiatry

can give medicine medical degree

attention

can't attend to every stimuli around us so have to decide what to pay attention to

discontinuity (Piaget)

changes happen in stages that are not related

accommodation

changing sense to match the reaction of the world around you

population

complete group you want study to apply to

optic nerve

connects to the central nervous system, sends messages from photoreceptors> brain

retina

contains rods and cones, photoreceptors

iris

controls light entering

circadian rhythms

cycle of behaviors that repeat about 24 hours

sensation

detect stimulus from the environment and convert into neural signals physical

operational definitions of variables

different people will explain their experience differently leading to different results

night terrors

don't remember these happen during slow wave sleep

sleep walking

don't remember these happen during slow wave sleep

alpha waves

drowsy

surveys

efficient, quick and cheap question bias and truthfulness of answers

dual process

emotional process almost always wins

random assignment

equal chance to be put in groups

unconscious

events actively kept out of consciousness

random

everyone in population has an even chance to be in study goal is to generalize accurately

sample

everyone in the experiment that you're studying conclusions made based on sample represent the population

tolerance to drugs

get used to effects and need a higher dose leads to withdrawal

fMRI

giant magnet that aligns electrons to monitor blood flow can't tell you when something happens only where

cornea

helps protect eye, retracts and flips light onto lens

structuralism

how we do something/ how things work

validity

how well does procedure actually measure the variable being studied

Rogers and Maslow

humanism

priming

implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus

case study

intense observation of 1 person or a small group allows for rich data doesn't allow representativeness

perception

interpreting those neural signals mental

theta waves

light sleep stage 1

top down processing

make interpretations from experiences and expectations try to make sense using your interpretation

Wish fulfillment (Freud)

manifeset content-whats happening in dream latent content- hidden actual meaning of dream

functions of sleep

memory consolidation tissue grows and repairs temperature dips stress hormones dip washing toxins

preconscious

mental events outside awareness but can easily be aware of with some focus

scheme

mental interpretations of the world around you your first schemes are reflexes

non conscious

mental processing removed

opponent processing

mixes the colors to make all the colors we see

insomnia

most common sleep disorder

evolutionary psychology

natural selection DNA determines behavior

experiments

need at least 2 groups: experimental and control control group is getting the thing dependent/independent variables allows for control and discovering cause and effect could be artificial, interferes with ethics

divided attention

no such thing as multitasking only divided attention

object permanence

object still exists even if not directly visible

naturalistic observation

observing behavior in its natural context allows for real life behavior lacks control, participants might not react, observer bias

deep sleep

occurs earlier in the night

humanism

people are unique emphasis on personal growth and fulfilling potential free will

perceptual set

perceptually stuck, can't see it another way

Formed by combining ____________ and _______________

philosophy and physiology

Skinner

radical behaviorism

narcolepsy

randomly enter REM sleep during everyday activities

organization

rearrange existing structures

reductionism

reducing things to their parts

nightmares

remember these happen during REM sleep

intentional blindness

selective attention

bottom up processing

sense receptors> mind> build interpretation pure sensation

feature detectors

sensors specialized to see lines

clinical psychology

severe mental/emotional issues basic counseling

perpetual constancy

size and shape of object remain the same despite changes in physical orientation

radical behaviorism

society determines peoples behavior so teach people to be good citizens

role of cones

specialized for short, medium and high light perceive different colors

delta waves

stage 3/4 deep sleep, big slow waves

sleep apnea

stop breathing in deep sleep and must wake up in order to breathe

continuity (Skinner)

tell what something will be like from the start

Freud's contribution to functionalism

the concept of unconscious

Gestalt Principles of Perception

the whole is more than the sum of its parts proximity continuity connectedness similarity

Rule of proximity

things close together belong together

object constancy

things remain the same despite changes in viewers perspective

problem solving view (Cartwright)

think through major problems and wake up with the answers

sensitive periods

time when certain experiences are easier to learn ex: when you're younger easier to learn a new language

critical periods

time when certain experiences have to happen or you won't develop properly ex: vision and language

Function of dreams

to express thing you can't during the day

vision

transforms light energy into neural signals represents objects in terms of shape size and color packages sensation so brain can make sense of it

activation synthesis model (Hobson and McCarthy)

we want to make sense of everything the way the brain makes sense of random brain functions neurons will randomly fire> cerebral turns them into stories through dreams

change blindness

when something changes in front of your face and you don't see it

social psychology

why do people do what they do how are people influenced used scientific methods to understand and explain how behavior thoughts and feelings of individuals interact

functionalism

why something works as a whole/why is it there/what does it do for us

developmental psychology

womb to tomb people change and are influenced over time study of change and continuity over time

psychological dependence

you feel like you need it, habit

consciousness

your interpretation of awareness of world around you

issues with developmental psych

-nature vs nurture (genetics or experience) -continuity vs discontinuty (changes happen gradually or suddenly) -individual differences in development -difference vs deficit (something different or something you are unable to do) -time

sensorimotor stage

0-2 no knowledge only use sensory motor skills