Psych 2 - Ch 9 Connect Questions
Rank the prenatal developmental stages in the correct order.
1. Gernminal period 2. Embryonic Period 3. Fetal Period
According to Piaget, during what period is the formal operational stage predominant?
11 to 15 years and beyond
A preterm infant is one who is born prior to __________ weeks after conception.
37
Which of the following examples best exemplify an optimal life theme?
A person inherits a great deal of wealth and uses this to fund a charity aimed at helping children A person who was born under disadvantaged circumstances and decided to work with children born into similar situations A person who has physical limitations but becomes the president of the United States and guides the country through the Great Depression
Cross-sectional research is best represented by which of the following examples?
A study where elementary students in grades 6, 7, 8, and 9 are surveyed all at one time
Which of the following is typical of the concrete operational stage, according to Piaget?
Abstract thinking is not yet developed. It involves logical reasoning.
What is a teratogen?
An agent, such as a drug or illness, that can cause birth defects
In Piaget's theory, what is the difference between assimilation and accommodation?
Assimilation does not involve changing schemas while accommodation does.
Which of the following are elements of Bowlby's view on attachment?
Attachment to a caregiver is especially important during the first year of life. Attachment is instinctive. Attachment is important for later development.
Which of the following is the best example of "nature" in the context of the nature-nurture influence?
Biological inheritance
Which statements about resilience are true?
Certain resources, such as a supportive parent, increase the odds of adversity. Development may be enhanced when people overcome moderate difficulties.
Which of the following reflect cognitive processes is involved in development?
Changes in a person's thinking Changes in a person's intelligence
Which of the following are examples of socioemotional processes in developmental psychology?
Changes in emotion Changes in relationships and personality
Elliott is a 2-year-old toddler. According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this means that he is in the preoperational stage. Which of the following is true of this stage? (Select all that apply.)
Children have difficulty in this stage understanding the concept of reversible operations. A child's thinking in this stage is limited because it is egocentric.
_____________ effects are differences between individuals that stem not necessarily from their ages but from the historical and social time period.
Cohort
________is the product of nature, nurture, and the complex interaction of the two.
Development
Which of the following is the definition of development?
Development refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout life.
Which of the following examples represent "nature" influences? (Select all that apply.)
Eye color Family history of hair loss
True or false: The "sticky mittens" study provided evidence that genetics plays the stronger role in child development than experience.
False
The importance of contact comfort on children's attachment was demonstrated by
Harlow
Which of the following reflect cognitive processes is involved in development?
Imagining oneself as a movie star
Other developmental psychologists have posed which of the following criticisms of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
Infants are more sophisticated in their cognitive ability than as outlined by Piaget. Development does not occur in discrete stages. It is more continuous.
Which of the following are true in regard to Vygotsky's theory of development? (Select all that apply.)
Learning occurs through interaction with skilled others. It emphasizes collaborative learning. The goal of cognitive development is to become competent in your culture.
According to Chess and Thomas' work on temperament, a child that is classified as a "slow-to-warm-up child" displays which of the following behaviors?
Low activity level Has low intensity of mood Displays minimal adaptability
Which of the following are criticisms of Piaget's research?
Many adolescents and even adults do not reason as logically as Piaget proposed. Infants as young as 3 months of age know that objects continue to exist even when hidden.
Which of the following statements represents what Piaget meant by "operations"?
Mental representations that are reversible
Which of the following examples represent "nurture" influences? (Select all that apply.)
Peer pressure Nutrition in early childhood
Which of the following are attachment styles as defined by Ainsworth?
Secure attachment anxious/ambivalent insecure attachment avoidant insecure attachment
Baby Shanelle uses her mother as a "base" from which to explore the environment. According to Ainsworth, this means that
Shanelle is securely attached.
Which of the following best describes neuronal development during infancy and toddlerhood?
Synaptic connections may eventually disappear if not used.
Which of the following occurs during the fetal period?
The fetus puts on considerable weight and size.
Which of the following statements are true regarding a preterm infant, an infant born before 37 weeks in the womb?
There is a risk for learning disabilities. Postnatal experience plays a crucial role in determining the ultimate effects of early birth.
Which of the following statements are true regarding "resilience"?
This term is used to describe someone who can recover from or adapt to difficult circumstances. Resilience involves making the most out of life
What does the research say about whether experiences can enhance executive function?
Yes, executive function can be fostered by cognitive training AND by physical activities.
According to Piaget's theory, a schema might be modified into different schemas that ______ to the environment.
accommodate
Baby X was one of Mary Ainsworth's participants in the "strange situation" procedure. When his mother left the room, he responded with distress and then raged at her when she returned. This classified him as
an insecurely attached infant.
According to Piaget, when individuals incorporate new information into an existing schema, this is called ______.
assimilation
Two criticisms of ______ theory are that it doesn't account for temperamental differences and that it doesn't account for cultural variations in behavior
attachment
______ refers to the ability to focus on a particular thing, like when a baby focuses on an object to reach for.
attention
A person's temperament is their
behavioral style and characteristic way of responding.
Changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language are all involved in ______ processes.
cognitive
What type of development is characterized by the improved capacity to process information and understand the world due to advancing age and experience?
cognitive
Dr. Franklin wants to assess the intelligence of one thousand people ages 20, 30, and 40. If he does this as a cross-sectional study, he has some concerns that, since these people were all born at different times and have had different experiences and opportunities, there may be ______.
cohort effects
Being able to classify things into different sets or subsets and to consider their interrelations is a skill that appears during the ______ stage.
concrete operational
From age 7 to 11 years of age children experience the ______ stage.
concrete operational
Executive function is a key aspect of
controlled processing.
The fact that observed differences between age groups may be due to different experiences is a limitation of__________ - ___________ research.
cross sectional
In a research study, Dr. Lopez asked people ages 20, 40, and 60 about their levels of happiness. This research is best described as
cross-sectional.
Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development emphasized the role of ______.
culture
Inherited genes, hormonal changes of puberty and menopause, and changes throughout life in the brain, height, weight, and motor skills are biological processes reflected human ________________ .
development
Which of the following terms refers to the pattern of continuity and change in human capabilities that occurs throughout the course of life?
development
_______ psychology is the study of the patterns of physical, cognitive, and social growth that occur throughout the lifespan.
developmental
The neural tube, which eventually becomes the spinal cord, starts to take shape during the ______ period.
embryonic
The ____ approach emphasizes the role of experience in the world as the central driver of cognitive and perceptual development.
empiricist
_______ _______ refers to processes, such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving, which are linked to the functioning of the brain's prefrontal cortex.
executive function
The "sticky mittens" study showed how the role of ____________can affect the motor development in infants.
experience
The last period of prenatal development is called the ________ period.
fetal
Below-average intelligence, small head, and heart defects are all characteristics of ________ spectrum disorders
fetal alcohol
Between the ages of 3 and 6, the most rapid growth takes place in the _____ of the brain, which is/are involved in planning and organizing new actions and maintaining attention to tasks.
frontal lobes
Genotype is defined as a person's
genetic material.
The zygote has attached to the uterine wall during the ______ period.
germinal
Human development includes which of the following?
growth and decline
Allison is in Piaget's preoperational stage of development. She is asked to explain how she knows something. She's says, "I just know." This is an example of what Piaget referred to as ______.
intuitive thought
Piaget observed that children in the preoperational stage of development often are quite certain that they know the answer to something and are not bothered by the fact that they have not arrived at the answer through logical reasoning but through reliance on previous experiences and guessing. He called this ______.
intuitive thought
The nativist approach to infant cognition shows that infants possess primitive expectancies about events and objects that are
less dependent upon experience than Piaget imagined.
Erikson emphasized that socioemotional development is a ______ process.
lifelong
Dr. Xiong is a developmental psychologist who believes that real developmental changes occur throughout life. This opinion reflects the ______ perspective on development
lifespan
From ages 3 to 6, the most rapid growth takes place in the frontal lobes which are involved in:
maintaining attention to tasks planning and organizing new actions
Physical, cognitive, and socioemotional processes progress in an interwoven way across the lifespan. Biological growth processes are referred to as
maturation
Processes such as hormonal changes of puberty and menopause, changes in the brain, height, and weight, and motor skill changes reflect the developmental role of biological processes and are referred to as __________.
maturation
When a 4-month-old infant wants to grasp an object, psychologists refer to that desire as a specific term;
motivation
In developmental psychology, the term _____________refers to an organism's environmental experiences.
nurture
When Piaget referred to ______, he meant mental representations that are reversible.
operations
Professor Lune was a first-generation college student who completed graduate school. Now Professor Lune dedicates her career to helping students who experience hardship in their educations. This is an example of a(n) _______ life theme
optimal
According to Piaget, conservation is ________. Select all that apply.
part of the concrete operational stage the knowledge that certain attributes of objects remain the same despite superficial changes
A person's genotype gives him the potential to be tall, but this potential interacts with the environment to produce a(n) _______.
phenotype
A person's observable characteristics are referred to as the person's
phenotype.
Adrianne has recently entered menopause. In developmental terms, this is an example of
physical change
Dr. Abrams is a psychological researcher studying infants. He shows infants cards with shapes of different colors and uses the information to determine whether infants can distinguish among objects. Dr. Abrams is most likely using the___________ ___________ technique.
preferential looking
Intuitive thought coincides with ______ thinking.
preoperational
How people change ______ as they age is of interest for developmental psychology.
psychologically and physically
Developmental dyslexia is a learning difficulty that is specific to
reading
A person's ability to recover from or adapt to difficult times is defined as
resilience
When anyone strokes newborn Toby's cheek, his head turns in the direction of the touch, and Toby opens his mouth. This is an example of the _____ reflex.
rooting
Which of the following are examples of infant reflexes that disappear as they mature?
rooting toe curling gripping
According to Piaget, a(n) __________ is a concept or framework that exists in a person's mind that organizes information and provides a framework for interpreting the information.
schema
According to Piaget's theory, object permanence begins in the ______ stage.
sensorimotor
When a 4-month-old infant is able to see or hear an object that she reaches for, researchers refer to that as ______ capacities
sensory
According to Piaget, in the sensorimotor stage, the infant constructs an understanding of the world by coordinating ______ experiences with ______ actions.
sensory; physical
Changes in a person's emotions, personality, or relationships with others are involved in ______ processes.
socioemotional
Information-processing theory of child development emphasizes ______.
specific processes for encoding and using information
Longitudinal research essentially involves ______.
studying the same participants over time
Alcohol, viruses, and nicotine are all categorized as _______ because they can cause birth defects when a fetus is exposed to them.
teratogen
Attachment is
the close emotional bond formed between child and caregiver.
three basic types of temperment in children
the easy child the slow-to-warm-up child the difficult child
Dr. Harrison is a developmental psychologist who believes that in order for individuals to reach their full potential, they have to receive warm and responsive caregiving in the first twelve months of life. Dr. Harrison is most likely a proponent of the
the importance of early experiences
Development involves not just growth, but also decline. t/f
true
True or false: Genes and environment interact; neither of these operates alone.
true
Object permanence is when a child
understands that something exists even if it cannot be seen.
Which of the following terms describes the fertilized egg in the first two weeks of prenatal development?
zygote
