psych 220 exam 1 (chapter 3)

dorsal roots enter the spinal cord carrying information from sensory organs (like skin) and ventral roots exit the spinal cord carrying motor information to muscles and glands

BellMagendie law

arachnoid space

CSF is mostly contained within which space r of meninges?

subarachnoid space

CSF produced by the ventricles mostly within ______.

fail to display normal fears and anxieties after damage to the temporal lobe.

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

reticular formation, raphe system

_____ _____ and ____ ____ lie in the pons and the medulla. both systems affect attention and arousal

delayed response task

a subject matter must remember where a stimulus was hidden prior to the introduction of a time delay

group of subcortical structures lateral to the thalamus. caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globes pallidus damage to the basal ganglia impairs movement, as in condition such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease. basal ganglia integrate motivational and emotional behavior to increase the vigor of selected actions.

basal ganglia, includes the ___, ___, and _____

medulla, pons, midbrain, certain central structures of the forebrain(?)

brainstem consists of...

dorsal root ganglion

cell bodies of incoming sensory neurons are contained within the _____ _____ ______

peripheral nervous system

connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body

people with cortical blindness have eyes intact and normal pupillary response to visual stimuli, but no conscious visual perception of the image is processed in the brain and no visual imagery is produced. people who suffer from eye damage become blind, but if they have in intact occipital cortex and previous visual experience, they can still imagine visual scenes and can still have visual dreams

cortical blindness

midbrain and forebrain

cranial nerves I-IV originate in the ________ and ________.

medulla and pons (hindbrain)

cranial nerves V-XII originate in the _____ and ____.

nucleus

each cranial nerve originates in a _____ that integrates the sensory information, produces a motor output, or both.

most prominent part of the brain. outer portion is called the cortex. under the cerebral cortex are other structures, like the thalamus and basal ganglia limbic system

forebrain

(prosencephalon) diencephalon, telencephalon (mesencephalon) (rhombencephalon) metencephalon, myelencephalon

forebrain midbrain hindbrain

cerebral cortex, diencephalon, basal nuclei, hippocampus

forebrain consists of...

prefrontal cortex--decision making, attention, personality influenced by this area. precentral gyrus=primary motor cortex

frontal lobe

substantia nigra

gives rise to a dopamine-containing pathway that facilitates readiness for movement.

basal ganglia

group of subcortical structures including the CAUDATE, PUTAMEN, AND GLOBUS PALLIDUS

medulla, pons, cerebellum

hindbrain consists of...

critical for certain types of memories, especially memories for individual events.

hippocampus

part of the limbic system. critical for certain types of memories, especially memories of individual events

hippocampus

conveys messages to the pituitary gland. damage=abnormalities in motivated behavior, feeding drinking, temperature regulation, sexual behaviors, fighting, or activity level GET HYPE--MOTIVATED

hypothalamus

blockage of the flow of CSF throughout the brain; fluid is not properly draining

hyrdrocephalus

prefrontal cortex

important in working memory (ability to remember recent events, stimuli), damage to this area causes deficits on the delayed response task also important in context-relevant behaviors

in most cases, a neuron cluster outside the CNS is called a ganglion and a cluster inside of the CNS is called a nucleus.

in most cases, a neuron cluster outside the CNS is called a ganglion and a cluster inside of the CNS is called a nucleus.

pons

in the ______, axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord so that the left hemisphere controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.

pons

in the _______, axons from each half of the brain cross to the opposite side of the spinal cord.

processes sensory information from hearing and vision (respectively)

inferior and superior colliculi

olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, frontal lobe motivation and emotion--sexual activity, anxiety, desires, eating drinking

limbic system composed of

controls vital functions such as breathing, heart rate, coughing etc. considered an extension of the spinal cord... controls these vital reflexes through cranial nerves. cranial nerves VI-XII originate in the pons and the medulla.

medulla

composed of the tectum, inferior and superior colliculi, tegmenjtum, substantia nigra

midbrain

substantia nigra

midbrain structure that contains dopamine neurons

thalamus, olfactory olfactory receptor--> olfactory bulb--> directly to cerebral cortex

most sensory information goes through the ___ first. it is processed here and then sent to the cerebral cortex. an exception to this rule is _______information.

cranial, sacral

nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system originate in the ____ and ____ regions of the spinal cord.

thoracic, lumbar cell bodies in the spinal cord at this level.

nerves of the sympathetic nervous system originate in the ______ and ______ regions of the spinal cord.

receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas of the cerebral cortex. wakefulness, attention, arousal

nucleus basalis

primary visual cortex (striate cortex)

occipital lobe

decreases arousal. ganglion more near the target organ/cavity. less coordinated response than sympathetic. both pre-post ganglionic neurons transmit acetylcholine. increase digestive activity

parasympathetic nervous system

postcentral gyrus=somatosensory cortex

parietal lobe

death of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra; movement related deficits.

parkinson's disease

somatic nervous system soma=body

part of the PNS that consists of axons conveying messages from the sense organs to the CNS and from the CNS back to the muscles

autonomic nervous system

part of the PNS that controls the heart, intestines, and other orgnans

"master gland" yet controlled by the hypothalamus.

pituitary gland

norepinephrine (except sweat glands)

postganglionc neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release_____.

acetylcholine, acetylcholine

preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system release______. postganglionic relase______

acetylcholine, near

preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release_______. sympathetic ganglia are (near/far) to the spinal cord.

primary areas--basic responses to incoming sensory information. provide incoming information from only one sensory area. association areas--receive incoming information from more than one sensory system; more complex processing occurs here.

primary vs. association cortical areas

arachnoid granulations

projections of the arachnoid space into dural sinuses to allow CSF flow from arachnoid space to venous systems.

lie in both the pons and the medulla.

reticular formation and raphe system

raphe

reticular formation works together with the _____ system.

tectum tegmentum is underneath the tectum. tegmentum is the "colorful" area.

roof of the midbrain.

conjunction of afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) neuron)

spinal nerve composed of...

nucleus basalis

structure on the ventral surface of the forebrain. receives information from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons to release acetylcholine to widespread areas of the cerebral cortex. the nucleus basalis is a key part of of the brain's system for arousal, wakefulness, and attention.

thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, basal ganglia, basal forebrain, hippocampus

subcortical areas of the forebrain

considered a part of the basal ganglia. area with great amounts of dopamine releasing neurons. many of the dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra project to two other structures of the basal ganglia... the CAUDATE and PUTAMEN this pathway extremely important in the facilitation of movement.

substantia nigra

superior colliculus, inferior colliculus//both are important for integrating incoming sensory information superior-vision inferior- hearing

swellings of the tectum are called the ______ _____ and the ____ _____

autonomic nervous system split into....

sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

prepare the organs for vigorous activity, consists of chains of ganglia just lateral of the spinal cord's central regions. "fight or flight" more coordinated response than that of the parasympathetic nervous system. decrease digestive activity. preganglionic=acetylcholoine, postganglionic=norepinephrine (except for swear glands)

sympathetic nervous system

roof of the midbrain--contains the superior colliculus and inferior colliculus

tectum

inferior and superior colliculi; both process sensory information

tectum compromised by the _____ and ________

underneath the tectum; part of the reticular formation also includes red nucleus and substantia nigra

tegmentum

primary auditory cortex. visual association areas within the temporal lobe that aid in processing complex visual stimuli perception of movement and recognition of faces-- tumors in this area have been known to cause hallucinations. Kluver-Bucy syndrome L side of the cortex usually essential in understanding language emotional and motivational behaviors

temporal lobe

most sensory information comes to the thalamus first. exception=olfactory information which goes to the olfactory receptors--> olfactory bulb first and straight to the cortical area from there.

thalamus

the parasympathetic nervous system's ganglia are located nearer to the target organ instead of the spinal cord.

the parasympathetic nervous system's ganglia are located nearer to the target organs instead of the spinal cord.

arachnoid mater

the peripheral nervous system is missing which layer of the meninges?

inside the spinal cord.

where are the cell bodies of the motor (efferent) nerves?

dorsal root ganglia outside of the spinal cord

where are the cell bodies of the sensory (afferent) nerves?