Psych 232 Test #2

According to the widely accepted temperament model presented in the text, how many general temperaments are there? A. Three B. Four C. Eight D. Sixteen

A. Three

Which of the following concepts from existential philosophy influenced the development of the humanistic approach to personality? A. An emphasis on choosing and developing your own lifestyle B. Person-centered psychotherapy C. Hierarchy of needs D. Self-actualization

A. An emphasis on choosing and developing your own lifestyle

Research has found that extraverts are not always happier than introverts. Why not? A. Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive. B. Extraverts are more likely to be socially active. C. Introverts do not involve themselves in activities that increase feelings of competence and worth. D. Extraverts are more sensitive to positive feedback.

A. Extraverts are more likely to be impulsive

A team of researchers examined where extraverts and introverts sat in the library. Which of the following did the team find? A. Extraverts preferred open, accessible locations, whereas introverts preferred isolated locations. B. Introverts preferred open, accessible locations, whereas extraverts preferred isolated locations. C. Extraverts enjoyed open, accessible locations better, but got more work done in an isolated location. D. a clear pattern for extraverts, but no preferred location for introverts

A. Extraverts preferred open, accessible locations, whereas introverts preferred isolated locations.

Traits were introduced into the field of personality psychology by A. Gordon Allport B. Raymond Cattell C. Carl Jung D. Henry Murray

A. Gordon Allport

Carlos suffers from high social anxiety. Based on past research, which part of an interaction with a stranger would we expect him to have the most difficulty with? A. Initiating the conversation B. Thinking of something to say after the first few minutes C. Ending the conversation D. Keeping in touch

A. Initiating the conversation

Researchers using the twin-study method take advantage of which naturally occurring phenomenon? A. Monozygotic twins have identical genes. B. Dizygotic twins have similar genes. C. Monozygotic twins are often treated alike by parents. D. Dizygotic twins are more alike genetically than typical siblings

A. Monozygotic twins have identical genes.

Which of the following statements is true about the trait approach? A. No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach. B. The trait approach is the best approach for predicting change in personality. C. Most trait researchers do not focus on predicting behavior. D. Trait theorists place emphasis on identifying the mechanisms that determine behavior.

A. No major schools of psychotherapy have evolved from the trait approach.

Which of the following concepts is generally accepted by advocates of the humanistic approach to psychology? A. No one can know a client in therapy better than the client himself or herself. B. It is the therapist's job to explain to the client the new goals the client must set for him- or herself. C. People should spend more time thinking about the future and planning the directions of their lives. D. People need to see how their past sets the course for where their lives are going.

A. No one can know a client in therapy better than the client himself or herself.

According to Maslow, a man who has satisfied his physiological and safety needs will probably become highly aware of his need for A. friends and a romantic relationship B. self-respect C. respect from his peers D. self-actualization

A. friends and a romantic relationship

Which of the following hypothetical research findings would present a problem for researchers trying to interpret results from a twin-study design? A. Parents of monozygotic twins treat the two twins more alike than do parents of dizygotic twins. B. Dizygotic twins don't look as much like one another as do monozygotic twins. C. Parents treat female pairs of twins differently than they treat male twins. D. There are more dizygotic twins born each year than monozygotic twins

A. Parents of monozygotic twins treat the two twins more alike than do parents of dizygotic twins.

Critics of the trait approach to personality have raised each of the following points except one. Which one? A. Personality researchers do not measure behaviors correctly. B. There is little evidence for cross-situational consistency. C. Psychologists place too much emphasis on personality test scores when making psychological diagnoses. D. Trait measures do not predict behavior well.

A. Personality researchers do not measure behaviors correctly.

Research indicates that a child's temperament is related to how well he or she performs in school. Researchers explain this finding with each of the following reasons except one. Which one? A. Temperament is related to intelligence. B. Teachers may be more willing to work with students of certain temperament. C. Some temperaments are more compatible with the requirements of the typical classroom than others. D. Teachers sometimes misinterpret temperamental differences in their students.

A. Temperament is related to intelligence.

Which approach to personality has relatively little to say about why people behave the way they do? A. Trait B. Psychoanalytic C. Behavioral/social learning D. Cognitive

A. Trait

Which of the following is true about the trait approach to personality? A. Trait researchers generally are not interested in understanding and predicting the behavior of a single individual. B. It is not easy to make comparisons across people with the trait approach. C. The trait approach has been responsible for generating a number of useful approaches to psychotherapy. D. Trait theorists place a greater emphasis on discovering the mechanisms underlying behavior than do theorists from other approaches to personality.

A. Trait researchers generally are not interested in understanding and predicting the behavior of a single individual.

Most of the early failure to uncover a significant relationship between Type A behavior and heart disease occurred because 6 A. Type A is a collection of several behavioral tendencies only one of which may cause health problems. B. Type A behavior caused heart disease in the past but not anymore. C. the first studies that predicted heart attacks were lucky. D. self-report inventories are unreliable

A. Type A is a collection of several behavioral tendencies only one of which may cause health problems.

When researchers compare Type A and Type B students on academic performance, they typically find A. Type As do better than Type Bs. B. Type Bs do better than Type As. C. Type As do better on tasks requiring a lot of time and effort, but Type Bs do better on everyday tasks. D. No differences between Type As and Type Bs

A. Type As do better than Type Bs

Cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tends to find the same three 4 dimensions of personality across cultures. Eysenck points to this finding as evidence for A. a biological basis of personality. B. the importance of environmental influences on personality. C. evolutionary personality theory. D. the need for factor analysis.

A. a biological basis of personality.

People high on the __________ dimension are helpful and sympathetic to others. A. agreeableness B. openness C. conscientiousness D. psychoticism

A. agreeableness

Among the many characteristics of self-actualized people, they tend to A. be more spontaneous. B. ignore their own weaknesses and focus on their personal strengths. C. show higher acceptance of other people for who they are. D. be more greatly inhibited in their social interactions.

A. be more spontaneous

Rather than examine a large number of personality variables that may or may not be related to how well people perform in the workplace, many researchers now address the questions of job performance and personality A. by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model. B. by categorizing workers by personality types. C. by using the several psychogenic needs developed by Murray. 10 D. by responses to work interests on self-report inventories.

A. by using the personality dimensions identified in the five-factor model.

One reason twin studies produce higher estimates of heritability than some other methods may be that the twin studies A. capture nonadditive effects of genetics. B. often incorrectly classify dizygotic and monozygotic twins. C. are based on small samples. D. overlook gender differences.

A. capture nonadditive effects of genetics

People with traits that dominate their personality can be described with a A. cardinal trait. B. central trait. C. idiographic map. D. secondary trait.

A. cardinal trait

Allport called the five to 10 traits that best describe an individual's personality A. central traits. B. common traits. C. cardinal traits. D. the Big Five.

A. central traits

A psychologist shows participants films designed to make them either happy or sad. She measures the participants' brain activity levels with an electroencephalograph (EEG) during the films. This psychologist is probably conducting research on A. cerebral asymmetry. B. brain damage. C. temperament. D. classical conditioning

A. cerebral asymmetry

The use of the Q-Sort technique of personality assessment fits nicely with Rogers's theory of personality because A. clients know themselves best. B. therapists must help clients place the cards into the correct categories. C. clients discover the unrealistic ways in which they see themselves. D. clients must be told how to behave more appropriately by their therapist.

A. clients know themselves best

Research on extraversion-introversion has found A. consistent evidence for a genetic component to extraversion-introversion. B. some evidence for a genetic component to extraversion-introversion, but a significant amount of research that disputes this. C. almost no evidence for a genetic component to extraversion-introversion. D. consistent evidence arguing against a genetic component to extraversion-introversion

A. consistent evidence for a genetic component to extraversion-introversion

To get higher grades and better evaluations from teachers students should A. have a temperament that matches the teacher's expectations. B. match their interests to the teacher's interests and focus. C. have a temperament that leads to strong attention to details. D. have a temperament that supports moral values.

A. have a temperament that matches the teacher's expectations

According to research on cerebral asymmetry, a person who frequently suffers from depression probably has A. higher right-hemisphere activity than left-hemisphere activity when resting. B. higher left-hemisphere activity than right-hemisphere activity when resting. C. equal right- and left-hemisphere activity when resting, but higher right-hemisphere activity when depressed. D. equal right- and left-hemisphere activity when resting, but higher left-hemisphere activity when depressed.

A. higher right-hemisphere activity than left-hemisphere activity when resting.

In a review of research it was estimated that ________ children are seven times more likely to suffer from social anxiety disorder. A. inhibited B. impulsive C. uninhibited D. fearless

A. inhibited

A strength of the biological approach is that A. it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior. B. there seems to be no limit to psychologists' ability to test for biological factors. 12 C. most of its advocates are medical doctors with an interest in treating disease. D. it makes a variety of suggestions for personality change.

A. it has succeeded in identifying specific parameters for psychologists who want to change behavior

According to critics of the five-factor model of personality, A. knowing how sociable a person is allows for a better prediction of behavior than knowing how extraverted that person is. B. researchers need to use factor analysis in order to determine the number of basic personality factors. C. although Extraversion is a basic personality factor, there is no evidence that Neuroticism is. D. factor analytic researchers should all use the same personality tests so that they can produce the same results.

A. knowing how sociable a person is allows for a better prediction of behavior than knowing how extraverted that person is.

Although low self-esteem people have good or bad feelings about themselves, compared to others, they A. lack a basic confidence in themselves. B. always appreciate who they are. C. prefer solitude. D. rarely focus on negative feedback from others.

A. lack a basic confidence in themselves

Critics of the trait approach have argued that there is A. little consistency of behavior across situations. B. no valid prediction of behavior from test scores. C. too much reliance on situational factors rather than the traits themselves. D. all of the above

A. little consistency of behavior across situations

Those twins we commonly call "identical twins" are more technically called A. monozygotic. B. dizygotic. C. difertilized eggs. D. fraternal twins.

A. monozygotic

There are many common misconceptions of Maslow's need hierarchy. Among them is the assumption that A. our lower needs must be satisfied totally before we can turn to higher needs. B. how well our lower needs are satisfied determines how much those needs influence our behavior. C. all needs are included at some level in the need hierarchy. D. all cultures have the same basic need hierarchy

A. our lower needs must be satisfied totally before we can turn to higher needs.

Researchers studying positive and negative affect sometimes disagree on whether A. positive and negative affect are related dimensions of emotion. B. men or women are higher in positive affect. C. we can identify relatively stable levels of affect. D. positive affect is related to social behavior.

A. positive and negative affect are related dimensions of emotion

Using the electroencephalograph (EEG), researchers have found higher activation in the left hemisphere is associated with A. smiling. B. negative mood. C. greater reactions to films that elicit fear. D. feelings of disgust.

A. smiling

Cross-cultural studies find similar patterns of what men and women look for in their spouses across many different cultures. These findings support evolutionary personality theory because they suggest that mate preferences do not merely reflect differences in A. social learning patterns. B. the genetic makeup of different cultures. C. inherited human characteristics. D. economic opportunities in different cultures

A. social learning patterns

Researchers have examined cerebral asymmetry in depressed people. The results of this 11 research suggests that A. some people may be born with a greater likelihood to become depressed than others. B. our experiences are less important in determining depression than our inherited tendencies. C. whether a person develops a depression-prone brain activity pattern depends on experiences during the first few years of life. D. there is relatively little psychologists can do for depressed people if the depression has a biological component.

A. some people may be born with a greater likelihood to become depressed than others.

Psychologists often use personality traits to predict behavior in the workplace. This research has benefited recently by looking at A. the Big Five personality dimensions. B. psychogenic needs. C. central traits. D. the idiographic approach.

A. the Big Five personality dimensions

According to evolutionary personality theory, anxiety is A. the result of natural selection. B. a positive emotion. C. no longer useful to human beings. D. learned.

A. the result of natural selection.

For Abraham Maslow, the turning point in his thinking about human personality came while he was A. watching a World War II parade. B. listening to a lecture on psychoanalysis. C. wondering about the best techniques for therapy. D. playing in a football game in college

A. watching a World War II parade

The twin-study method is used by researchers to get around which methodological problem? A. Biased samples B. A confound between genetic and environmental influences C. Questions about generalizability D. Validity of measures

B. A confound between genetic and environmental influences

Which of the following is true about Carl Rogers' background? A. He entered his undergraduate education eager for a career in psychology. B. Before entering psychology, Rogers planned a career as a minister. C. The interpersonal warmth characteristic of Rogers' psychotherapy sessions was modeled by his parents as he grew up. D. Rogers studied with the great existential philosophers in Europe.

B. Before entering psychology, Rogers planned a career as a minister

Which of the following statements is true about research on the Big Five? A. There are very few findings support general trends in Big Five scores over the lifespan. B. Different findings may reflect differences in how broadly investigators conceive the personality structure. C. All studies using factor analysis include the same kind of data. D. Controversy surrounds the inconsistent findings for the Big Five over different

B. Different findings may reflect differences in how broadly investigators conceive the personality structure

Recently, many researchers using factor analysis have uncovered what they believe to be the number of basic personality factors. How many of these factors did they find? A. Three B. Five C. Sixteen D. Sixteen to 20

B. Five

Which of the following is true about the five-factor model? A. Few have criticized it for its lack of predictive value. B. Hypotheses about the origin of the Big Five factors were generated after the results of the research were seen. C. Trait theorists would be better off focusing their research on the five main traits. D. Both b and c

B. Hypotheses about the origin of the Big Five factors were generated after the results of the research were seen.

A psychologist conducts research using the twin-study method. He administers a need for Achievement scale to sets of monozygotic and dizygotic twins and finds a correlation of .50 between the scores for pairs of monozygotic twins. If this study is to demonstrate evidence for a genetic influence on need for Achievement, what would we expect the correlation to be between scores for pairs of dizygotic twins? A. Higher than .50 B. Lower than .50 C. Very close to .50 D. There is no way to demonstrate a genetic influence with these data

B. Lower than .50

Which of the following is true about parental investment? A. Males are more selective about with whom they choose to mate than females. B. Males of many species are free to mate with as many females as they can. C. Investment in selecting a mate is larger for males than for females. D. Males select mates who are more likely to be good parents.

B. Males of many species are free to mate with as many females as they can

Among the conclusions we can draw from research on emotional affectivity, which of the following has been clearly demonstrated? A. People with positive affect report more health problems. B. Negative affect is related to psychological stress. 9 C. Negative affect is related to social activity. D. all of the above

B. Negative affect is related to psychological stress.

A man tends to have strong reactions to emotional events. He becomes overly excited and panics when facing even mild stress, and takes a long time to recover from these experiences. Eysenck might say this man is high on which personality dimension? A. Extraversion B. Neuroticism C. Psychoticism D. Emotionality

B. Neuroticism

Tonya often becomes upset over daily stressors. More than most people, she experiences such emotions as sadness, anger and anxiety. This description of Tonya is best accounted for by which of the factors in the five-factor model? A. Agreeableness B. Neuroticism C. Extraversion D. Openness

B. Neuroticism

A psychologist collects data from a large number of people. She places each person on a continuum ranging from high to low conscientiousness and makes predictions about how people in the high range will act compared to those in the low range. This psychologist is using which approach to understanding personality? A. Type approach B. Nomothetic approach C. Idiographic approach D. Common trait approach

B. Nomothetic approach

Recent research on the "Big Five" personality factors uses an approach to understanding personality similar to that advocated by A. Gordon Allport. B. Raymond Cattell. C. Carl Jung. D. Henry Murray.

B. Raymond Cattell.

Which of the following is a Rogerian psychotherapist likely to use during therapy? A. Conditional positive regard B. Rephrasing and reflecting clients' words back to them C. Dream interpretation D. Conditions of worth

B. Rephrasing and reflecting clients' words back to them

Eysenck provided all of the following arguments except one to make the case for a biological basis of personality. Which one? A. The results of cross-cultural research B. Research on brain-wave activity C. The consistency of extraversion-introversion over many years D. genetics research findings

B. Research on brain-wave activity

If we say Ted is high on the personality trait of assertiveness, we would expect that he will act assertively A. all of the time. B. more often than someone low in assertiveness. C. in some situations that call for assertiveness, but not in others. D. because he puts himself in situations that call for assertion

B. more often than someone low in assertiveness

Which of the following kinds of data provides the weakest scientific evidence for a genetic influence on personality? A. Twin-study data B. Similarity between personalities of parents and children raised by their parents C. Adoption studies data D. Comparing personalities of twins separated at birth

B. Similarity between personalities of parents and children raised by their parents

According to Cattell, which of the following traits ultimately constitute the human personality? A. Cardinal B. Source C. Secondary D. Factor

B. Source

Psychologists have found that using an electroencephalograph (EEG) in their research has all the advantages listed below except one. Which one? A. The EEG allows researchers to record brain activity in quick intervals. B. The EEG electrodes only pierce the scalp in a few places, and participants recover from the procedure after only a few days. C. Participants report that the procedure is not uncomfortable. D. The EEG can measure brain activity level in more than one part of the brain.

B. The EEG electrodes only pierce the scalp in a few places, and participants recover from the procedure after only a few days

A researcher using the twin-study method finds an average correlation of .50 between monozygotic twins' scores on a measure of self-esteem. The researcher finds an average correlation of .30 between dizygotic twins' scores on this measure. The difference between the size of the correlations is statistically significant. What conclusion might the researcher draw from these results? A. Genetics has more of an influence on self-esteem than environment has. B. There is evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem. C. There is no evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem. D. The results are opposite of what would be expected if there were a genetic influence on self-esteem.

B. There is evidence for a genetic influence on self-esteem

According to temperament researchers, which statement is correct about inhibited children? A. They will grow up to be shy adults. B. They are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty. C. At least half of all American children can be identified as "inhibited." D. They cannot be identified until about the age of five.

B. They are born with a predisposed tendency for anxiety to novelty.

According to Eysenck's original model, why do introverts often prefer to isolate themselves from others? A. They have had a history of negative social experiences. B. They are trying to keep their arousal levels from getting too high. C. They have failed to develop appropriate social skills. D. They generally do not trust people

B. They are trying to keep their arousal levels from getting too high.

Research has identified each of the following except one as characteristic of people high in 7 social anxiety. Which one? A. They avoid making eye contact. B. They frequently ask friends to help them. C. They expect their conversations to go poorly. D. They interpret feedback from others in a negative light

B. They frequently ask friends to help them

Monroe is very competitive at work and when playing sports with his friends. He often takes work home with him in the evening and frequently eats lunch at his desk so he can do two things at once. He gets very frustrated and sometimes angry when he can't do something well the first time. Monroe could best be classified as a(n) A. extravert. B. Type A person. C. person high in need for Achievement. D. person high in need for Power

B. Type A person

Theorists give many arguments for the evolution of anxiety. Each of the following is an argument except one. Which one? A. Humans need to belong to groups. B. We all have a need to dominate others. C. Anxiety is found in nearly every culture of the world. D. Anxiety assists the survival needs of the species

B. We all have a need to dominate others

Trina is slow to warm up to a new task. Rather than jumping right into a new assignment, she spends a great deal of time getting prepared and trying to understand the entire project. Because of her temperament, Trina usually falls behind the other students in her third-grade class. According to the goodness of fit model, Trina's teacher should A. work with Trina to overcome her slow-to-warm-up style. B. adapt her teaching to meet Trina's style of learning. C. give Trina less work to do, even if this means Trina learns less than the other students. D. allow Trina to take the work home with her to finish it all.

B. adapt her teaching to meet Trina's style of learning.

Eric tends to have higher emotional highs than most people and lower emotional lows. He is probably high in A. emotional affectivity. B. affect intensity. C. emotional expressiveness. D. positive and negative affect

B. affect intensity

Andrew has strong opinions and enjoys a good argument in which he can stand up for his beliefs. He prefers to work where he can compete with others, rather than an organization that stresses cooperation. Andrew would probably score low on a measure of A. conscientiousness. B. agreeableness. C. introversion. D. openness.

B. agreeableness

If Jose drinks one cup of coffee in the afternoon, he will have difficulty falling asleep at night. Jose is also more easily annoyed than other people when someone nearby plays loud music. Jose could probably be classified as A. an extravert. B. an introvert. C. neurotic. D. psychotic.

B. an introvert.

One problem with adoption studies is that the homes in which twins are placed A. are so very different that comparisons cannot be made. B. are often very similar because adoptive families are similar in important ways. C. are highly specialized for adoptive parenting. D. allow the same genetic influences to emerge

B. are often very similar because adoptive families are similar in important ways

Hans Eysenck's approach to personality research is similar to Cattell's approach in that A. both emphasized the role of biology in determining personality. B. both are concerned with identifying the basic structure of personality. C. both identified the same number of basic personality factors. D. both emphasized the distinction between extraversion and introversion

B. both are concerned with identifying the basic structure of personality.

According to the parental investment model, women prefer men who are A. the same age they are. B. capable of achieving financial security. C. physically attractive. D. gentle and sensitive to their needs.

B. capable of achieving financial security

Test makers often examine the correlation between scores on the new test and scores on a measure of social desirability. They do this to A. make certain they are measuring something that is socially appropriate. B. establish the discriminant validity of the new scale. C. ensure that people are not offended by items on the new scale. D. establish the face validity of the new scale.

B. establish the discriminant validity of the new scale

The humanistic approach to personality is most similar to A. behaviorism. B. existential philosophy. C. the trait approach to personality. D. the psychoanalytic approach to personality

B. existential philosophy

According to Rogers, clients are able to overcome defenses and accept experiences that have been denied and distorted when they A. experience conditional positive regard. B. experience unconditional positive regard. C. think about what they are saying to the therapist. D. have a good self-concept

B. experience unconditional positive regard

According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because A. people fear that others will punish them. B. experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function. C. each of us is reminded of a traumatic experience in childhood. D. all of the above

B. experiencing anxiety serves an important survival function.

A woman likes to spend her time with others, enjoys loud music, often acts impulsively, and does not like to be alone. According to Eysenck's model of personality, this woman is A. sociable. B. extraverted. C. low in neuroticism. D. impulsive.

B. extraverted

In his quest to understand the basic structure of personality, Cattell relied heavily on A. the idiographic approach. B. factor analysis. C. the examination of central traits. D. case studies.

B. factor analysis.

Personality researchers sometimes examine the personalities of children who were adopted shortly after birth. They do this because A. these children were likely raised in a very supportive, nurturing environment. B. genetic and environmental influences are not confounded like they are when examining children raised by their biological parents. C. extensive records of the child's health and early personality indicators are available. D. the researchers want to know if adoption is traumatic for the children

B. genetic and environmental influences are not confounded like they are when examining children raised by their biological parents

Researchers have difficulty determining genetic influences on personality when they simply compare children with their parents. This is because A. it is difficult to find comparable measures for children and adults. B. genetic and environmental influences on personality are confounded when using this method. C. it is difficult to find control groups that match the experimental groups. D. we need to follow the development of the children's personalities for many years to determine genetic influences.

B. genetic and environmental influences on personality are confounded when using this method.

According to Eysenck, the major source of individual differences in personality is A. early childhood experiences. B. genetic factors. C. social learning history. D. parents' child-rearing practices

B. genetic factors.

The fact that friends often serve as a buffer against stress supports the idea that extraverts A. are generally more anxious than introverts. B. have higher positive affect due to greater social activity. C. are less sensitive to information about rewards than introverts. D. often find interacting with friends to be an unpleasant experience

B. have higher positive affect due to greater social activity

According to evolutionary personality theory, psychological mechanisms A. evolved because they were needed for survival. B. helped the species survive and reproduce. C. are identical in all people. D. were once useful, but no longer are.

B. helped the species survive and reproduce.

In one study introverts found themselves ________ mood when the experimenter instructed them to act more extraverted. A. in the same B. in a better C. in a sour D. more sad in

B. in a better

Therapy programs designed to help people overcome shyness often focus on developing the A. client's network of friends. B. individual's confidence that they are capable of making a good impression. C. ability to say witty things at awkward moments. D. ability to keep a conversation going after it has been initiated

B. individual's confidence that they are capable of making a good impression

A personality psychologist designs an experiment in which she plans to use the twin-study method. The psychologist is probably conducting research to examine the A. stability of temperament over time. B. influence of genetics on personality. C. influence of siblings on personality. D. effects of birth order on personality

B. influence of genetics on personality.

A five-year-old boy is controlled and gentle. He is reluctant to play with new children and hesitates when entering new situations. Temperament researchers would probably identify this child as A. shy. B. inhibited. C. introverted. D. low in sociability.

B. inhibited.

People high in social anxiety report that their anxiety often is very painful and that they desire to be more sociable. This finding helps us distinguish between social anxiety and A. shyness. B. introversion. C. neuroticism. D. low self-esteem.

B. introversion

Compared to the results obtained using other research methods, the results from twin-study research A. probably underestimate the role of genetics in personality. B. make a stronger case for the role of genetic influences on personality. C. are less subject to criticisms about underlying assumptions. D. often are not replicated.

B. make a stronger case for the role of genetic influences on personality

In a study of college students with no history of emotional disturbance, students with higher right hemisphere activation were A. less likely to experience their first depressive episode. B. more likely to experience their first depressive episode. C. made depressed by the researchers. D. less likely to experience pleasure about routine

B. more likely to experience their first depressive episode.

The genetic influence of some personality traits may not be seen unless a specific combination of genes in inherited. Such complex influences are known as A. monozygotic influences. B. nonadditive effects. C. combinatorial effects. D. genetic correlations.

B. nonadditive effects

The "third force" in psychology was developed in part to promote a view of humankind different from the ones presented by the A. psychoanalytic and trait approaches. B. psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches. C. trait and behaviorism approaches. D. psychoanalytic and social learning approaches

B. psychoanalytic and behaviorism approaches

According to evolutionary personality theory, men and women base their choice of romantic partners in part on concerns for "parental investment." This means we A. want the parents of our spouses to be involved in the raising of our children. B. select mates who are likely to contribute to successful reproduction and child-raising. C. consider what the parents of our potential partners are like because personality is partly inherited from one's parents. D. prefer partners for whom both parents were actively involved with their children.

B. select mates who are likely to contribute to successful reproduction and child-raising

Early research found that Type A behavior was related to an increased likelihood of developing coronary disease. More recent research has A. replicated this finding consistently. B. sometimes replicated this finding, but other times has not. C. found no evidence of health differences between Type As and Type Bs. D. found the risk of developing coronary disease in Type As to be even greater than originally estimated.

B. sometimes replicated this finding, but other times has not.

Researchers generally conceive of "self-esteem" as how you feel about yourself. They distinguish this from "self-concept," which is A. what others think about you. B. the kind of person you believe yourself to be. C. what psychologists can determine empirically through personality tests. D. the unconscious view you hold of yourself.

B. the kind of person you believe yourself to be

In a study of varying task difficulty, researchers found that under threat to their perception of control, A. the most difficult task aroused Type B participants more than Type A. B. the most difficult task aroused Type A participants more than Type B. C. Type B participants were more aroused than Type A for all difficulty levels. D. arousal levels did not differ between easy and difficult tasks.

B. the most difficult task aroused Type A participants more than Type B.

You read about a study of varying task difficulty in the textbook. In this study researchers threatened the participants' perception of their control, finding that A. the most difficult task aroused Type B participants more than Type A. B. the most difficult task aroused Type A participants more than Type B. C. Type B participants were more aroused than Type A for all difficulty levels. D. arousal levels did not differ between easy and difficult tasks.

B. the most difficult task aroused Type A participants more than Type B.

Research on the genetic heritability of extraversion-introversion has made use of A. brain electrical activity measures. B. the twin-study method. C. differences in sensitivity to stimulation. D. only twins that have been reared together (in the same environment).

B. the twin-study method

Personality psychologists use factor analysis to help them determine A. a person's central traits. B. which personality traits correlate together. C. the stability of personality traits over time and situations. D. the validity of personality trait measures.

B. which personality traits correlate together.

Although it is difficult to determine precisely how much of personality is determined by genetics, the results of twin studies suggest that genetics probably accounts for about _______ percent of the variance of adult personality. A. 85 B. 60 C. 40 D. 5

C. 40

Sometimes test makers include the same test questions more than once on the test. This is done to detect which potential problem? A. Faking good B. Faking bad C. Carelessness and sabotage D. Social desirability

C. Carelessness and sabotage

Which of the following is not a basic temperament according to the three-dimensional model of Buss and Plomin? 5 A. Activity B. Emotionality C. Connectivity D. Sociability

C. Connectivity

Which of the following is false about childhood differences in temperament patterns? A. Differences show up on teachers' evaluations. B. Differences are found in scores on achievement tests. C. Differences are related to intelligence. D. Differences are found in the child's grades.

C. Differences are related to intelligence

Which assumption is made by researchers using the twin-study method? A. Dizygotic twins share an environment that is more similar than the environment shared by monozygotic twins. B. Monozygotic twins share an environment that is more similar than the environment 4 shared by dizygotic twins. C. Dizygotic twins share an environment that is just as similar as the environment shared by monozygotic twins. D. Monozygotic twins will be treated more alike than dizygotic twins.

C. Dizygotic twins share an environment that is just as similar as the environment shared by monozygotic twins

One team of investigators examined where extraverts and introverts sat in the library. They based their predictions on which of the following notions? A. Extraverts enjoy people more than introverts do. B. Introverts are more likely to study in the library than extraverts. C. Extraverts and introverts have different levels of preferred arousal and different sensitivity to stimulation. D. Introverts are less spontaneous than extraverts.

C. Extraverts and introverts have different levels of preferred arousal and different sensitivity to stimulation

A psychologist examines six personality tests. She suspects that four of the tests are really measuring the same personality trait and that the other two measure another personality trait. What kind of research should the psychologist conduct to test her hypothesis? A. A field study B. A case study C. Factor analysis D. Idiographic research

C. Factor analysis

Which approach has probably generated the least empirical research in psychology? A. Biological B. Behavioral/social learning C. Humanistic D. Trait

C. Humanistic

Margaret is an extravert. She has to study for a test in the morning. Where is the most likely place she will choose to study? A. In a quiet room B. Alone in an isolated study area in the library C. In an open area in the library where she can see a lot of other students D. Outside in a place where others can't disturb her

C. In an open area in the library where she can see a lot of other students

In Eysenck's model of personality, which of the following is correct about extraversion- introversion? 2 A. It is an example of a habitual response. B. It is the opposite of neuroticism. C. It is one of two basic personality dimensions. D. It is one of five basic personality dimensions

C. It is one of two basic personality dimensions.

Which of the following is a problem for the assumption that MZ and DZ twins are raised in equally similar environments? A. DZ twins may be treated more alike than identical twins. B. MZ twins purposefully join different clubs and have different friends. C. MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins. D. All of the above

C. MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins

The assumption that MZ and DZ twins are raised in equally similar environments can be problematic. Which of the following is a problem? A. DZ twins may be treated more alike than identical twins. B. MZ twins purposefully join different clubs and have different friends. C. MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins. D. All of the above

C. MZ twins may share more of their environment than DZ twins.

The biological approach to personality has each of the following strengths except one. Which one? A. It has identified some realistic parameters for psychologists interested in behavior change. B. It has provided a bridge between the study of psychology and the discipline of biology. C. Nearly all of the hypotheses generated from the biological approach can be tested through direct manipulation of the variables of interest. D. Most of the advocates of the biological approach are academic psychologists interested in testing their ideas through research

C. Nearly all of the hypotheses generated from the biological approach can be tested through direct manipulation of the variables of interest.

Each of the following has been identified as a component of optimal experience except one. Which one? A. Our attention is completely absorbed in the activity. B. We experience a loss of self-consciousness. C. People around us recognize and respect our accomplishments. D. We lose a sense of time.

C. People around us recognize and respect our accomplishments

Some psychologists argue that we should utilize different learning procedures to meet the needs of each student's temperament. This approach is based on which model? A. Eysenck's model of personality B. The five-factor model C. The "goodness of fit" model D. Evolutionary personality model

C. The "goodness of fit" model

After a woman has more or less satisfied all of the needs on Maslow's hierarchy except the last one, what need will now have a strong influence on her behavior? A. The need to perceive herself as competent and achieving B. The need to experience nonpossessive, unselfish love (B-love) C. The need to develop her full potential, to be her true self D. The need for self-respect

C. The need to develop her full potential, to be her true self

According to Allport, which of the following is true about central traits? A. They are basically the same for all people. B. They are useful when examining personality through the nomothetic approach. C. They are useful when examining personality through the idiographic approach. D. They are comprised of a number of secondary traits.

C. They are useful when examining personality through the idiographic approach

According to Eysenck's original model, which of the following is true about extraverts? A. They generally have a high level of cortical arousal. B. They have learned through early experiences to enjoy social events. C. They generally have a low level of cortical arousal. D. They are low in neuroticism

C. They generally have a low level of cortical arousal.

Which of the following is characteristic of the people Maslow identified as "psychologically healthy"? A. They have many friends. B. They are the only ones who have "peak experiences." C. They tend to be creative. D. They are unconcerned with what others think of them.

C. They tend to be creative

You ask a person to provide a real-self profile and an ideal-self profile with a Q-Sort. Which correlation would you expect to find between the two profiles if the person is approaching fully functioning? A. -.60 B. .00 C. .30 D. .60

D. .60

According to Rogers, there is a proper therapeutic relationship between therapist and client to achieve success. This relationship includes which of the following? A. Repetitive peak experiences B. Unconscious impulses being revealed C. Unconditional positive regard D. Humanistic transference

C. Unconditional positive regard

Alison becomes very anxious when she has to give a speech in front of an audience. Advocates of evolutionary personality theory might call Alison's problem an example of anxiety caused by A. conditioning. B. an inherited temperament. C. a fear of social exclusion. D. a fear of novel situations.

C. a fear of social exclusion.

According to the text, the growing acceptance of the several biological influences on personality is A. a reflection of the decline of psychoanalysis in academic psychology. B. partly due to a return to the notion of the blank slate. C. a reflection of behaviorism's decline in academic psychology. D. due to computer technology of the late 20th century.

C. a reflection of behaviorism's decline in academic psychology.

Research on genetic determinants of personality tell us that A. personality is fixed at birth. B. most, but not all, of adult personality is determined by genetics. C. a significant percentage of adult personality is determined by genetics, but experience also plays a large role. D. except for a few traits, there is very little genetic influence on personality

C. a significant percentage of adult personality is determined by genetics, but experience also plays a large role

Raymond Cattell argued that in their efforts to understanding the basic structure of personality, psychologists should A. begin with a theory about the basic structure of personality. B. examine personality characteristics shared by everyone as well as those found in only a few people. C. allow empirical data analyses to describe the basic structure of personality to us. D. examine only one type of personality data.

C. allow empirical data analyses to describe the basic structure of personality to us.

You know a woman who has many friends and is often out having fun. But this woman also typically acts before thinking, thus bringing her a lot of trouble. This woman is probably A. high on neuroticism. B. low on neuroticism. C. an extravert. D. an introvert

C. an extravert

The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called A. moral anxiety. B. castration anxiety. C. anxiety to novelty. D. neurotic phobia.

C. anxiety to novelty.

According to Rogers, fully functioning people A. are more aware of societal norms and more likely to conform to society's standards. B. put society's needs ahead of their own personal needs and interests. C. are less likely to conform to societal demands than are most people. D. are not concerned with rebellion and so are unlikely to act in nonconforming ways.

C. are less likely to conform to societal demands than are most people.

According to the "person by situation" approach, A. personality is more important than the situation in determining behavior. B. there is little evidence for cross-situational consistency. C. behavior is determined by an interaction of personality and the situation. D. personality researchers need to measure behavior in more than one way

C. behavior is determined by an interaction of personality and the situation.

A man is said to have one personality trait that dominates his personality. Allport would identify this personality trait as a A. common trait. B. central trait. C. cardinal trait. D. secondary trait

C. cardinal trait

Karen always approaches tasks in an organized, faithful manner. She persists at a difficult job longer than most people and generally accomplishes more. Karen is probably high in A. agreeableness. B. openness. C. conscientiousness. D. extraversion.

C. conscientiousness.

One strength of the trait approach to personality is that it A. predicts behavior in many situations. B. is not necessary to job counselors to do their work. C. does not rely on intuition but instead on objective measures. D. explains the development of personality traits.

C. does not rely on intuition but instead on objective measures.

Darlene's emotions are easy to read: she smiles broadly when happy and looks down when sad. Researchers would say that Darlene is high in A. emotional affectivity. B. affect intensity. C. emotional expressiveness. D. positive and negative affect.

C. emotional expressiveness.

Research finds that shy people deliberately keep conversations short and polite and avoid potentially controversial or embarrassing topics. Some researchers point to these findings to suggest that social anxiety is caused by excessive A. fear of strangers. B. fear of the unknown. C. evaluation apprehension. D. need for control.

C. evaluation apprehension.

Research finds that, compared to introverts, extraverts tend to A. be happier, but only on weekends. B. be less happy. C. have higher levels of subjective well-being and happiness. D. be just about as happy, but they enjoy different things.

C. have higher levels of subjective well-being and happiness

Suppose you design a personality study in which you plan to use the twin-study method. You are probably conducting research to examine the A. influence of siblings on personality. B. stability of temperament over time. C. influence of genetics on personality. D. effects of birth order on personality.

C. influence of genetics on personality.

Those acquaintances of yours who prefer quiet and perhaps isolated rooms in which to study are, according to research, more likely to be A. neurotics. B. extraverts. C. introverts D. of no particular personality

C. introverts

Researchers find that if we know how typically a person experiences positive affect, we can predict that person's A. emotional expressiveness. B. number of health problems. C. level of social activity. D. affect intensity.

C. level of social activity

By using Google search for Maslow's hierarchy of needs, researchers found A. very few website hits. B. as many website hits for Maslow as they did for Freud. C. more internet images of the need pyramid than of the Mona Lisa. D. all of the above

C. more internet images of the need pyramid than of the Mona Lisa

Research suggests that inhibited children are especially anxious about A. people. B. loud noise. C. novelty. D. strangers.

C. novelty.

One limitation of evolutionary personality theory with regard to mate selection is that A. it assumes mate selection is a direct result of environmental influences. B. the methods do not give researchers the ability to make strong predictions. C. researchers cannot manipulate the variables they study. D. our instincts inherited from ancestors may overshadow the characteristics men and women look for in some cultures.

C. researchers cannot manipulate the variables they study

Many researchers fail to produce strong links between personality traits and behavior. Epstein has argued that the reason for this failure is because A. researchers don't perform the correct statistical analysis. B. researchers don't measure personality traits correctly. C. researchers don't measure behavior correctly. D. none of the above

C. researchers don't measure behavior correctly

Recent research challenges one aspect of Eysenck's original theory, suggesting that extraverts and introverts differ in terms of their A. level of cortical arousal. B. impulsiveness. C. sensitivity to stimulation. D. ability to concentrate.

C. sensitivity to stimulation

A woman tells a humanistic psychotherapist that she wants to leave an unhappy relationship, but that she can't. The therapist will probably set as a goal that the woman comes to understand that A. she must live in the "here and now." B. there is a good part to everyone, even the man she is having trouble with now. C. she should take responsibility for her choice to stay in or leave the relationship. D. when she gets in touch with who she really is and drops her defenses, many of her relationship problems will also end.

C. she should take responsibility for her choice to stay in or leave the relationship.

Some researchers identify what they call an "inhibited" style in very young children. This research can be used to argue that A. a child's personality resembles a "blank slate." B. all children are born shy, but many learn to overcome it. C. temperament is at least partly inherited. D. there are important evolutionary reasons for shyness.

C. temperament is at least partly inherited.

Researchers measured children's fear of unfamiliar situations at 21 months and again at four years of age. When the children were brought back to the laboratory at five and a half years, the researchers found A. that children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing a ball-tossing game. B. that children who were inhibited earlier displayed more risky behavior when playing on a mattress in a falling game. C. that children who were inhibited at 21 months and four years again clung to their mother or father as before. D. that children who were uninhibited at 21 months and four years began to cling to their mother or father at five and a half years

C. that children who were inhibited at 21 months and four years again clung to their mother or father as before.

A researcher asks extraverts and introverts to work on a series of math problems while listening to loud or soft music. Based on past research, we would expect to find that A. the extraverts do better on the test, regardless of the music level. B. the introverts do better when listening to loud music, the extraverts better when listening to soft music. C. the extraverts do better when listening to loud music, the introverts better when listening to soft music. D. introverts and extraverts do equally well regardless of how loud the music is playing

C. the extraverts do better when listening to loud music, the introverts better when listening to soft music

The idiographic approach to personality has advantages. For example, A. researchers can compare all people on measures of a certain trait. B. it reveals common traits. C. the person rather than the researcher determines what traits to examine. D. it provides information about the relationship between traits and behavior.

C. the person rather than the researcher determines what traits to examine.

Cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tends to find A. patterns similar to those found in America, but only in European countries. B. extraversion-introversion scores vary considerably depending on the child-rearing practices in the culture. C. the same three dimensions of personality across cultures. D. evidence to support a biological basis for extraversion-introversion, but not the other dimensions in the model.

C. the same three dimensions of personality across cultures.

The "lipstick effect" refers to A. the application of more lipstick at different times during the ovulatory cycle. B. how cosmetic marketing often heightens insecurity about one's appearance. C. the tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during bad economic times. D. men who pay more attention to superficial beauty.

C. the tendency for women to spend more money on cosmetics during bad economic times.

Researchers find that people high in negative affect also tend to have a higher number of health complaints. This is probably because A. they have more health problems than most people. B. they complain more than most people. C. they have more health problems and they complain more than most people. D. they are low in positive affect.

C. they have more health problems and they complain more than most people.

Sarah is a grade school teacher faced with a variety of student capabilities in her class. According to the goodness of fit model, a good teaching strategy for Sarah would be A. to focus on the students with high ability and request they assist the others. B. to present lessons and assignments that fit with what her students enjoy. C. to optimize learning by matching assignments and tasks with individual students' learning styles. D. to ignore different temperaments and hold high academic standards for all.

C. to optimize learning by matching assignments and tasks with individual students' learning styles.

Social desirability scales measure the extent to which a person A. possesses socially desirable characteristics. B. understands the rules of social interaction. C. tries to present him- or herself in a desirable light. D. is able to understand the meaning of the test items.

C. tries to present him- or herself in a desirable light.

We can safely say that one result of the human male's preference in mate selection is that A. women share intimate secrets about their sexual encounters. B. women compete for promotions in the workplace. C. women will compete for a man's attention. D. all of the above

C. women will compete for a man's attention

Behavior genetics researchers have taken their data from twin studies and used formulas to estimate that about _________ percent of the stability in adult personalities can be attributed to genetics. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40

D. 40

A woman indicates on a test that she agrees with the statement, "I am confident in my 11 abilities." Later on the same test she agrees with the statement, "I have doubts about my abilities." This woman's responses may indicate the presence of which potential problem? A. Faking good B. Faking bad C. Social desirability D. Acquiescence response

D. Acquiescence response

Sometimes test makers reverse the direction of the test items. That is, whereas sometimes agreeing with an item indicates a high score on the trait being measured, sometimes disagreeing with the item indicates a high score. Test makers do this to control for which potential problem? A. Faking B. Carelessness and sabotage C. Social desirability D. Acquiescence response

D. Acquiescence response

Researchers have found an association between health and each of the following personality variables except one. Which one? A. Type A B. Negative affect C. Dispositional optimism D. Affect intensity

D. Affect intensity

Which of the following physiological measures have been used to study personality? A. Neuroimaging B. Respiration C. Hormone levels D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Which theorist had a strong influence on Henry Murray's theorizing about personality? A. Gordon Allport B. Alfred Adler C. Sigmund Freud D. Carl Jung

D. Carl Jung

Among the Big Five personality dimensions, individual differences in _________ typically are the best predictors of job performance. A. Extraversion B. Openness C. Agreeableness D. Conscientiousness

D. Conscientiousness

Which of the following has been found by researchers examining cerebral asymmetry? A. When most people experience positive emotions, they have higher levels of electrical activity in their right hemisphere. B. Most people have more electrical activity in the left hemisphere than the right hemisphere. C. Changes in electrical activity can be detected when people experience negative emotions, but not when they experience positive emotions. D. Differences in hemispheric activity levels can be detected in children less than one year old.

D. Differences in hemispheric activity levels can be detected in children less than one year old.

A researcher reports that men in this country tend to marry younger women and women tend to marry older men. This finding might be used to support which theory? A. Eysenck's theory of personality B. The five-factor model C. The goodness of fit model D. Evolutionary personality theory

D. Evolutionary personality theory

Each of the following is an element of humanistic psychology except one. Which one? A. Personal responsibility B. Fully functioning persons C. Personal growth D. Identity crisis

D. Identity crisis

Based on research on extraversion-introversion, which piece of advice seems justified? A. Extraverts should isolate themselves in a quiet place if they are going to get any work done. B. Introverts should move to a more stimulating environment if they are having trouble studying. C. Because they are less aware of external disturbances than extraverts are, introverts should be better able to study in a room filled with potential distractions. D. Introverts should study in quieter places than extraverts study.

D. Introverts should study in quieter places than extraverts study

Humanistic psychologists maintain each of the following about self-disclosure except one. Which one? A. Self-disclosure is an important part of the therapy process. B. Self-disclosure allows people to better understand themselves. C. Self-disclosure allows people to grow emotionally and move toward self-actualization. D. Knowing when to self-disclose and when to avoid disclosure is a sign of good personal adjustment.

D. Knowing when to self-disclose and when to avoid disclosure is a sign of good personal adjustment.

Which of the following is correct about the relation between affect intensity and well-being? A. People with high affect intensity are happier than those with low affect intensity. B. People with low affect intensity are happier than those with high affect intensity. C. People with high affect intensity are happier because they do more exciting things. D. People with high and low affect intensity tend to experience happiness differently.

D. People with high and low affect intensity tend to experience happiness differently.

Which of the following is an example of a "supertrait" in Eysenck's theory? A. Sociability B. Impulsiveness C. Optimism D. Psychoticism

D. Psychoticism

Which of the following is true about peak experiences, as described by Maslow? A. All self-actualized people experience them. B. Only self-actualized people experience them. C. They are unrelated to where one is on Maslow's hierarchy of needs. D. Self-actualized people have more intense and frequent peak experiences than others.

D. Self-actualized people have more intense and frequent peak experiences than others.

Rogerian therapists measure each of the following with the Q-Sort technique except one. Which one? A. The client's self-concept B. The client's ideal self C. The client's progress during the course of psychotherapy D. The client's ability to see things in a realistic manner

D. The client's ability to see things in a realistic manner

Which of the following research findings do advocates of evolutionary personality theory point to as strong evidence for their interpretation of mate selection? A. Most people eventually get married and have children. B. College students today tend to get married for the same reasons college students got married a generation ago. C. Men and women say they look for just about the same qualities in their spouses. D. The qualities people say they look for in their spouses are the same reported by men and women from many different cultures.

D. The qualities people say they look for in their spouses are the same reported by men and women from many different cultures

Which of the following is true about Maslow's need hierarchy? A. Lower-level needs must be completely satisfied before we turn to higher-level needs. B. Most people eventually satisfy their need for self-actualization. C. The order in which needs varies from culture to culture. D. The way people satisfy a particular need varies across cultures.

D. The way people satisfy a particular need varies across cultures.

Compared to Type Bs, how do Type A people typically respond to a stressful task? A. They become more aroused than Bs, but try to adjust their arousal level down. B. They are aware of becoming highly aroused, but choose to do nothing about it. C. They do not become as aroused as Type Bs. D. They become more aroused than Bs, but tend to ignore or deny physiological stress.

D. They become more aroused than Bs, but tend to ignore or deny physiological stress.

According to the "goodness of fit" model, educators should ask which question? A. What temperament characteristics contribute to better school performance? B. How can we change temperament in problem children? C. How can we control problem behaviors in children with certain temperaments? D. What kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament

D. What kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament?

On what kind of an achievement task is a Type A person likely to work harder on than a 5 person who is Type B? A. On virtually every kind of achievement task B. On tasks with visible extrinsic rewards, such as money C. On relatively easy tasks, even when there is no challenge D. When in competition with another person

D. When in competition with another person

Siblings' personalities may be similar because A. children inherited personality traits from their parents. B. siblings share the same living environments during childhood. C. siblings are raised in the same way by parents. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Two babies that come from different fertilized eggs may be A. siblings. B. dizygotic twins C. unrelated D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Using factor analysis, Eysenck found that people who score high on the dimension of psychoticism tend to be A. egocentric and aggressive. B. impulsive. C. not generally concerned with the rights and welfare of others. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following statements is true about social anxiety? A. Socially anxious people recognize the source of their anxiety. B. Social anxiety can result from anticipated social interactions. C. We can identify a relatively stable tendency for people to experience social anxiety. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Why were pioneers in the study of personality traits limited in what they could discover? A. There were not as many sophisticated statistical tests in those days. B. They had to calculate the factor analyses by hand. C. Their data set was limited. D. all of the above

D. all of the above

Many generations ago, our ancestors were more likely to survive if they lived in groups than if they tried to live by themselves. This argument is used by advocates of evolutionary personality theory to explain A. fear of strangers. B. marriage. C. nationalism. D. anxiety.

D. anxiety.

A psychologist purchases an electroencephalograph (EEG) for use in his research. The psychologist is interested in measuring A. intelligence. B. muscle tension. C. heart rate. D. brain-wave activity.

D. brain-wave activity.

Compared to most of us, individuals who score high on Openness are more likely to A. tell a stranger all about themselves. B. change their self-concept. C. make friends easily. D. consider new ideas.

D. consider new ideas

Research finds that Type A people work especially hard when given challenging tasks or when in competition with others. Studies also indicate that Type As do not pay attention to signs of physiological stress. Some psychologists interpret these findings to mean that Type As differ from Type Bs in terms of their need for A. self-appraisal. B. power. C. achievement. D. control.

D. control

A psychologist wants to conduct research on cerebral asymmetry. She wants to examine A. brain damage. 10 B. intelligence. C. mental retardation. D. differences in right- and left-hemisphere activity

D. differences in right- and left-hemisphere activity

Most research identifies the "toxic component" in the Type A behavior pattern as A. achievement striving. B. control motivation. C. time urgency. D. hostility.

D. hostility.

Donna is a very shy seven-year-old. Research suggests that when she was only a few years old, Donna was probably anxious about A. meeting people. B. being separated from her mother. C. loud noises. 6 D. novel situations.

D. novel situations.

Alicia has an active imagination and a strong intellectual curiosity. She likes new ideas and unconventional ways of looking at problems. Alicia is probably high in 7 A. agreeableness. B. neuroticism. C. conscientiousness. D. openness.

D. openness.

Compared to people with low affect intensity, those with high affect intensity are more likely to A. do exciting things, such as go to parties and concerts. B. have more positive experiences. C. have more negative experiences. D. react more strongly to positive and negative experiences

D. react more strongly to positive and negative experiences.

Research on the academic performance of elementary school children has found A. temperament is not related to academic performance. B. children with an "easy" temperament don't do as well in school as other children. C. students do better when their temperament is similar to that of the teacher. D. temperament plays a role in how well children do in school.

D. temperament plays a role in how well children do in school.

According to the humanistic approach, people will be happy when A. their immediate needs, such as money and shelter, are met. B. they establish meaningful personal relationships. C. their lives are free from problems. D. they move toward becoming fully functioning

D. they move toward becoming fully functioning