Psych 2501: Quiz Answers for Exam 1

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain? a. Broca's area b. Wernicke's area c. Extrastriate body area (EBA) d. Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

a. Broca's area

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a. Late selection b. Early selection c. Spotlight d. Object-based

a. Late selection

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference? a. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by the likelihood of the outcome. b. The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome. c. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by our initial belief about the probability of an outcome. d. The probability of an outcome is determined by chance.

a. The probability of an outcome is determined solely by the likelihood of the outcome.

The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness. a. change b. exogenous c. covert d. endogenous

a. change

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people a. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time. b. could focus on a message only if they are repeating it. c. could focus on a message only if they rehearsed it. d. could not focus on a message presented to only one ear

a. could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words. a. meaning b. color c. size d. font

a. meaning

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual a. organization b. fusion c. discriminability d. conjunction

a. organization

The landmark discrimination problem is more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____ lobe. a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital

a. parietal

The theory that a stimulus is represented by that pattern of firing of a large number of neurons is called: a. population coding b. localization of function c. specificity coding d. sparse coding

a. population coding

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of a. pragnanz b. similarity c. continuity d. common fate

a. pragnanz

A synapse is a. the gap that separates two different neurons. b. a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals. c. the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons. d. the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive.

a. the gap that separates two different neurons.

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a.The word "platypus" b. The word "money" c. The word "home" d. Their child's first name

a.The word "platypus"

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments? a. Contiguity b. Common fate c. Simplicity d. Figure-ground

c. Simplicity

Brain imaging has made it possible to a. view propagation of action potentials b. show how environmental energy is transformed into neural energy c. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes d. view individual neurons in the brain

c. determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a. is familiar. b. carries meaning for the observer. c. has high stimulus salience. d. fits with the observer's interests.

c. has high stimulus salience.

Functional connectivity: a. is a mechanism that allows a speaker to influence the brain state of a listener b. is measured using single-cell recording c. is determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in two brain areas d. is also called 'structural connectivity'

c. is determined by the amount of correlated neural activity in two brain areas

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of __________ presented in your textbook. a. nomothetic examination b. idiographic evaluation c. levels of analysis d. the dynamics of cognition

c. levels of analysis

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a. when processing was done verbally. b. when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. c. once processing had become automatic. d. when processing was more controlled.

c. once processing had become automatic.

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with a. Wernicke's aphasia b. Broca's aphasia c. prosopagnosia d. Alzheimer's disease

c. prosopagnosia

The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called a. location-based potentiation. b. high-load detraction. c. same-object advantage. d. divided attention.

c. same-object advantage.

Which of the following is consistent with the idea of localization of function? a. Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli. b. All of these are correct. c. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. d. Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.

b. All of these are correct.

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of _____ processing. a. serial b. top-down c. bottom-up d. Gestalt

b. bottom-up

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called a. dendrites b. feature detectors c. receptors d. retinal cells

b. feature detectors

The __________ lobe of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving. a. parietal b. frontal c. subcortical d. occipital

b. frontal

Viewpoint ________ is the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives. a. constancy b. invariance c. resistance d. consistency

b. invariance

Structural connectivity: a. is also called 'functional connectivity" b. is the brain's "wiring diagram" created by axon's that connect brain images c. cannot be studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) d. is the same in each human brain

b. is the brain's "wiring diagram" created by axon's that connect brain images

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding. a. divergence b. sparse c. specificity d. distributed

b. sparse

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that a. driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones. b. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. c. driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. d. divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.

b. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object? a. Illusory conjunctions b. Change detection c. Binding d. Change blindness

c. Binding

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because a. the output is sent to short-term memory, which holds the information for 10-15 seconds and also transfer the information to long-term memory. b. sensory memory holds all of the information for fraction of second and then transfers all of it to filter. c. the filter eliminates unattended information before the recognition process begins d. the attended information has been let through the filter, the detector processes all information that enters it.

c. the filter eliminates unattended information before the recognition process begins

Which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? a. Inattentional blindness b. Illusory conjunctions c. Binding d. Change blindness

d. Change blindness

What is a key difference between dendrites and axons? a. One is internally activated and the other is externally activated. b. One has a positive charge and the other has a negative charge. c. One has physical form and the other lacks physical form. d. One sends information and the other receives information.

d. One sends information and the other receives information.

Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following? a. Localization coding b. Sparse coding c. Population coding d. Specificity coding

d. Specificity coding

Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops? a. Semantic regularity b. Bottom-up processing c. Principle of similarity d. Viewpoint invariance

d. Viewpoint invariance

Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina? a. We confirm it b. We reverse it c. We infer it d. We interpret it

d. We interpret it

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples? a. When someone cannot read an illegible word in a written sentence b. When someone easily identifies an object even though that object is unexpected in that context (e.g., identifying a telephone inside a refrigerator) c. When someone can easily select a target that has a feature distinct from distracters d. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

d. When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

The default mode network: a. is one of the brain's largest networks b. is the mode of brain function that occurs when it is at rest c. is often measured using resting-state fMRI d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Illusory conjunctions are: a. features that are consistent across different stimuli. b. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. c. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. d. combinations of features from different stimuli.

d. combinations of features from different stimuli.

The theory of unconscious inference includes the a. principle of componential recovery b. oblique effect c. principle of speech segmentation d. likelihood principle

d. likelihood principle

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task. a. high-load b. attenuated c. filtered d. low-load

d. low-load

If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon. a. All of these are correct b. speed of nerve conduction c. size of the nerve impulses d. rate of nerve firing

d. rate of nerve firing

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a. the color and the name matched. b. the shape and the name matched. c. the shape and the name differed. d. the color and the name differed.

d. the color and the name differed.

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway. a. distance; size b. where; what c. size; distance d. what; where

d. what; where