psych 460 ch 16- personality disorders

How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder? cultural

"era of narcissism"

how do theorists explain antisocial pd? biological

-low serotonin -deficient frontal lobe functioning -lower baseline arousal -identical twins 67% -may be drawn to antisocial activity to give them excitement and body arousal

How Do Theorists Explain Schizotypal Personality Disorder?

-often linked to family conflicts/psychological disorders -defects in attention and short-term memory -biological (similar to sz)

how do theorists explain borderline pd? biological

-overly reactive amygdala -underactive prefrontal cortex -low brain serotonin -heritable

obsessive-compulsive pd

-perfectionism, preoccupation w/ orderliness, pervasive need for mental and interpersonal control -stubbornness and rigidity -preoccupation with details, organization, schedules, lists and rules -inflexibility in matters of ethics and morality -"workaholic" -miserly spending -hoarding

schizoid personality disorder

-persistent avoidance of social relationships and limited emotional expression -reclusive/withdrawn -prefer to be alone -flat, cold, humorless, dull

antisocial pd

-persistent disregard for and violation of others' rights -prone to lying, recklessness, and impulsivity -can be cruel, sadistic, aggressive, and violent -"psychophatic" traits (lack of empathy, guilt, remorse) -linked to criminal behavior -evidence of conduct problems prior to age 15, can't diagnose until 18

dependent pd

-pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of -clinging and obedient -fear of separation from their loved ones -reliance on others for decision making -distressed, lonely, sad -dislike themselves -at risk for depression, anxiety, EDs -suicidal ideation is common

How do theorists explain dependent personality disorder? behavioral-learning

-positive reinforcement of dependence; punishment of independence -modeling effects

schizotypal pd

-range of interpersonal problems -extreme discomfort in close relationships -odd ways of thinking -ideas of reference and/or bodily illusions -loose associations/digressive speech

How Do Theorists Explain Schizoid Personality Disorder? psychodynamic

-roots in unsatisfied need for human contact -parents are believed to be unaccepting or abusive of their children

How Do Theorists Explain Schizoid Personality Disorder? cognitive-behavioral

-suffer deficiency in their thinking -thoughts are vague, empty and no meaning -issues having accurate perceptions -cannot pick up emotional cues

How Do Theorists Explain Histrionic Personality Disorder? psychodynamic

-unhealthy relationship w/ cold parents -left afraid of abandonment -fear of loss causes dramatic behavior, which includes protection by others

avoidant pd

-very uncomfortable and inhibited in social situations -overwhelmed by feelings of inadequacy -extremely sensitive to negative evaluation -believe themselves unappealing or inferior and often have few close friends -fear relationships

A person constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas the person so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If this person were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be: A) histrionic. B) borderline. C) antisocial. D) obsessive-compulsive.

A

An individual with a diagnosed personality disorder is emotionally unstable, impulsive, and reckless. This person's diagnosis is likely to be which personality disorder? A) borderline B) schizotypal C) obsessive-compulsive D) avoidant

A

How do personality disorders differ from the personality characteristics of typical people? A) They lead to more maladaptive, distressful, and inflexible behaviors. B) They include personality traits not experienced by typical people. C) They are generally treated successfully with antipsychotic medication. D) They are caused by epigenetic processes.

A

If you believe that personality disorders are BEST understood as a matter of degree in difference from typical personality rather than as a specific diagnosis, you agree with: A) the dimensional approach. B) the categorical approach. C) the symptomatic approach. D) the cluster approach.

A

treatments for dependent pd- biological

antidepressants for comorbid depression

Lev has a lifelong history of misconduct, including vandalism, fighting, and a disregard for other people's rights. He fits the description of someone with _____ personality disorder.

antisocial

dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior

antisocial borderline narcissistic histrionic

How Do Theorists Explain Histrionic Personality Disorder? cognitive

assumption of helplessness

How do theorists explain avoidant personality disorder? cognitive

assumption their environment will always judge them negatively

treatments for antisocial pd- biological

atypical antipsychotics

How do theorists explain obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? cognitive

black and white thinking

Impulsive behaviors and swinging in and out of depressed, anxious, and irritable states are characteristic of _____ personality disorder

borderline

treatments for dependent pd- psychodynamic

free association focuses on same issues as depressed people

How do theorists explain avoidant personality disorder?psychodynamic

general sense of shame rooted in childhood experience

How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder? psychodynamic

cold-rejecting parents

If two disorders tend to occur together, we call the relationship _____.

comorbidity or comorbid

A growing number of personality theorists believe that personality disorders differ more in _____ than in _____ of dysfunction

degree; type

Willa cannot do anything on her own and consults others, even on the smallest decision. She is constantly in need of praise to validate her work and is overly sensitive to any disagreement. She will do almost anything to please others. She may be experiencing _____ personality disorder.

dependent

How Do Theorists Explain Histrionic Personality Disorder? multicultural

exaggerated femininity

How do theorists explain avoidant personality disorder? behavioral

failure to develop social skills

Marcel has a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. He may be demonstrating _____ personality disorder.

histronic

Treatments for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? psychodynamic

increase insight

treatments for schizotypal pd- behavioral

keep track of clients' odd or magical predictions and point out the inaccuracy, speech lessons, social skills training, tips on being appropriate and how to blend in better with others

main obstacle of treatment for antisocial pd

lack of conscience or desire to change

how do theorists explain antisocial pd? behavioral

learned through modeling or unintentional reinforcement

A person who was overly indulged by his or her parents, received excessive, unconditional parental valuation, and was not required to follow rules or develop self-control is at risk for developing _____ personality disorder

narcissistic

How do theorists explain dependent personality disorder? psychodynamic

rejecting OR overinvolved parenting

Individuals who are detached and reclusive, with no interest in developing relationships, may experience _____ personality disorder.

schizoid

John experiences ideas of reference and bodily illusions. MOST likely, John has _____ personality disorder.

schizotypal

Those with antisocial pd also have higher rates of what other disorder?

substance use 80%

Treatments for obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? cognitive

target dichotomous thinking

treatments for schizotypal pd- cognitive

teach clients to evaluate their unusual thoughts or perceptions and ignore the inappropriate ones

treatments for antisocial pd- cognitive

teach empathy

treatments for antisocial pd- behavioral

token economies

The persistent and consistent personality characteristics that lead us to react in fairly predictable ways are often called personality _____.

traits

How Do Theorists Explain Narcissistic Personality Disorder? cognitive-behavioral

treated too positively early in life

People with _____ personality disorder distrust the motives of others

paranoid

odd or eccentric pd

paranoid schizoid schizotypal

A pattern of inflexible and maladaptive personality traits that impair social or occupational functioning and cause intense distress are indicative of _____.

personality disorders

treatments for avoidant pd

-key for therapist to gain client's trust -group CBT provides practice in social interactions -antianxiety and antidepressant drugs

dx checklist for personality disorders

-Individual displays a long-term, rigid, and wide-ranging pattern of inner experience and behavior that leads to dysfunction in at least two of the following realms: -cognitive -emotion -social interactions -impulsivity -The individual's pattern is significantly different from the ones usually found in his or her culture -individual experiences significant distress or impairment

how do theorists explain antisocial pd? psychodynamic

-absence of parental love, leading to basic trust -stress in childhood (family poverty, violence, child abuse)

How do theorists explain obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? psychodynamic

-anal retentive -early struggles w/ parents over control and independence may ignite aggressive impulses

treatments for dependent pd- cognitive-behavioral

-challenge/change assumptions of incompetence and helplessness -assertiveness training

paranoid pd

-characterized by deep distrust and suspicion of others -not delusional -cold and distant -highly critical -unable to recognize mistakes -extremely sensitive to criticism -blame others and hold grudges

How Do Theorists Explain Paranoid Personality Disorder? psychodynamic

-demanding parents -distant, rigid father -overcontrolling, rejecting mothers

How do theorists explain avoidant personality disorder? same causes as anxiety disorders such as...

-early trauma -conditioned fears -upsetting beliefs -biochemical abnormalities

histrionic pd

-extremely emotional -seek to be center of attention -always "on-stage" -exaggerated, dramatic -need approval -seductive, vivacious, flirtatious -overestimate intimacy -vain, self-centered -shallow -suicide attempts

how do theorists explain antisocial pd? cognitive

-hold attitudes that trivialize the importance of other people's needs -trouble recognizing other's POV

How Do Theorists Explain Paranoid Personality Disorder?cognitive-behavioral

-hold maladaptive assumptions that are broad -"people are evil"

narcissistic pd

-inflated sense of self-importance -need for admiration -extreme self-involvement -lack of empathy -confident -arrogant -manipulative

What is a personality disorder?

-inflexible pattern of inner experience and outward behavior -seen across interaction -differs from what is expected of people -continuous -rigid traits -social/occupational dysfunction

borderline personality pd

-instability (in mood, self-image, impulsive, in relationships) -prone to anger (suicidal ideation and attempts) -alcohol/substance abuse -reckless behavior

how do theorists explain borderline pd? psychodynamic

-lack of early acceptance -abuse/neglect -link to early sexual abuse

"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the most appropriate diagnosis would be: A) histrionic personality disorder. B) narcissistic personality disorder. C) antisocial personality disorder. D) impulse-control personality disorder.

B

A person who is LEAST likely to be affected by criticism or praise from other people is one suffering from: A) avoidant personality disorder. B) schizoid personality disorder. C) paranoid personality disorder. D) obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

B

DSM-5, like its predecessor, DSM-IV-TR, identifies 10 personality disorders utilizing a: A) systematical approach. B) categorical approach. C) dimensional approach. D) phrenological approach.

B

Which category of personality disorder contains the disorders MOST commonly diagnosed? A) "odd" B) "dramatic" C) "anxious" D) "strange"

B

Which statement is true regarding the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (an anxiety disorder) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? A) You cannot suffer from both of them at the same time. B) Some people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive- compulsive disorder. C) The most likely disorder comorbid with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is obsessive-compulsive disorder. D) The two obsessive-compulsive disorders are comorbid over half the time.

B

If parents excessively reinforce clinging and punish attempts at independence, the result might be the development of: A) paranoid personality disorder. B) borderline personality disorder. C) dependent personality disorder. D) narcissistic personality disorder.

C

The MOST important similarity among the personality disorders listed in the text is that: A)disorders of thought, perception, and attention are present. B)the personality traits are limited to discrete periods of illness. C)they are inflexible, maladaptive, and related to impaired functioning or distress. D)they are social in that they involve an inability to form lasting relationships with other people.

C

treatments for borderline pd

Cognitive: Dialectical behavioral therapy (client tolerates stress, learn social skills, and challenge thoughts) - best choice Group therapy: (increases human connections) Drugs to calm mood swings: antidepressants, anti-bipolar, anti-anxiety

A friend asks your advice about the MOST effective therapy to use for treating borderline personality disorder. Your BEST answer is: A) "There is no effective therapy for borderline personality disorder. B) "If you're going to use a psychodynamic approach, avoid relational therapy. C) "Using drugs is a safe, effective way to treat the disorder." D) "Research suggests that dialectical behavior therapy is the most effective."

D

Digressive and vague language with loose associations accompanied by attention and concentration problems are characteristic of: A) schizoid personality disorder. B) avoidant personality disorder. C) paranoid personality disorder. D) schizotypal personality disorder.

D

The absence of parental love results in emotional detachment and the use of power to form relationships. This is most likely _____ personality disorder. A) cognitive B) biological C) behavioral D) psychodynamic

D

The category of "odd" personality disorders includes the traits of: A) anxiety and fearfulness. B) being highly dramatic, emotional, or erratic. C) inflexibility and total loss of contact with reality. D)extreme suspiciousness, social withdrawal, and cognitive and perceptual peculiarities.

D

The two childhood disorders that have been related to later antisocial personality disorder are: A) depression and withdrawal. B) schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. C) mental retardation. D) conduct disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

D

Which does dialectical behavior therapy NOT emphasize? A) social skills training B) mindfulness meditation (a Zen technique involving observing one's emotions) C) the client-therapist relationship D) the use of antipsychotic medications in an outpatient setting

D

Which is NOT the name used for a cluster of personality disorders? A)odd B)dramatic C)anxious D)schizophrenic

D

Which statement regarding the treatment of paranoid personality disorder is accurate? A) Drug therapy generally works best. B)Psychodynamic therapy involving hypnotic regression is often effective. C)Behavioral therapy usually works well, and in relatively few sessions. D)Most therapies are of limited effectiveness and progress slowly.

D

Social phobias may be related to _____ personality disorder.

avoidant

anxious or fearful pd

avoidant dependent obsessive-compulsive personality

Many clinicians favor moving from a categorical to a(n) _____ approach for diagnosis; this could be a possible change in the next edition of DSM

dimensional

2/3 of those with schizotypal individuals also suffer from

major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder

How do theorists explain dependent personality disorder? cognitive

maladaptive attitudes "i am inadequate and helpless to deal with the world" "i must find a person to provide protection so i can cope"

The characteristic of perfectionism and a striving for control are associated with _____ personality disorder

obsessive-compulsive