Psych Ch. 13

Approximately _____ of the participants in Milgram's experiment were willing to deliver the maximum shock level to the participant.

65%

In Asch's study on conformity, what percentage of the subjects conformed at least once when they knew their answer to be false?

75%

How fundamental is the fundamental attribution error?

Not fundamental. It is more common in Western than in Eastern cultures.

If you are exhibiting the self-serving bias, which would be your most likely explanation for a poor grade on the test?

The professor doesn't know how to teach.

Your text defines prejudice as an evaluation. Thus, it is best seen as a type of

attitude

Behavior that helps others but that involves some self-sacrifice is termed

altruism

The task of __________ is to explain how people decide and understand the causes of behavior.

attribution theory

The conflict that occurs when a person holds two contradictory attitudes or thoughts is called __________.

cognitive dissonance

Social psychologist Leon Festinger is associated with the study of

cognitive dissonance.

One makes an attribution when one

decides on the causes of an individual's behavior.

On hearing you describe Milgram's results, your friend remarks that the participants must have been really weak-willed. This explanation of the participants' behavior reflects a(n) _________ attribution.

dispositional

Perceived causes of behavior that are based on internal traits or personality factors are called

dispositional causes.

.Instinct theorist Konrad Lorenz would argue that opportunities to exercise and to play sports ought to be given to prisoners because they

enable natural aggressive energy to be released harmlessly.

An attitude is a(n)

evaluation.

A magazine publisher asks you to commit to a brief trial subscription. Having committed to the trial subscription, you may be more likely to buy a full year-long subscription. This exemplifies the ___________ compliance technique.

foot-in-the-door

Which of the following compliance techniques is CORRECTLY matched with its description?

foot-in-the-door—we are more likely to comply with a request if we have already complied with a smaller request.

In determining the causes of others' behavior, we overemphasize dispositional factors; this is the ___________.

fundamental attribution error

Which of these attribution biases is CORRECTLY matched with its definition?

halo effect—an initial impression that an individual has some positive (or negative) traits leads us to infer that he/she has many other positive (or negative) characteristics as well.

Which of these situations is NOT a strong influence on the formation of friendships?

the people know my family

If we do well on a test, we say, "I got an A!" If we do poorly, we say, "She gave me an F." This illustrates

the self-serving bias.

Advertisers who design a fear-evoking advertising campaign know that messages are most effective when

they include advice for steps to avoid the described danger.

Groups consist of __________ who interact with one another, perceive themselves as part of a group, and are interdependent.

two or more people

One forms an impression of another individual

very quickly, within a few seconds

Psychologists have found that prejudice and discrimination may be reduced by

All of these

Which of these strategies did your text offer as an effective means of dealing with anger?

All of these

Which of these statements regarding aggression is most likely to be true?

Certain stimuli act as aggressive cues, making aggressive acts much more likely when the cues are present.

What is the relationship between frustration and aggression?

Frustration leads to aggression when aggressive cues are present.

At State U., Fraternity A is the most prominent, highest-status house on the row; Fraternity B is smaller, more obscure, and less sought after by pledges during Rush Week. Holden is a "legacy" student from a prominent family and is already active in student life; Gage is an anonymous "average Joe" student. In which of the following situations does the fraternity have the GREATEST power to induce the pledge's conformity during Rush Week?

Gage pledging Fraternity A

How might the presence of a single dissenter influence the degree of conformity seen in a study modeled on Asch's classic investigation?

It would greatly reduce it.

Which of these concepts relevant to prejudice and discrimination is CORRECTLY matched with the concept of which it is an example?

None of these are correctly matched

Which of the following statements regarding interpersonal attraction is LEAST ACCURATE?

Opposites tend to attract.

Which of these situations best describes a situational cause of behavior?

Straightening up the guest room, which is normally messy, because relatives are coming to visit.

__________ is the process by which the actions of an individual or group affect the behavior of others.

Social influence

Which of these is the best example of a dispositional cause of your behavior?

Staying up all night studying, because you are a conscientious student.

Which of these statements reflect(s) a criticism that has been leveled against the Implicit Associations Test?

The biases that the test measures may not affect overt behavior.

Conformity is a change in behavior or attitude brought about by

a desire to follow the beliefs or standards of others.

Which of these is NOT the kind of question that a social psychologist would ask?

What can we do to improve our health and wellness?

When stereotypes are attributed to a particular group, they may induce members of that group to act in ways that confirm the stereotype. This is known as

a self-fulfilling prophecy.

"Birds of a feather flock together." "Opposites attract." Which of these sayings does psychological research support?

birds

Blanche is extremely interested in politics and believes an upcoming election is very important to the future. Blanche would most likely be persuaded by a campaign message relying on the ________ route to persuasion.

central

Carter loves philosophical discussions and theoretical debates. Carter is most likely to be persuaded via the _________ route.

central

In __________ route processing, people are swayed in their judgments by the logic, merit, and strength of arguments.

central

The process by which an individual organizes information about another person to form an overall impression of that person is known as

impression formation.

Peyton is a sophomore at her hometown university, Washington University of St. Louis. She has grown up in a(n) _________ culture.

individualist

Milgram's participants were told that the study concerned

learning

In their classic cognitive dissonance study, Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) paid participants either $1 or $20 to say a task was interesting. The percentage of the $20-participants that said the task was interesting was _______ than the percentage of $1 participants.

lower

When advertisers hired Michael Jordan to sell underwear, they were making use of the

message source

As compared to a one-sided message, a two-sided message is

more persuasive.

A high __________ is a person's habitual level of thoughtfulness and cognitive activity.

need for cognition

According to your text, several studies reveal that children as young as 3 show a preference for their own race over others. This most immediately supports the _______ account of the origin of prejudice.

observational learning

Sets of cognitions known as schemas serve as __________ for social cognitions.

organizing frameworks

But are you inlove?" Lynette asks her friend. Lynette is trying to determine whether her friend is experiencing _________ love.

passionate

An ad agency creates an ad for a particular car. It shows how fun the car is to drive. This ad relies on the ________ route to persuasion.

peripheral

In __________ route processing, people are persuaded on the basis of factors unrelated to the nature or quality of the content of a persuasive message.

peripheral

Fallon has an idea of what politicians are like: they are often lawyers; they are smooth and communicate well; but they are not always honest. These characteristics are components of Fallon's __________ of politicians.

schema

The __________ occurs when we attribute success to personal factors and attribute failure to outside factors

self-serving bias

The __________ occurs when we attribute success to personal factors and attribute failure to outside factors.

self-serving bias

The processes that underlie the way people understand and make sense of themselves and others are called

social cognitions.

The advertising industry draws on findings from __________ regarding persuasion.

social psychology

According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following individuals would be most likely to rate a particular concert as enjoyable?

someone who waited seven hours in the rain to get the tickets

The social rank held within a group is called __________.

status

Beliefs and expectations about group members held simply on the basis of their group membership are called

stereotypes

On late-night TV, you see an infomercial claiming that the price of the product has been slashed for a special offer. Of course the price displayed has always been the selling price of the product. You are reminded of the _________ compliance technique described in your psychology textbook.

that's-not-all