Psych Ch. 9 and 11

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

Carl Jung

What does nature refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

biology and genes

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

cognitive process, behavior and context all interact wiuth each factor influencing and being influenced by others simultaneously.

During the ______ stage, children understand events and analogies logically, and they can perform simple mathematical operations.

concrete operational

______ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

congruence

The _______ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture.

contemporized themes

The continuous development approach views development as a:

cumulative process

Grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon are all examples of:

fine motor skills

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

genital

`Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ____ motor skills.

gross/large

The _______ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.

indiginious

A (an) _________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

inferiority

In the _______ stage, children use words and images to represent things, but they lack logical reasoning.

preoperational

The thematic apperception test (TAT) is a projective test _______.

presented with ambiguous images

The concept conservation refers to:

the idea that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size, volume or numbers as long as nothing is added or removed.

As toddlers (ages 1-3 years) begin to explore their world, they learn that they can control their actions and act on the environment to get results. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

"me do it" stage

What does the term adolescence describe?

Adolescence is socially constructed, pre-industrial society considered kids adults when they reached physical maturity; but today we have adolescence from puberty to emerging adulthood. 12-18

In ____ thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotions as adults develop principles that depend on contexts.

Postformal

Who called the stages of development psychosexual stages?

Sigmund Freud

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

regression

During Jean Piaget's _____ stage, the world is experienced through senses and actions.

sensorimotor

Self-efficacy is _____

someone's level of confidence in their own abilities

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The zygote is a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord?

switch zygote and embryo

The _______ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.

temas (tell me a story)

Dorothy knows songs and rhymes by memory. She can name most colors and numbers, she can even write the letters of her name. Assuming she reached these cognitive and language development milestones at the average age, about how old is Dorothy?

4 years old

Which term refers to adjustment of a schema by adding information similar to what is already known?

Assimilation

_____ is a long-standing connection or bond with others.

Attachment

Marcy is 15 months old, and her father is insensitive and inattentive to her needs. Marcy reacts to him the same way she reacts to a stranger-she doesn't care if he leaves the room and when he returns she is slow to notice or react. What kind of attachment is this?

Avoidant attachment

_____ development involved learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Cognitive

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Disagreed with Skinner's strict behaviorist approach to to personality

Jules is participating in the Strange Situations experiment. When his mother returns, he freezes, and then behaves erratically. In fact, he runs away from his mother. What kind of attachment is this?

Disorganized attachment

Who developed the psychosocial theory of development?

Erik Erikson

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid 60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Generatively vs. stagnation

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil

_____ describes a proportion of difference amoung people that is attributed to genetics.

Heritability

Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?

Permissive style

______ development involves growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

Physical

How are primary sexual characteristics different from secondary sexual characteristics?

Primary characteristics are reproductive organs, secondary characteristics are breasts, hips, facial hair and deeper voices.

It is hard to tell how Guy's father will respond to Guy. Sometimes he is responsive to Guy's needs, but he is just likely to ignore Guy. At 18 months old, Guy clings to his father, but he is just as likely to reject his father if his father tries to play with him. Guy becomes angry when his father leaves, and Guy is difficult to comfort even after his father returns. What kind of attachment is this?

Resistant attachment

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rouschach

Francis takes his six month old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

Secure attachment

What is the primary psychosocial milestone of childhood?

Selectivity

According to Jean Piaget, in what stage do children begin to use language?

Sensorimotor

Which of the following is a developmental issue children face during the sensorimotor stage?

Stranger anxiety

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Erik Erikson's psychosocial development theory emphasizes the sexual nature of our development rather than its social nature.

Switch sexual and social

A _____ is any environmental agent-biological, chemical, or physical-that causes damage.

Teratogen

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no psychological degrees in his time

What does the normative approach ask regarding the lifespan?

What is normal development?

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist a small reward to get a bigger reward later?

18 month old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has seperate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies:

accomadation

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

albert bandura

In Albert Bandura's social-cognitive theory, behavior refers to:

anything that we do may be rewarded or punished

Which of the following illustrates conservation?

appearance change = still the same

One year old Ainsley learned the schema for trucks because his family has a truck. When Ainsley sees trucks on television, she says, "Look mommy, truck!" This exemplifies:

assimilated schemata

In a _____, developmental psychologists collect a great deal of information from one individual in order to better understand physical and psychological changes over the lifespan.

case study

According to Galen, the ______ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

choleric

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendecies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

collective unconsciours

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

denial

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of:

developmental milestones

Specific normative events are also called ____

developmental milestones

Theorists who view development as ____ believe that development takes place in unique stages.

discontinuous

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

egocentrism

Kim believe he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has:

external locus

A (an) _________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside our control; an __________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

external, internal

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ______

extroversion and introversion

Eli seeks attention, acts first while thinking later, and prefers verbal communication. Carl Jung would describe him as a (an) ______.

extrovert

The traits openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism are key components of the _______.

five factor model, ocean

Children in the ________ stage can use abstract thinking to problem solve, look at alternative solutions, and test these solutions.

formal operatioinal

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being a part of a family.

generativity vs stagnation

Tammy has a positive view of challenges. She views that as tasks to be mastered. She developes a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has____

high self efficacy

Adolescents (age 12-18) experiment with and develop a sense of who they are and what roles they want to play. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

identity vs. confusion

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?

integrity vs despair

After age 65, most people are attempting to assess their lives and make sense of life and the meaning of their contributions. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

integrity vs. despair

Jessice believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on he basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has:

internal locus of control

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage.

intimacy vs. isolation

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a (an) ________.

introvert

Max's behavior and self presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

introvert

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

julian rotter

Late maturing boys are...

likely to be bullied

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work, he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has:

low self efficacy

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

mmpi

An archetype is a _______

model of people's behaviors or personalities

Soon after birth, a nurse almost drops Osei. He spreads his arms, pulls them back in, and then cries. This is an example of _____.

moro effect

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

moving against people

When Fay feels anxious she retreats to her closet with a flaslight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?

moving away from people

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?

moving towards people

A developmental psychologist might use _______ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

naturalistic observation

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could _______ if used rigidly and compulsively.

neurotic

Which of the following is not a developmental issue children face during the preoperational stage?

object permanence

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the ______ stage of her psychosexual development.

oral

When children develop theory-of-mind (TOM), they can recognize that:

others have false beliefs

Carl Jung referred to he _____ as the mask we adopt.

persona

How are the principles of reciprical determinism present in observational learning?

personal factors determine which behaviors in the environment a person chooses to imitate

Dr. Grimes conducts a ______ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires.

projective test

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the _______.

psychology

____ development involves emotions, personality, and social relationships.

psychosocial

Ego identity is our___

rationality

Umberto is one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?

secure attachment

Emily is a doctoral student in psychology. She plans to use _____ to complete her doctoral paper, asking individuals to self-report important information about how their thoughts, experiences, and beliefs differ over a 10-year period.

survey method

In hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?

tend to be egocentric extrovert and passionate

Heroine, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of:

teratogens

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

the genetic basis for personality

_______ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

trait

Between birth and one year, infants are dependent on their caregivers; therefore, caregivers who are responsive and sensitive to their infant's needs help their baby to develop a sense of the world as a safe, predictable place. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

trust vs. mistrust

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

unconditional positive regard

Stage theories hold that the sequence of development is:

universal

During the early childhood years, he number of words a child uses increases at a rapid pace. This is sometimes referred to as the ______.

vocabulary spurt

Which of the following is not one of the reasons for the new lifespan development category called emerging adulthood?

younger average

A _____ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

zygote

Children who are developing disorganized attachment to their caregivers most likely have been...

abused

Sigmund Freud believed that personality develops in _____.

childhood

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

latency

____ are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information.

schemata

Which parenting style is most encouraged in modern America?

authoritarian

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?

autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned:

beliefs expectations and personality characteristics

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.

selective migration

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is _______

self actualization

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of _______ in the second half of life.

self-realization

Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the kool-aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?

Conservation

Sigmund Freud suggested that people who are dominated by their _________ might be narcissistic and impulsive.

Id

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

Object permanence

If parents are too lenient in the _____ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

anal

What does nurture refer to in the nature vs. nurture debate?

Environment and culture

1. Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Freud

During the elementary school stage (ages 6-12), children begin to compare themselves to their peers to see how they measure up. They either develop a sense of accomplishment or they feel inadequate when they don't measure up. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

Industry vs. inferiority

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

It is shaped by reinforcements inside and outside of the organism

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

Who believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages?

Kohlberg

_____ skills refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.

Motor