psych chapter 8 - exam 2
_____ is NOT an effective effortful processing strategy to better remember information.
Massed practice
_____ can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.
Memory
Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.
Rehearsal
Reminiscence therapy helps people remember past events by capitalizing on the sights, smells, and sounds related to the events. In other words, reminiscence therapy harnesses the power of:
Retrieval cues
levels of processing theory
Shallow, intermediate, and deep processing The more emphasis on MEANING, the deeper the processing, and the better the thing is remembered
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
working memory
a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory
retrieval cues
a target piece of information stored interconnected with others
short-term memory
activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten
schema
an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event
As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he's run into the co-worker is known as:
automatic processing
encoding strategies
chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies, distributed practice, processing theory
context-dependent memory
context serves as a cue for memory
From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind, and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A specific type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.
echoic
Recognition
identifying items previously learned (multiple choice)
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
if a memory is never used or recalled, then it will decay quickly over time, and then level off
Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memories.
implicit
relearning
learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time
procedural memory
memory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete tasks
When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as the _____ effect.
misinformation
Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:
mood-congruent theory
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list
One evening, Zoe examines the schedule for her favorite football team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later she tries recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team. It is more likely that Zoe will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This phenomenon is called the _____ effect.
primacy
how can we improve our memory?
rehearse repeatedly make the material meaningful activate retrieval cues use mnemonic devices minimize interference sleep! test yourself
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection
Recall
retrieving items previously learned (essay/short answer questions)
Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.
working
_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory of facts and experiences.
Implicit; explicit
why do we forget?
encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, motivation, amnesia
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively:
encoding, storing, retrieving
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information
how is memory stored in the brain?
explicit memories: frontal lobes & hippocampus implicit memories: cerebellum & basal ganglia
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems
Mabel has Alzheimer's disease, and her _____ memories of people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being shown words repeatedly.
explicit; implicit
source monitoring error
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. Deja vu
Many people in the United States can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the attacks on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.
flashbulb
Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of:
hierarchical organization.
The _____ is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage.
hippocampus
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
sensory memory
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system iconic : visual echoic: auditory
Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that:
the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned.
what is memory?
the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information
Encoding
the process of getting information into the memory system
Retrieval
the process of getting information out of memory storage
Storage
the process of retaining encoded information over time
long-term memory
the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings
state-dependent memory
what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state
misinformation effect
when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event