psych chapter 8 - exam 2

_____ is NOT an effective effortful processing strategy to better remember information.

Massed practice

_____ can be defined as the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

Memory

Tarik has a chemistry test in 2 days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and periodically reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.

Rehearsal

Reminiscence therapy helps people remember past events by capitalizing on the sights, smells, and sounds related to the events. In other words, reminiscence therapy harnesses the power of:

Retrieval cues

levels of processing theory

Shallow, intermediate, and deep processing The more emphasis on MEANING, the deeper the processing, and the better the thing is remembered

flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

working memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

retrieval cues

a target piece of information stored interconnected with others

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten

schema

an organized cluster of knowledge about a particular object or event abstracted from previous experience with the object or event

As strange as it may seem, James has run into the same co-worker four times today in four different locations. He gets a little nervous, wondering if she is following him. His ability to unconsciously keep track of the number of times he's run into the co-worker is known as:

automatic processing

encoding strategies

chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies, distributed practice, processing theory

context-dependent memory

context serves as a cue for memory

From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind, and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A specific type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.

echoic

Recognition

identifying items previously learned (multiple choice)

Ebbinghaus forgetting curve

if a memory is never used or recalled, then it will decay quickly over time, and then level off

Some patients with anterograde amnesia have learned how to spot hard-to-find figures in the Where's Waldo? series without any conscious awareness that they can do so. This BEST illustrates their retention of _____ memories.

implicit

relearning

learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time

procedural memory

memory for skills, including perceptual, motor, and cognitive skills required to complete tasks

When people are given subtle misleading information about a past event, they often misremember the true details surrounding the event. This is known as the _____ effect.

misinformation

Those suffering from depression are more likely to have their memories affected by priming negative associations. This is known as:

mood-congruent theory

chunking

organizing items into familiar, manageable units

serial position effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

One evening, Zoe examines the schedule for her favorite football team. The team plays 16 games each season. Later she tries recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team. It is more likely that Zoe will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. This phenomenon is called the _____ effect.

primacy

how can we improve our memory?

rehearse repeatedly make the material meaningful activate retrieval cues use mnemonic devices minimize interference sleep! test yourself

explicit memory

retention of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare"

implicit memory

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Recall

retrieving items previously learned (essay/short answer questions)

Theo suffers from depression and is currently in treatment. His physician is using electroconvulsive therapy, which will affect his _____ memory.

working

_____ memory refers to retention of information that is independent of conscious recollection, whereas _____ refers to memory of facts and experiences.

Implicit; explicit

why do we forget?

encoding failure, storage decay, retrieval failure, motivation, amnesia

effortful processing

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

When Bill studies for an exam he reads the textbook, stops to think about the material, and then takes a practice exam. According to the information-processing model, Bill is actively:

encoding, storing, retrieving

testing effect

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

how is memory stored in the brain?

explicit memories: frontal lobes & hippocampus implicit memories: cerebellum & basal ganglia

semantic memory

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

episodic memory

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Mabel has Alzheimer's disease, and her _____ memories of people and events are lost, but she is able to display an ability to form new _____ memories by being shown words repeatedly.

explicit; implicit

source monitoring error

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined. Deja vu

Many people in the United States can easily recall exactly what they were doing when they heard the news of the attacks on September 11, 2001. This BEST illustrates _____ memory.

flashbulb

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This BEST illustrates the use of:

hierarchical organization.

The _____ is the brain area involved in processing explicit memories for storage.

hippocampus

priming

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

encoding specificity principle

the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

sensory memory

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system iconic : visual echoic: auditory

Using nonsense syllables to study memory, Hermann Ebbinghaus found that:

the most rapid memory loss for new information occurs shortly after it is learned.

what is memory?

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

Encoding

the process of getting information into the memory system

Retrieval

the process of getting information out of memory storage

Storage

the process of retaining encoded information over time

long-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

spacing effect

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice

mood-congruent memory

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

automatic processing

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings

state-dependent memory

what we learn in one state may be more easily recalled when we are again in that state

misinformation effect

when misleading information has corrupted one's memory of an event