Psych Cumulative Final

Which of the following correlations has the strongest predictive value?

-0.75

List the four stages of neural development in the correct order

1) Neurogenesis 2) Cell migration 3) Differentiation 4) Synaptogenesis

Most estimates of the heritability of IQ are close to the estimate that about ______ percent of the variability in IQ scores is due to genetic variability

50

Of the following people, whose brain would be most plastic?

A 5 year old

What is an example of positive punishment?

A student is caught texting in class and the professor reprimands him in front of his classmates

____________ activate receptors in the same way as the normal neurotransmitters do.

Agonists

In rodents, which statement about hormone and sexual behaviors is correct?

Androgens activate masculine behaviors in males; estrogen and progesterone activate feminine behaviors in females

An early intelligence test consisting of 30 tasks increasing difficulty was the

Binet- Simon Scale

Which function is most directly controlled by the brainstem?

Breathing

Area to produce speech

Brocas area

Followers of ________ argue that there is a close relationship between animal behavior and human behavior.

Charles Darwin

Sensory input -> Participant processing information -> Report/ press button/etc THIS IS A TYPICAL EXPERIMENT IN?

Cognitive psychology

Psychologists call the process by which encoded information is transferred from short term to long term memory

Consolidation

What suggests split half reliability?

Darlene scores 120 on the first 20 questions of a test but scores only 80 on the second 20 questions.

What side effect is most likely following the removal of a large tumor from a patients cerebellum?

Difficulty with balance and motor coordination

James is usually upset when his mother leaves him, but when she returns, he sometimes shows no reaction and other times runs directly to her

Disorganized attachment

Which theory of development is a progression of 8 stages that vary in terms of how we relate to other people?

Eriksons psychosocial theory

Which of the following conditions affects the appearance of the childs face and causes significant damage to the developing brain?

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

You work 3 hours a day Monday through Friday and receive a paycheck every Friday afternoon. You are being paid on a _______________ reinforcement situation.

Fixed interval

What perspective argues that human behavior develops in certain ways because it serves a useful purpose?

Functionalism

How do genes control the creation of proteins in the cell?

Genes on chromosomes specify which amino acids will be joined together, in order, to make each particular protein

The belief that genes determine everything about us, including our behavior, is referred to as

Genetic Determinism

Distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning

In operant conditioning, a behavior elicits a stimulus ; in classical conditioning a stimulus elicits a behavior

A researcher presents his participants with a series of flashing lights at varying intervals. After each presentation of a light, he asks the participants to fully describe her internal experiences, a method known as ______________.

Introspection

Example of Cognitive stage of skill acquisition

Just beginning to learn how to play guitar and concentrating hard to avoid hitting the wrong notes

If a doctor stimulated your occipital lobe, what would you be likely to experience?

Lights and colors

What have twin studies revealed about the traits of monozygotic twins compared with the traits of dizygotic twins?

Monozygotic twins tend to be more concordant than dizygotic twins

What statement about non-associative learning and associative learning is true?

Non-associative learning does not involve any particular relationship among stimuli, while associative learning involves learning a relationship among multiple stimuli

Duane took an intelligence test and achieved a score in the 85th percentile. What does this mean?

Of the comparable population, 15 percent got a higher score than Duane

When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _____________ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of __________ interference.

Proactive; rectroactive

What is an example of social referencing?

Rachel isn't hurt when she takes a tumble on the playground, but when she sees her mother looking alarmed she begins to cry as though she was badly injured

According to Piagets stages of development in the correct order?

Sensorimotor -> preoperational -> concrete operational -> formal operational

What accurately reflects the path pf information flow that takes place when chid jerks hand away from a hot pan?

Sensory neurons -> spinal interneurons -> motor neurons

Jans husband calls her while she's at the grocery store to ask her to pick up 6 varieties chips for a party. He tells here the varieties he wants and hangs up, and she immediately starts grabbing the chips. What varieties will she most likely remember?

She will remember the ones at the end of the list

What statement captures the concept of a sensitive period?

Some abilities, such as 3D vision, will not develop if a child does not have proper sensory input early in life

As the number of pirates in the world has decreased, the mean global temperature has increased. This is an example of ______________.

Spurious correlation

Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests?

Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization allows for the testing of the subjects mental age

What was Kohlberg most interested in when examine peoples responses to the fictional story of Heinz stealing a drug for his ailing wife?

The nature of their reasoning about their choice

What behavior is most likely to be controlled by a neural network?

Understanding a joke

Imagine you are tasked with exploring ways to improve worker productivity at a local business. What is the best way to avoid the Hawthorne effect? (Assume the employees have consented to being observed)

Use hidden cameras, microphones, or other unseen devices to monitor productivity

Area of interpreting speech

Wernicke's area

______________ is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science.

Wilhelm Wundt

The most widely used intelligence test for children today is the

Wäscher Intelligence Scale for Children

Which example best captures the concept of external motivating forces?

You offer your younger brother $20 to clean your room

A meta- analysis is

a combination of results from many related studies

Marijuana is

a hallucinogen

The fastest traveling action potential would be found in a neuron with

a well myelinated, thick axon

If not for your subcoeruleus, you would

act out your dreams

All of the following make up DNA

adenine, thymine, cytosine

When a researcher looks at her personality questionarre from 75 participants, she notices limited variance in scores, except for one falling 4 standard deviations above the mean. This score is ___________________.

an outlier

Morphine is a powerful ____________ because it acts on neurons in the brainstem, enabling them to block pain signals coming from the body

analgesic

You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiation, so you ask fro a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you and hourly rate close to your initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the

anchoring effect

On a hike, you find branches arranged to form a 3 ft tall pyramid, surrounded by a circle of pebbles. Occam's razor would support the hypothesis that ___________ created this pyramid.

another hiker

You are sitting in a lecture and you begin to feel the physical effects of hunger. The Brin area that is integrating information about your energy stores is the

arcuate nucleus

About half of the individuals with savant syndrome also display

autism

The drug class known as __________ is a category of _________

barbiturates; depressants

A classmate tells you she has over 700 facebook friends. As a proponent of the social brain hypothesis , you will most likely...

be skeptical of her ability to interact meaningfully with so many people

A neurons refractory phrase is defined as the

brief period during and immediately after an action potential when a neuron cannot produce another action potential

Excitatory synapses

bring neurons closer to the firing threshold

While your instructor is presenting a lecture with great theatrical enthusiasm, he fails to notice that several students have gotten up and left the room. This is an example of

change blindness

The voltage difference across a neurons membrane

changes frequently

The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates out

circadian rhythm

The depth cue of motion parallax account for the fact that while you are moving forward, you will percieve the

closest objects as moving fastest and in the opposite direction

Brad and George are twins whose parents both have blue eyes. Brad and George also have blue eyes, meaning that the twins are ____________ for that trait.

concordant

Nondeclarative memories for associations between stimuli are formed in part via the process of

conditioning

Your ability to perceive the color of a vibrant blue sky or a red rose depends on the responses of the ___________ in your retina, and your ability to find your way to the bathroom in the dark depends upon the _________ in your retina.

cones; rods

The cognitive theory that states that children adapt to the world by actively building and organizing their experiences is called

constructivism

The modern treatment for PKU is an example of a gene-environment interaction because it involves

control of the amount of phenylalanine in the childs diet

Kohlberg described the type of oral reasoning used by most adults as

conventional

The surgery that HM underwent impaired his _____________ memory but left his _________ memory largely intact, meaning he could still learn to perform procedural tasks like mirror drawing.

declarative; non declarative

The easy problem of consciousness can be solved by

defining different conscious experiences in terms of different brain states

Nociceptors

detect pain

For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to

determine how various experiences result in different behaviors

During ____________, neurons grow into the body shape and dendrites appropriate for their specific functions.

differentiation

Jessie has taken a medication that interferes with here ability to feel pleasure. This medication is most likely a

dopamine antagonist

Another name for physical memory trace in the brain is the

engram

Behaviorism examines ___________, whereas cognitive psychology examines _____________.

external behavior, internal mental processes

Which of the following is the simplest partial reinforcement schedule?

fixed ratio

Jaeggi and colleagues claim that training on the n-back task increases _________ intelligence in young adults

fluid

Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increase in _________ intelligence

fluid

A researcher cold find positive correlation between

height and weight

Imagine that you know someone who developed a tumor that affected their ability to form new long-term memories. Though many parts of the brain are involved with memory, the part of the brain most likely affected by the tumor is the

hippocampus

A Hebbian synapse is a theoretical relationship between 2 neurons in which the strength of the connection between neurons is a function of

how often the presynaptic neuron causes the post synaptic neuron to fire

A person who has trouble maintaining homeostasis is most likely to have a problem with the

hypothalamus

One problem that sufferers of _________ face is ___________, a disorder in which people seem to be unaware of when they are actually asleep

insomnia; sleep state misperception

A recessive allele, such as the allele for white flower color in pea plants, affects an individuals phenotype only when

it is present on both chromosomes

Imagine your professor asks you to conduct an experiment in which you have to increase the intensity of a light several times and determine the smallest change in the intensity of light that your friend can detect. You are measuring your friends

just noticeable difference (JND)

A ____________ is a primary reinforcer, whereas a ___________ is a secondary reinforcer.

lollipop; diploma

Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because

males receive only one allele ( on the X chromosome) for that gene for color vision

Cognitive scientists typically measure reaction times in response to visual stimuli in order to investigate

mental processing time

The dopamine reward pathway of the brain, a series of sites where excitation of neurons leads to feelings of intense pleasure, leads from the ________ to the _____________.

midbrain; frontal cortex

The hindsight bias describes the tendency to

misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs

You associate each line of a poem that you need to memorize with a particular object in your dorm room. This is an example of aiding your memory via

mnemonic devices

The notion of semantic web emphasizes the fact that

most memories connect with several other memories

Main difference between the sexual arousal patterns of men and women

most men experience a refractory period after orgasm

The poor functioning of receptors for hypocretin in the hyothalamus plays a central role in the symptoms of

narcolepsy

Suppose you're afraid of snakes. You become highly agitated even if you see a picture of a snake, but your fear disappears when you look away. In this case, your avoidance of snakes is being

negatively reinforced

An infants vision improves from 20/120 to about 20/30 by approximately eight months of age because the

neurons connecting the retinas and the brain mature

A team of psychologists administers an intelligence test to thousands of people to establish the performance average and variability. The team of psychologists has _________ the test.

normalized

Dana is very shy and awkward in social situations, Consequently, she tends not to go to parties or attend other social gatherings. Dana is engaging in

passive avoidance

Phantom line pain is a purely _________ phenomenon

perceptual

By asking participants to find images on a page then compare them quickly and accurately, researchers can measure the aspect of cognition known as

perceptual speed

When testing a split brain patient , the key to accessing the information that the right hemisphere "sees" is having the participant

point to an object with their left hand

Ethical principles require researchers to

provide information about potential risks to participants before they begin a study

The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called

psychophysics

The alpha rhythm is a patter of brain waves that occur during

relaxed wakefulness

A measure of conscientiousness produces very similar scores each time a person repeats the exercise, but it doesn't predict whether a person is reliable in everyday life. This measure appears to be

reliable but not valid

Imagine that you were in a car accident in which you hit your head on the steering wheel. The next day you could not remember anything that occurred in the week before the accident. You were suffering from

retrograde amnesia

Patient KC is notable in psychological theory because his case illustrated the difference between ___________ and __________ memory.

semantic; episodic

Detection of the sound of a bell ringing is referred to as a _____________. Once you interpret the stimulus as the sound of your alarm clock, it is referred to as a ________________.

sensation; perception

This morning, a very loud clap of thunder right outside your window startled you. For the rest of the day, any kind of loud sound- a car backfiring, a dropped dish- causes you to jump out of your chair. This is an example of

sensitization

An empiricist believes that the only source of knowledge about the external world is ____________.

sensory experience

In serial position studies, the recency effect vanishes if there is a long delay between the end of a list and the beginning of recall because _____________ during the delay

short-term memory decays

A child who regularly displays avoidant attachment will show little or no distress when her mother leaves her with a new caregiver. The next time the caregiver comes, the child will most likely

show little or nor response to the caregiver

Psychologists use the term "sensory modality" to refer to a

specific sense, such as vision or olfaction

____________ is characterized by K complexes and _______ is characterized by slow wave sleep

stage 2 sleep; stage 3 sleep

One of the best methods of determining the influence of confounding variables on the heritability of human traits is to conduct a

study of identical twins

You are home alone when you hear strange noises in your house. This causes your _________ system to trigger your heart to race.

sympathetic nervous

The observation that adolescent brains show thinning in the top region of the cortex is evidence of the neural developmental process called

synapse rearrangement

For a sentence that is grammatical and meaningful, the rules of __________ determine its _______________ structure

syntax; surface

Imagine you have a sibling Henry, who is 2. When he's thirsty he says "Henry milk". This is an example of

telegraphic speech

Male gonads are called ________ and female gonads are called _____________.

testes; ovaries

The optic disc is the part of the retina

that has no photoreceptors

Harmful dominant alleles, like those for the Huntingtin gene, are not common because in most cases

the carrier doesn't survive long enough to pass on the allele via reproduction

In a survey, more college students indicated that they would enroll in a particular course when they were told that 70% of students passed it last year than when they were told that 30% of students failed it last year. The results of the survey best illustrate

the framing effect

Sexual differentiation, or the process in the fetal development of forming either male or female reproductive structures, is controlled by

the hormones produced by the gonads

Gestalt psychologists such as Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler argue that...

the overall experience of human perception is greater than the sum of its parts

In an experiment treating a spider phobia, half of the participants get 8 hours of cognitive- behavioral treatment. The other half get 8 hours of attention from a therapist but no active treatment. Both groups report a statistically significant reduction in their fear of spiders. The is evidence that

the placebo effect can be significant

A receptive field is

the region of space where stimuli affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system

Your brain is able to distinguish between the sound of a car horn and the sight of the car itself because

the set of nerves that relays information from the ear to the brain is different from the set that relays information from the eye to the brain

A 7 year old is typically better able to understand his friends feelings than a 3 year old. In other words, a 7 year old has acquired a

theory of mind

The case of patient Tan is significant to the history of psychology and neurology because the case provides evidence that

there may be a direct correspondence between a specific part of the brain and specific language skills

A familiar song is playing on the radio. You cannot remember the singers name but you're sure you know it. This is one example of

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Although very few people would admit to a belief that men make better hires than women, several experiments sho that men are more likely to be hired than women with identical resumes. This is an example of

unconscious bias

Plato's cave analogy illustrates that

we cannot rely on our senses to learn the truth

Research has shown that social exclusion activates the same brain regions as physical pain. A researcher wants to test the hypothesis that over the counter pain relievers will also reduce the pain of social exclusion. She gives half of her participants ibuprofen and Hal a placebo, has them play a game in which other players ignore them, and measures their level of distress. In this study _________ is the independent variable and_______________ is the dependent variable.

whether people take ibuprofen; distress

According to the process of natural selection, a mutation

will accumulate in the genomes of future generations if it improves survival and reproduction