Psych Cumulative Final
Which of the following correlations has the strongest predictive value?
-0.75
List the four stages of neural development in the correct order
1) Neurogenesis 2) Cell migration 3) Differentiation 4) Synaptogenesis
Most estimates of the heritability of IQ are close to the estimate that about ______ percent of the variability in IQ scores is due to genetic variability
50
Of the following people, whose brain would be most plastic?
A 5 year old
What is an example of positive punishment?
A student is caught texting in class and the professor reprimands him in front of his classmates
____________ activate receptors in the same way as the normal neurotransmitters do.
Agonists
In rodents, which statement about hormone and sexual behaviors is correct?
Androgens activate masculine behaviors in males; estrogen and progesterone activate feminine behaviors in females
An early intelligence test consisting of 30 tasks increasing difficulty was the
Binet- Simon Scale
Which function is most directly controlled by the brainstem?
Breathing
Area to produce speech
Brocas area
Followers of ________ argue that there is a close relationship between animal behavior and human behavior.
Charles Darwin
Sensory input -> Participant processing information -> Report/ press button/etc THIS IS A TYPICAL EXPERIMENT IN?
Cognitive psychology
Psychologists call the process by which encoded information is transferred from short term to long term memory
Consolidation
What suggests split half reliability?
Darlene scores 120 on the first 20 questions of a test but scores only 80 on the second 20 questions.
What side effect is most likely following the removal of a large tumor from a patients cerebellum?
Difficulty with balance and motor coordination
James is usually upset when his mother leaves him, but when she returns, he sometimes shows no reaction and other times runs directly to her
Disorganized attachment
Which theory of development is a progression of 8 stages that vary in terms of how we relate to other people?
Eriksons psychosocial theory
Which of the following conditions affects the appearance of the childs face and causes significant damage to the developing brain?
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
You work 3 hours a day Monday through Friday and receive a paycheck every Friday afternoon. You are being paid on a _______________ reinforcement situation.
Fixed interval
What perspective argues that human behavior develops in certain ways because it serves a useful purpose?
Functionalism
How do genes control the creation of proteins in the cell?
Genes on chromosomes specify which amino acids will be joined together, in order, to make each particular protein
The belief that genes determine everything about us, including our behavior, is referred to as
Genetic Determinism
Distinguishes operant conditioning from classical conditioning
In operant conditioning, a behavior elicits a stimulus ; in classical conditioning a stimulus elicits a behavior
A researcher presents his participants with a series of flashing lights at varying intervals. After each presentation of a light, he asks the participants to fully describe her internal experiences, a method known as ______________.
Introspection
Example of Cognitive stage of skill acquisition
Just beginning to learn how to play guitar and concentrating hard to avoid hitting the wrong notes
If a doctor stimulated your occipital lobe, what would you be likely to experience?
Lights and colors
What have twin studies revealed about the traits of monozygotic twins compared with the traits of dizygotic twins?
Monozygotic twins tend to be more concordant than dizygotic twins
What statement about non-associative learning and associative learning is true?
Non-associative learning does not involve any particular relationship among stimuli, while associative learning involves learning a relationship among multiple stimuli
Duane took an intelligence test and achieved a score in the 85th percentile. What does this mean?
Of the comparable population, 15 percent got a higher score than Duane
When you enter an old password to retrieve your email, rather than entering your new password, you are demonstrating _____________ interference. On the other hand, not being able to recall your old phone number is an example of __________ interference.
Proactive; rectroactive
What is an example of social referencing?
Rachel isn't hurt when she takes a tumble on the playground, but when she sees her mother looking alarmed she begins to cry as though she was badly injured
According to Piagets stages of development in the correct order?
Sensorimotor -> preoperational -> concrete operational -> formal operational
What accurately reflects the path pf information flow that takes place when chid jerks hand away from a hot pan?
Sensory neurons -> spinal interneurons -> motor neurons
Jans husband calls her while she's at the grocery store to ask her to pick up 6 varieties chips for a party. He tells here the varieties he wants and hangs up, and she immediately starts grabbing the chips. What varieties will she most likely remember?
She will remember the ones at the end of the list
What statement captures the concept of a sensitive period?
Some abilities, such as 3D vision, will not develop if a child does not have proper sensory input early in life
As the number of pirates in the world has decreased, the mean global temperature has increased. This is an example of ______________.
Spurious correlation
Which statement correctly distinguishes between standardization and normalization of intelligence tests?
Standardization allows for uniform administration of tests; normalization allows for the testing of the subjects mental age
What was Kohlberg most interested in when examine peoples responses to the fictional story of Heinz stealing a drug for his ailing wife?
The nature of their reasoning about their choice
What behavior is most likely to be controlled by a neural network?
Understanding a joke
Imagine you are tasked with exploring ways to improve worker productivity at a local business. What is the best way to avoid the Hawthorne effect? (Assume the employees have consented to being observed)
Use hidden cameras, microphones, or other unseen devices to monitor productivity
Area of interpreting speech
Wernicke's area
______________ is often credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory, thus establishing psychology as an experimental science.
Wilhelm Wundt
The most widely used intelligence test for children today is the
Wäscher Intelligence Scale for Children
Which example best captures the concept of external motivating forces?
You offer your younger brother $20 to clean your room
A meta- analysis is
a combination of results from many related studies
Marijuana is
a hallucinogen
The fastest traveling action potential would be found in a neuron with
a well myelinated, thick axon
If not for your subcoeruleus, you would
act out your dreams
All of the following make up DNA
adenine, thymine, cytosine
When a researcher looks at her personality questionarre from 75 participants, she notices limited variance in scores, except for one falling 4 standard deviations above the mean. This score is ___________________.
an outlier
Morphine is a powerful ____________ because it acts on neurons in the brainstem, enabling them to block pain signals coming from the body
analgesic
You want to earn a decent salary at a potential job. You know that there is room for negotiation, so you ask fro a slightly higher hourly rate than you think the employer will accept. If the employer ends up giving you and hourly rate close to your initial asking rate, he or she has likely been influenced by the
anchoring effect
On a hike, you find branches arranged to form a 3 ft tall pyramid, surrounded by a circle of pebbles. Occam's razor would support the hypothesis that ___________ created this pyramid.
another hiker
You are sitting in a lecture and you begin to feel the physical effects of hunger. The Brin area that is integrating information about your energy stores is the
arcuate nucleus
About half of the individuals with savant syndrome also display
autism
The drug class known as __________ is a category of _________
barbiturates; depressants
A classmate tells you she has over 700 facebook friends. As a proponent of the social brain hypothesis , you will most likely...
be skeptical of her ability to interact meaningfully with so many people
A neurons refractory phrase is defined as the
brief period during and immediately after an action potential when a neuron cannot produce another action potential
Excitatory synapses
bring neurons closer to the firing threshold
While your instructor is presenting a lecture with great theatrical enthusiasm, he fails to notice that several students have gotten up and left the room. This is an example of
change blindness
The voltage difference across a neurons membrane
changes frequently
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates out
circadian rhythm
The depth cue of motion parallax account for the fact that while you are moving forward, you will percieve the
closest objects as moving fastest and in the opposite direction
Brad and George are twins whose parents both have blue eyes. Brad and George also have blue eyes, meaning that the twins are ____________ for that trait.
concordant
Nondeclarative memories for associations between stimuli are formed in part via the process of
conditioning
Your ability to perceive the color of a vibrant blue sky or a red rose depends on the responses of the ___________ in your retina, and your ability to find your way to the bathroom in the dark depends upon the _________ in your retina.
cones; rods
The cognitive theory that states that children adapt to the world by actively building and organizing their experiences is called
constructivism
The modern treatment for PKU is an example of a gene-environment interaction because it involves
control of the amount of phenylalanine in the childs diet
Kohlberg described the type of oral reasoning used by most adults as
conventional
The surgery that HM underwent impaired his _____________ memory but left his _________ memory largely intact, meaning he could still learn to perform procedural tasks like mirror drawing.
declarative; non declarative
The easy problem of consciousness can be solved by
defining different conscious experiences in terms of different brain states
Nociceptors
detect pain
For a behaviorist, the goal of psychology is to
determine how various experiences result in different behaviors
During ____________, neurons grow into the body shape and dendrites appropriate for their specific functions.
differentiation
Jessie has taken a medication that interferes with here ability to feel pleasure. This medication is most likely a
dopamine antagonist
Another name for physical memory trace in the brain is the
engram
Behaviorism examines ___________, whereas cognitive psychology examines _____________.
external behavior, internal mental processes
Which of the following is the simplest partial reinforcement schedule?
fixed ratio
Jaeggi and colleagues claim that training on the n-back task increases _________ intelligence in young adults
fluid
Most of the Flynn effect appears to be due to increase in _________ intelligence
fluid
A researcher cold find positive correlation between
height and weight
Imagine that you know someone who developed a tumor that affected their ability to form new long-term memories. Though many parts of the brain are involved with memory, the part of the brain most likely affected by the tumor is the
hippocampus
A Hebbian synapse is a theoretical relationship between 2 neurons in which the strength of the connection between neurons is a function of
how often the presynaptic neuron causes the post synaptic neuron to fire
A person who has trouble maintaining homeostasis is most likely to have a problem with the
hypothalamus
One problem that sufferers of _________ face is ___________, a disorder in which people seem to be unaware of when they are actually asleep
insomnia; sleep state misperception
A recessive allele, such as the allele for white flower color in pea plants, affects an individuals phenotype only when
it is present on both chromosomes
Imagine your professor asks you to conduct an experiment in which you have to increase the intensity of a light several times and determine the smallest change in the intensity of light that your friend can detect. You are measuring your friends
just noticeable difference (JND)
A ____________ is a primary reinforcer, whereas a ___________ is a secondary reinforcer.
lollipop; diploma
Colorblindness is more common in males than in females because
males receive only one allele ( on the X chromosome) for that gene for color vision
Cognitive scientists typically measure reaction times in response to visual stimuli in order to investigate
mental processing time
The dopamine reward pathway of the brain, a series of sites where excitation of neurons leads to feelings of intense pleasure, leads from the ________ to the _____________.
midbrain; frontal cortex
The hindsight bias describes the tendency to
misremember your previous views to fit your current knowledge or beliefs
You associate each line of a poem that you need to memorize with a particular object in your dorm room. This is an example of aiding your memory via
mnemonic devices
The notion of semantic web emphasizes the fact that
most memories connect with several other memories
Main difference between the sexual arousal patterns of men and women
most men experience a refractory period after orgasm
The poor functioning of receptors for hypocretin in the hyothalamus plays a central role in the symptoms of
narcolepsy
Suppose you're afraid of snakes. You become highly agitated even if you see a picture of a snake, but your fear disappears when you look away. In this case, your avoidance of snakes is being
negatively reinforced
An infants vision improves from 20/120 to about 20/30 by approximately eight months of age because the
neurons connecting the retinas and the brain mature
A team of psychologists administers an intelligence test to thousands of people to establish the performance average and variability. The team of psychologists has _________ the test.
normalized
Dana is very shy and awkward in social situations, Consequently, she tends not to go to parties or attend other social gatherings. Dana is engaging in
passive avoidance
Phantom line pain is a purely _________ phenomenon
perceptual
By asking participants to find images on a page then compare them quickly and accurately, researchers can measure the aspect of cognition known as
perceptual speed
When testing a split brain patient , the key to accessing the information that the right hemisphere "sees" is having the participant
point to an object with their left hand
Ethical principles require researchers to
provide information about potential risks to participants before they begin a study
The study of how physical events, such as lights and sounds, affect our senses is called
psychophysics
The alpha rhythm is a patter of brain waves that occur during
relaxed wakefulness
A measure of conscientiousness produces very similar scores each time a person repeats the exercise, but it doesn't predict whether a person is reliable in everyday life. This measure appears to be
reliable but not valid
Imagine that you were in a car accident in which you hit your head on the steering wheel. The next day you could not remember anything that occurred in the week before the accident. You were suffering from
retrograde amnesia
Patient KC is notable in psychological theory because his case illustrated the difference between ___________ and __________ memory.
semantic; episodic
Detection of the sound of a bell ringing is referred to as a _____________. Once you interpret the stimulus as the sound of your alarm clock, it is referred to as a ________________.
sensation; perception
This morning, a very loud clap of thunder right outside your window startled you. For the rest of the day, any kind of loud sound- a car backfiring, a dropped dish- causes you to jump out of your chair. This is an example of
sensitization
An empiricist believes that the only source of knowledge about the external world is ____________.
sensory experience
In serial position studies, the recency effect vanishes if there is a long delay between the end of a list and the beginning of recall because _____________ during the delay
short-term memory decays
A child who regularly displays avoidant attachment will show little or no distress when her mother leaves her with a new caregiver. The next time the caregiver comes, the child will most likely
show little or nor response to the caregiver
Psychologists use the term "sensory modality" to refer to a
specific sense, such as vision or olfaction
____________ is characterized by K complexes and _______ is characterized by slow wave sleep
stage 2 sleep; stage 3 sleep
One of the best methods of determining the influence of confounding variables on the heritability of human traits is to conduct a
study of identical twins
You are home alone when you hear strange noises in your house. This causes your _________ system to trigger your heart to race.
sympathetic nervous
The observation that adolescent brains show thinning in the top region of the cortex is evidence of the neural developmental process called
synapse rearrangement
For a sentence that is grammatical and meaningful, the rules of __________ determine its _______________ structure
syntax; surface
Imagine you have a sibling Henry, who is 2. When he's thirsty he says "Henry milk". This is an example of
telegraphic speech
Male gonads are called ________ and female gonads are called _____________.
testes; ovaries
The optic disc is the part of the retina
that has no photoreceptors
Harmful dominant alleles, like those for the Huntingtin gene, are not common because in most cases
the carrier doesn't survive long enough to pass on the allele via reproduction
In a survey, more college students indicated that they would enroll in a particular course when they were told that 70% of students passed it last year than when they were told that 30% of students failed it last year. The results of the survey best illustrate
the framing effect
Sexual differentiation, or the process in the fetal development of forming either male or female reproductive structures, is controlled by
the hormones produced by the gonads
Gestalt psychologists such as Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler argue that...
the overall experience of human perception is greater than the sum of its parts
In an experiment treating a spider phobia, half of the participants get 8 hours of cognitive- behavioral treatment. The other half get 8 hours of attention from a therapist but no active treatment. Both groups report a statistically significant reduction in their fear of spiders. The is evidence that
the placebo effect can be significant
A receptive field is
the region of space where stimuli affect the activity of a cell in a sensory system
Your brain is able to distinguish between the sound of a car horn and the sight of the car itself because
the set of nerves that relays information from the ear to the brain is different from the set that relays information from the eye to the brain
A 7 year old is typically better able to understand his friends feelings than a 3 year old. In other words, a 7 year old has acquired a
theory of mind
The case of patient Tan is significant to the history of psychology and neurology because the case provides evidence that
there may be a direct correspondence between a specific part of the brain and specific language skills
A familiar song is playing on the radio. You cannot remember the singers name but you're sure you know it. This is one example of
tip of the tongue phenomenon
Although very few people would admit to a belief that men make better hires than women, several experiments sho that men are more likely to be hired than women with identical resumes. This is an example of
unconscious bias
Plato's cave analogy illustrates that
we cannot rely on our senses to learn the truth
Research has shown that social exclusion activates the same brain regions as physical pain. A researcher wants to test the hypothesis that over the counter pain relievers will also reduce the pain of social exclusion. She gives half of her participants ibuprofen and Hal a placebo, has them play a game in which other players ignore them, and measures their level of distress. In this study _________ is the independent variable and_______________ is the dependent variable.
whether people take ibuprofen; distress
According to the process of natural selection, a mutation
will accumulate in the genomes of future generations if it improves survival and reproduction