Psych Exam 2
________ provide step-by-step instructions for solving a problem or performing a task.
Algorithms
Who developed the idea that short-term memories get "filed away" in three different areas of the brain: a visuo-spatial area, a phonological loop for auditory memories, and an episodic buffer for multi-modal memories with storylines?
Baddeley and Hitch
________ cues require only one eye.
Monocular
Most modern intelligence tests, such as the newly developed WISC-V, are based off of work done by
David Wechsler
Researchers ________ concluded that language determines thoughts.
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct?
Eyewitness misidentification is the leading cause of wrongful convictions.
About 2% of the population have
IQs above 130
About 2% of the population have
IQs below 70
What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?
Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?
If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.
What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?
In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness.
Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let it more light from the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?
Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, twenty times in a row. Then ring the bell.
Which linguist(s) proposed that the thoughts that an individual has are determined by the language that he or she uses?
Sapir and Whorf
Negative punishment refers to a situation where ________.
a behavior decreased because something desirable was eliminated through engaging in the behavior
Positive Reinforcement refers to a situation where ________.
a behavior is increased because something desirable was gained through engaging in the behavior
"Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally" (PEMDAS) is a popular way for math teachers to help their students remember the order of operations (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction). This is an example of
a mnemonic device
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
a newborn baby knowing how to nurse
Demarco was good at every sport growing up, but decided to focus on just baseball and the discus once he got to college. What area of intelligence does he exemplify?
bodily kinesthetic
Which is an example of negative reinforcement?
buckling your seatbelt to remove the "beep, beep, beep" sound in your car
Subliminal messaging
can mildly influence behavior
5-year-old Camille is learning about the food groups. Her prototype for a vegetable is most likely a
carrot
Because taste and smell have sensory receptors that respond to molecules, they are considered
chemical senses
Cillian can remember a great deal of numbers because he groups them all in sets of 3 and thinks of them as batting averages. He is using the technique of ________.
chunking
When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door and barks. This is an example of
classical conditioning
Sierra turns off her car right before the last line of chorus of a popular song. Moments later while inside the store, she finds herself singing the last line. This exemplifies the gestalt principle of
closure
Fluid found in the part of the ear pictured here stimulate hair cells in the organ of Corti
cochlea
This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?
cochlea
Anna is telling Joy all about Maya's recent engagement. Because they share ________, Anna assumes that Joy knows a little about Maya and George and doesn't need to tell about who they are. If Anna were speaking to someone else, she may need to include more details.
common ground
Jaxon sat down next to Harvey on the bus and immediately asked, "did you see Harper's stats last night?" Because they share ________, Jaxon didn't need to explain that he was talking about the baseball game.
common ground
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, ________ in the retina are responsive to red, green, and blue.
cones
Looking for evidence to back up the way you already feel about something is an example of
confirmation bias
If you think baseball is boring and reluctantly agree to join your friend at the ballpark, chances are good you will be ready to go by the seventh inning stretch, even though it has been a high-scoring game. This is an example of
confirmation bias.
________ reinforcement is giving a reinforcer every time that a behavior is displayed.
continuous
Light energy with very low amplitude would be perceived as ________.
dim
Madison needs to wrap a present but doesn't have any wrapping paper. She quickly searches the apartment and finds a brown grocery bag to use instead. This is an example of
divergent thinking
Thinking outside of the box is considered
divergent thinking
Colton is an average middle school student who has a good group of friends and enjoys practicing the drums and playing baseball. Despite this, he struggles with writing and has a hard time putting his thoughts on paper. Which learning disability does he have?
dysgraphia
Rihanna has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have?
dyslexia
Tyler is learning to read and write but having a difficult time. He sometimes switches up the letters and words in the sentences and almost always writes his name backwards. Which learning disability does he have?
dyslexia
The brain's descending pain modulatory system
enabled Aron Ralston to be happy about cutting off his arm
Psychologists use illusions to
explore what people experience, what parts of the brain are involved in perception, and how to alter the illusion.
________ is the recall of false autobiographical memories.
false memory syndrome.
Napoleon works at the golf course. In addition to his salary, they told him he can get $10 for every bucket he fills with stray balls he finds scattered throughout the course. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed ratio
Learning how to operate new program on your computer would require ________ intelligence.
fluid
Using algorithms to solve problems can be compared to
following the instruction manual
Pitch is determined by the ________ of sound waves.
frequency
4-year old Jada is learning about animals. Her prototype for an amphibians is most likely a
frog
The opponent-process theory is supported by
afterimages
What is the function of this part of the ear?
aids in balance and movement
Internet search engines use ________ to show the appropriate results.
algorithms
The loudness of a sound is determined by the ________ of sound waves.
amplitude
When rats had their ________ removed, they no longer experienced their fear memory.
amygdala
Comparing which cell phone to buy and contrasting the different contracts that come with each purchase in an example of using ________ intelligence.
analytical
In the movie "50 First Dates," the main character wakes up each day not remembering the day before or having met her new boyfriend. She suffers from ________ amnesia.
anterograde
Officially, insects are a class of invertebrates a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. This description is a
artificial concept
In classical conditioning, organisms learn to
associate events that repeatedly happen together
When an person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ________ learning
associational
In the modeling process, you learn by watching someone else. Sophie learns by watching her older brother get in trouble for staying out too late that she should also not stay out late. Sophie learned this by following the steps of the modeling process, which are
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
Cedric tells a new acquaintance that is "from Chicago" but when he learns that this man is also a Chicago native he corrects by listing he specific neighborhood in which he lives. This is called_________
audience design
Shianne tells the group of people at the table at her workshop that she's from Salt LakeCity. A young man replies that he is also from Salt Lake, so he asks Shianne what area she's from. Shianne admits that she is really from Bountiful, which is north of Salt Lake City. The fact that she gives this additional information is an example of
audience design
This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?
auditory canal
Zahara asks Blake how many times he ate pizza in the last week, and he's quickly able to respond with "twice." This is an example of
automatic processing
Because Jackie has seen so many documentaries about shark attacks, she is afraid to swim in the ocean. Chris tries to convince her that she's overreacting because more people actually die from bee stings than shark bites. Jackie's belief is an example of the
availability heuristic
Hwan is extremely afraid of flying but is looking forward to a Spring Break trip to the coast with his friends. He decides that driving would be safer, so he convinces his roommate to cancel his flight to join him in the car. He is making this decision based on a/an
availability heuristic
Auditory receptor cells are embedded within the ________, which is found in the ________.
basilar membrane; cochlea
The organ of Corti on the ________ within the ________ changes vibrations into impulses that travel to the auditory nerve.
basilar membrane; cochlea
When questioning a victim about the perpetrator of a crime, the police should
be intentionally vague and provide opportunities for the victim to offer information.
Strict followers of ________ believed that cognition did not have a role to play in learning, but ________ says otherwise.
behaviorism; latent learning
Which is an example of classical conditioning?
being afraid of thunder and lightning because the last two times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes.
Which is an example of a positive reinforcer?
being told "nice work!" after completing your homework
Using the different images that each eye receives in order to perceive depth is called using ________ cues.
binocular
A bell curve relies on a ________ sample.
large
When surrounded by smaller circles, a center circle will appear ________ than if surrounded by larger circles.
larger
Jimmy rides home from karate practice with his friend and his friend's mom each Tuesday night. One night, his friend's mom can't come, and he needs to get a ride from someone else. He's never driven the route before, but he's able to explain exactly where to turn to get home. This is an example of
latent learning
Learning that does not reveal itself until it is needed is called
latent learning
The words we use are called ______.
lexicon
The fact that Chinese speakers may be more likely to think about time on a vertical or a horizontal plane is an example of
linguistic determinism
Jonas loves working as a TA for his Physics professor and especially loves the excitement involved in solving problems. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.
logical-mathematical
Chinese speakers
may be more prone to think of time on a vertical or horizontal plane
If you walk through a busy crowd and feel a few different people bump and push past you as they walk by, which skin receptors would be activated?
mechanoreceptors
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________
memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information
If you need to remember the names of all 50 states, the most recommended technique would be for you to
memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size.
The processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time is known as
memory
London remembers a time when she was young when she got lost in a department store and couldn't find her mom. When talking to her family about it, they corrected her memory and said that it was actually her sister who was lost, and that she had just been present. Over time, the source of her original memory became confused. This is an example of
misattribution
When the source of a memory is confused, like you think the storyline of a t.v. show you watched actually happened to you in real life, it is called
misattribution
________ is confusing the source of information.
misattribution
Esther has an ear for music and can play songs on the piano she has only heard once before. She has high ________ intelligence.
musical
Pain that results from damage to neurons of the peripheral or central nervous system is called
neuropathic pain.
Smelling the lingering scent of the fish you reheated in the microwave is an example of
olfaction
Olfactory receptor cells pick up odor molecules which get turned into electrical impulses that send messages to the brain via the ________.
olfactory bulb
Doing something and then being influenced by what happens as a consequence of the thing you did is the basic idea behind ________.
operant conditioning
Gillian's kids struggle to get out the door in the morning for school, so she creates a sticker chart where they can put on a sticker each time they are ready to go before 7 a.m. Once they fill they chart, they'll get a new bunk bed. This is an example of ________.
operant conditioning
The idea the color coded in pairs of black-white, yellow-blue, and green-red is the basic premise of the
opponent-process theory
The ________ carries visual information from the retina to the brain.
optic nerve
What are the three criteria that are used to determine whether an idea is creative?
originality, usefulness, surprise
How did the perceived hole size affect the putting performance of participants?
participants putted better when they perceived the hole as larger.
Martha needs 3 eggs from the store, so she thinks of a shoe filled with 3 eggs. This is an example the ________ technique.
peg word
When pain signals get exaggerated, it is because of damage to the
peripheral or central nervous system
The most visible part of the ear is the
pinna
Which correctly describes the process of hearing?
pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve
The fact that the base of the basilar membrane responds best to high frequencies supports the ________ theory of hearing.
place
Which type of intelligence is sometimes called "street smarts"?
practical
Shelter, sex, and touch are examples of
primary reinforcers
Water, food, and sleep are examples of
primary reinforcers
Derek's email log-in forced him to create a new password, but now when he logs on, he only remembers his old password. This is an example of ________ interference.
proactive
Ezra got a new phone number, but keeps giving out his old phone number on accident when people ask him. This is an example of ________ interference.
proactive
________ interference occurs when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information, while ________ interference happens when information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information.
proactive; retroactive
Arianna was an accomplished gymnast in her youth but hasn't been to the gym for nearly 10 years. Despite this, with some prompting from her old coach, she's able to do almost her entire uneven bar routine. This is an example of
procedural memory
Anna is competing on Jeopardy!. She. can accurately judge the distance between her finger and the buzzer and knows just how hard to press because of
proprioception
Which sense pertains to body movement and awareness?
proprioception
The best example of a concept is a
prototype
Mason has a cochlear implant. He is able to hear because the implant
receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
Which type of memory is tested on a multiple choice test?
recognition
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, cones in the retina are responsive to________.
red green and blue
Reinforcement differs from punishment in that ________.
reinforcement is any outcome that leads to an increase in a behavior and punishment is an outcome that leads to a decrease in a behavior
Amy studied German in high school but began studying French once in college. When she meets another German student, she can't seem to find any German words to stay, and instead only remembers French. This is an example of ________ interference.
retroactive
Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference.
retroactive
Demarcus suffered a concussion in his first lacrosse match, causing him to forget everything that happened prior to the match. He has ________ amnesia.
retrograde
Bryson remembers nothing before his concussion happened, meaning he has ________ amnesia. If he were unable to learn new things, he would have ________ amnesia.
retrograde; anterograde
What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.
revealed a genetic component to intelligence
Sean wants to teach his dog to turn the light on. What would be the best way to train his dog, utilizing the idea of shaping? might he do that using the concept of shaping?
reward his dog when the dog looks at the light switch, when she touches the lightswitch, when she pushes it, and when she turns it on by command
In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ________ and the conditioned response is ________.
salivation; salivation
Money is an example of which type of reinforcer?
secondary
Stickers on a sticker chart are an example of which type of reinforcer?
secondary
According to the principles of social learning theory, Claire is likely to demonstrate aggressive behavior if she
sees a character on t.v. get rewarded for being violent towards another character.
Explicit memories include ________ and episodic memory
semantic
Thinking about the meaning of a word and categorizing it into the context of other words you already know is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
Which part of the ear is most involved in motion and balance?
semicircular canal
Kyle sees a flashing light in the distance. This is an example of
sensation
Hearing aids are ineffective in treating
sensorineural hearing loss
Memory of brief events, like the smell of french fries you pass on the way to the corner store, are stored in ________ memory.
sensory
Jackie wants her dog to bring her the mail each day after it's dropped in through the mail slot. Instead of trying teach her do, Dodger, at at once, she begins by giving him treats each time he goes to the mail slot. This is an example of
shaping
Jarren wants his dog to play dead when he says "bang, bang!" so he begins by giving him a treat each time that he crouches down after giving the command. Eventually he'll get him to roll over and then to lay on his back with his legs outstretched. This is an example of
shaping
Rewarding successive approximations towards a target behavior is known as
shaping
When surrounded by larger circles, a center circle will appear ________ than if surrounded by smaller circles
smaller
Congenital deafness is
something someone is born with
If a sound wave has a high amplitude, it will
sound loud
Destiny is excellent at working with shapes and models. Her dream job is to design for Lego one day. This exemplifies ________ intelligence
spatial
Darnell was the subject for his in-class demonstration on classical conditioning. His teacher read through a list of random words, but each time she said the word, "pizza," she squirted him in the face with a water bottle, which caused him to flinch. When talking about pizza later outside of class, he didn't flinch, but then two days later, his friend from class said, "Hey Darnell, pizza!" and he flinched with fear. This is an example of ________.
spontaneous recovery
Sierra and her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner and then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding and ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thought of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an example of a/an ________.
taste aversion
If your eyes see someone saying "ball" but the word you hear is "doll", the struggle to make sense of that information in your brain is consistent with
the McGurk effect
Austin has never met one of his work colleagues, having only interacted online or on the phone. He's still able to pick out his coworker at a conference in a room full of people because of
the crossmodal relationship between auditory speech and visual information.
What is wavelength?
the distance from one wave peak to the next
In the study with Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit because it was paired with a frightening loud sound. In this example, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
the loud sound
If co-witnesses of a crime are permitted to talk to each other, they are prone to contaminate each other's memories. This is an example of
the misinformation effect
Which sense pertains to balance?
the vestibular sense
Perception is
the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and experienced
According to Gestalt psychology,
the whole is different from the sum of its parts.
The findings from the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggested that
there is a genetic component to intelligence
What do paint, doll, and cat all have in common?
they all can combine with -house to form a word, and they are part of creativity test
What happened when the participants were asked to draw the size of the hole?
they drew the hole smaller than the actual hole size if surrounded by larger circles.
A sound's purity is called its
timbre
According to the law of effect, behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely
to be repeated
Did you read the second "the" in the sentence in the image? You probably didn't, because your brain doesn't expect to have "the" a second time and skips over it so that the sentence works in the context of what you are familiar with. This is an example of
top-down processing
When a memory fades over time, it is called
transience
An IQ score of 70 would be described as
two standard deviations below the mean
This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?
tympanic membrane
The meaty, savory taste you find in a steak activates your taste receptors for modosodium glutamate. This taste is described as
umami
You are trying to describe the taste of a cheeseburger to your vegetarian friend. A good descriptor for the meaty, savory taste you experience would be
umami
Which is an example of a morpheme?
un
When H.M. had his hippocampus removed, he was
unable to form new semantic memories
Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? For example, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.
unconditioned stimulus
It something is original, it is
unique
Multi-modal perception is the idea that
various sensory modalities are integrated.
Braden has a pounding headache and is disoriented after riding a twisting roller coaster. What sense was impacted by the ride?
vestibular
Malik is memorizing some lines for his school play and struggles with, "Tut, I have lost myself; I am not here; This is not Romeo, he's some other where." To practice, he writes it out emphasizing words with capital letters: "Tut, I have lost myself; I AM NOT HERE; This is not Romeo, he's some OTHER WHERE." He is utilizing principles of ________ encoding.
visual
Raul can remember exactly where on the page in his textbook he saw a picture of a pie chart about the percentages of the U.S. population that say their favorite colors are either red, yellow, green, blue, or purple. This is an example of ________ encoding.
visual
If you are in a crowded room at a noisy party having a conversation with an interesting new acquaintance, studies show that if you are looking at him while talking,
you are more likely to hear what he is saying.
You walk by the same billboard on the way to school each day, but have never actually looked at it. When asked to guess which billboard it was from a selection of billboards, you somehow identify the right one because
you subliminally processed the image
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory
your 16th birthday party
Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory
your first day of school
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
getting five bucks from your parents every time you learn 3 new songs on the violin
Which is an example of operant conditioning?
giving yourself one piece of candy after you complete one math problem
Lewis Termin did research on those with ________ IQs and found them to be well-adjusted adults.
high
Identical twins raised together and identical twins raised apart exhibit ________ between their IQ scores than siblings or fraternal twins raised together.
higher correlation
The "I knew it all along" phenomenon is known as
hindsight bias
H.M. was unable to form any new semantic memories because of the removal of his ________.
hippocampus
Jessica Witt's study tested
how the perception of the size of a golf hole affects golfing performance
Participants in Daniel Simons' and Christopher Chabris' study were asked to watch people pass a basketball. Because they were focused on doing so, the didn't see a gorilla walk across the screen. This phenomenon is called
inattentional blindness
Pronouns like "I", "me", and "my" are used more often in ________ cultures.
individualistic
Based on changes in the weather, bears typically hibernate for half the year. This is an example of an innate behavior, known as a
instinct
Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are examples of ________.
instincts
Oprah is known for her ability to understand others and help them feel comfortable. What type of intelligence does she have a lot of?
interpersonal
The average IQ score is
100
________ is well known for his research on animals and pigeons. He even created an operant conditioning chamber designed to reward animals for specific behaviors.
B.F. Skinner
________ is an example of a monocular cue.
Interposition
How does a cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?
It receives incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.
Jake and Jack are identical twins, but Jake was born almost 15 minutes before Jack. They also have two sisters, Deondra and Daphne, who are 3 years and 6 years younger than them. Who is most likely to have the same IQ score?
Jake and Jack
The basic idea behind observational learning is that
Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.
________ broke the constraints of ________, which emphasized that learning was the direct consequence of conditioning to stimuli.
Latent learning; behaviorism
________ concepts are the ones we know through experience.
Natural
Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?
Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year
________ fire in response to any potential tissue-damaging stimuli.
Nociceptors
When Martha first visits her Aunt and Uncle's house, the smell of fish is overwhelming, but after an hour, she doesn't even notice it's there. What explains this?
Sensory Adaptation
Tammy and Sara both agree that dogs typically have four legs, a tail, and fur. Tammy thinks that dogs also tend to bite small children while Sara thinks they tend to be friendly. What explains the differences between what Tammy thinks and what Sara thinks?
Tammy and Sara have different concepts of dogs.
Which is the dependent variable in Jessica Witt's study?
The size of the circle drawn by the participant and the number of successful putts.
Which is the independent variable in Jessica Witt's study?
The size of the holes projected around the golf hole
Which is the independent variable in Jessica Witt's study?
The size of the holes projected around the golf hole.
Tyler and Eric agree that spiders have eight legs, but Tyler thinks spiders are scary and gross, while Eric finds them nice and interesting. What explains the differences between what Tyler thinks and what Eric thinks?
Tyler and Eric have different concepts of spiders.
While you may not notice the change in the music's volume while at a party, you would definitely notice the change if you were trying to study in a quiet library. This supports the idea that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus, also known as
Weber's law
Doug cannot find his keys, but cannot remember where. This is an example of
absentmindedness
jane writes a song to help her remember all of her terms for anatomy class. She is utilizing________ encoding.
acoustic
In order for ________ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds.
acquisition
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
acquisition
Ivan Pavlov
established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs.
Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.
experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores.
Episodic memories and semantic memories are both examples of ________ memory.
explicit
Long-term memories you have to consciously think about are
explicit memories
Illusions are valuable to psychologists because they are used to
explore what people experience and what parts of the brain are involved in perception
Two-thirds of typical conversations are about ________.
gossip
Jaimie doesn't have much time before her class, and she still needs to find a ride to the airport, print off her assignment, and text her manager about changing her shift. Her best strategy for solving these problems will be to use
heuristics
Miranda has to make a decision, but has a ton of information and not a lot of time. Which problem-solving strategy should she use?
heuristics
Marissa's mom is a hairdresser and Marissa spent countless hours after school just hanging out in the salon, but never learned how to cut or style hair. Later, when Marissa's friend mentions she is looking for someone to do her hair for a wedding, Marissa says she can play with it a bit. Marissa surprises even herself by how wonderful the updo looks. This is an example of
latent learning
Edward Thorndike's ________ says that behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated.
law of effect
Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen and he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies
learning
Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.
learning disability
Which idea says that if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information?
levels of processing theory
Caleb uses the words "sofa" "soda" and "dinner" instead of "couch" "soft drink" and "supper." When the others in the conversations use the same words, the people talking have adopted the same
lexicon
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stitches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
Memory aids that help us organize information for encoding are called
mnemonic devices
When Brad got into a minor car accident, he hopped right out of the car to assess the damage. He didn't notice until later that night that he had a pretty serious cut on his leg. The fact that he didn't notice is consisted with the
motivation-decision model
The idea that we perceive the world while utilizing a combination of senses is known as
multi-modal perception
Students were asked about the speed of cars involved in an accident. When the verb was changed from "contacted" to "smashed", ________.
students were more likely to report that there was broken glass involved in the accident
While traveling to the Canada from his home in Europe, Gunther often asks people, "Excuse me, can you please the time tell me?" Even though people understand what he is asking and politely tell him the time, Gunther's incorrect use of ________ threatens his attempts at communicating with others in a language that is foreign to him.
syntax
Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre with no concessions and finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?
watching a movie
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a rabbit goes to the bathroom in the litter box, she gets a piece of carrot
Mental sets occur
when you approach a problem the same way, even if it is ineffective.
The pervasive daily stress of poverty and resulting impact on brain development may explain
why children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests.
Learning disabilities often affect children
with average to above-average intelligence.
The first intelligence test, aimed to test for children who might struggle in school, was designed by
Alfred Binet
________ was asked by the French government to develop an intelligence test to use on children to determine which ones might have difficulty in school.
Alfred Binet
The ________ says that memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information.
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
________ revised the Stanford-Binet Intelligence scale to include more subfields. There are now many offshoots of his original test, including the popular WAIS.
David Wechsler
The ________ shows that each generation tends to have a higher IQ than the last generation.
Flynn Effect
Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of similarity, and proximity?
Gestalt
Which of the following is a description of the Remote Associates Test (RAT)?
Participants are asked to come up with a word that is related to three seemingly unrelated words.
The day Kim is in Nairobi she notices the honking, engine sounds, yelling, and other street noises. By the second day, however, she no longer notices these. Which of the following is the best explanation?
Sensory Adaptation
What is a major problem with intelligence tests mentioned in the text?
Some ethnic and socioeconomic groups perform better than others on IQ tests.
How does someone who has never been to a Starbucks before know to order and pay at the counter and then wait for their food to be ready?
The individual already has a concept for casual dining restaurants and can apply this concept to Starbucks.
Caroline met a new friend named Wendy. Wendy was wearing a green shirt, which reminded Caroline of Peter Pan, so Caroline plans to remember Peter Pan when she thinks about her new friend's name. This is an example of
a mnemonic device
Shaquallah suffered a head injury in a soccer game and can remember everything from her past, but can no longer make new memories. What type of amnesia does she have?
anterograde
Matthias watched his older brother get arrested for selling drugs. He followed the steps of the modeling process to know that he doesn't want to get involved with selling drugs himself. These steps are:
attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation
The vibration of the ________ causes the ossicles to move.
auditory canal
If your memory of the home run you hit in the softball game becomes exaggerated to enhance your own performance, then you have fallen prey to a common memory tendency to distort your memories to fit your feelings about the world. This is called
bias
Which of the following is an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule?
checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day
Pronoun drop is more likely to occur in ________ cultures.
collectivist
Grant and Reid are six-year old twins. They want to find a way to get the frisbee off of the room without asking for help, so Grant climbs a tree in order to push down a branch so that Reid can reach it. They wiggle the branch until it snaps, then use the branch with fan of leaves to sweep down the frisbee. Their solution relies on ________ intelligence.
creative
Leini is working on building a bookshelf in her backyard when she gets a terrible itch on her back. She gripes about not being able to reach it, and goes inside to look for a back-scratcher or a kitchen spoon. She could have just used the hammer she was holding in her hand, but she didn't think of that. This is an example of
functional fixedness
Define originality.
having a low probability, unique
Which is the faster technique for solving a problem?
heuristics
When the brain receives nociceptive signals from the body,
hey can be blocked by the brain's descending pain modulatory system
Gossip, making up 60-70% of conversations, is argued to be an important part of defining________ in regulating the social world.
ingroups and outgroups
Acquiring knowledge and skills through experience is called ________.
learning
Kyle from Mississippi asks Brandon from Boston if he wants a "coke," and Brandon says, "No thanks, I'll have a Sprite instead," even though Sprite cans were the only drinks Kyle had to offer. Brandon didn't understand that Kyle refers to all sodas and soft drinks and cokes. This is due to differences in
lexicon
Merkel's disks and Ruffini corpuscles are examples of
mechanoreceptors
Confusing the source of information is called
misattribution
Janet was involved in a car accident when traveling with her mom at age 7. She remembers asking her mom a question, causing her mom to look backwards and hit the car in front of them. While talking about it with her mom, she says that it was, in fact, her brother who asked the question, but he had always blamed it on Janet. This is an example of the ________.
misinformation effect paradigm
Mariah is nervous about giving birth to her first baby, but takes a hypnobirthing class and becomes excited about the possibility of having a pain-free birth. The idea that Mariah can control her pain experience in consistent with the
motivation-decision model
Wendy's belief that rabbits are cute, fun, and intelligent animals is an example of a
natural concept.
Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makes her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?
nausea
A rat is placed in an environment where the floor gives the rat small electric shocks. The only way to get rid of the shocks is to press a lever in the corner of the box. The rat quickly learns to press the lever. This is an example of
negative reinforcement
When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet and starts to pack up her bag because she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class and the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a
neutral stimulus
When trying to remember a list of words, a person may choose a word to which they "hang" their memories on. This type of mnemonic device is called the ________ technique.
peg word
What is the basic sound unit of a language?
phoneme
The units of language from the smallest unit to the largest are
phoneme, morpheme, syntax
Which of the following sequences demonstrates the correct order of the components of language from the smallest component to the broadest?
phoneme, morpheme, syntax
This arrow is pointing to which part of the ear?
pinna
Which is the correct sequence that describes how sound reaches the brain?
pinna - auditory canal - tympanic membrane - ossicles - cochlea - auditory nerve
Janelle gets a dollar from her mom every time she learns a song on the piano. This increases her desire to practice the piano and is an example of
positive reinforcement
Which type of reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities that are not learned?
primary
According to research by Rosenblum, Miller, and Sanchez, watching (but not hearing) a person speak enables you to
recognize their voice
Gabe was essentially fluent in French in elementary school when he lived in Canada, but then moved away until he got a job offer to work in Paris during his 20s. He picks it up again surprisingly fast. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.
relearning
Samantha needs to remember a string of numbers, and does so by associating each set of numbers with the jersey numbers worn by her favorite football players. This is an example of ________ encoding.
semantic
What are the three types of encoding?
semantic, acoustic, and visual
When Janet feels the wind blowing on her face this is an example of ________.
sensation
Before a memory makes it to long-term memory, it must first pass through ________ and short-term memory.
sensory
Rylee has moved to a new city and is visiting the doctor for the first time. Even though she's never been before, she goes to the check-in counter first and then waits patiently in the waiting room chairs. She does this because
she already has a concept for doctors offices and automatically applies that to the new office.
A stimulus presented below the absolute threshold is called
subliminal
Amira came to the United States for college. She has near perfect English, but her roommates tease her when she accidentally asks, "did you shower yourself today?" instead of, "did you take a shower?" This is an example of incorrect ________ structure.
syntax
Ronaldo was on the state champion soccer team in high school and has fond memories of his experiences with the team. When his son asks Ronaldo about his old coach and what it was like to play on such a great team, Ronaldo remembers only a couple of things about the season, even though he spent hours everyday with the team. This is an example of
transience.
In order for something to be classified as creative, it should be original
useful, and surprising.
Henry is observing beetles for his biology project. They return to their nest at unpredictable intervals all day long, so Henry keeps a close watch all day. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
You are trying to enter a prize drawing at the radio station but the lines are busy. You continue to call every 1-5 minutes hoping to get on the air. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
variable interval
At a football game, your friend from ten rows down yells at you to bring them some of your popcorn. At first you couldn't understand what they were asking, but once you saw their mouth, you could make out the request. This is consistent with the
with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage
Baby Aiden is born with an ability to learn any and all languages, but will grow to have a difficult time discriminating between phonemes used in other languages besides his native English at around
12 months old.
Punishment ________ the likelihood that a behavior will occur while reinforcement ________ the likelihood of a behavior.
decreases; increases
How could you design an experiment around the social learning theory?
determine how long it takes someone to master a complex yoga move by looking at someone else
Someone who understands their own emotions, shows empathy, and understands social relationships and cues would have high ________ intelligence.
emotional
Holly was sitting on her bed when she remembered she needed to call her mom about what to do for her grandma's birthday. She got up and did a few dishes before calling her mom, but then she forgot why she had needed to call. She retraced her steps back to her bed, then suddenly remembered the purpose of the call. This can be explained by the
encoding specificity principle
The fact that Elon can remember more words on his German test while taking the exam inside his classroom (instead of the testing center) can be explained by the
encoding specificity principle
When a previously learned behavior disappears because the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the unconditioned stimulus, we call it ________.
extinction
The recall of false autobiographical memories is known as
false memory syndrome
Monthly paychecks are an example of which type of reinforcement schedule?
fixed interval
An exceptionally clear recollection of an important event, such as 9/11, is a ________.
flashbulb memory
As people age, they hold on to their accumulated knowledge and memories and tend to increase in emotional intelligence. There is typically a decline, however, in their ability to see complex relationships and solve problems. This is a decline in ________ intelligence.
fluid
