Psych Exam 5

Debbie, a college senior, is experiencing moderate depression. She is trying to decide whether to take an antidepressant medication or go to therapy. What should she prioritize in making her decision? a. The cost b. Effectiveness of the treatments c. Safety of the treatment d. Amount of time it will take to improve

c. Safety of the treatment

The term insanity is a. a psychiatric diagnosis. b. a psychological disorder. c. a legal status. d. common slang with no medical or legal meaning.

c. a legal status.

In major depression, the first bout of symptoms usually lasts a. between 1 and 3 months. b. between 2 and 5 months. c. between 4 and 9 months. d. between 1 and 3 years.

c. between 4 and 9 months.

Suicide has the highest positive correlation with a. borderline personality disorder. b. obsessive compulsive disorder. c. depression. d. PTSD.

c. depression.

Bipolar disorder is most closely relate to a. dissociative disorders. b. somatic disorders. c. depressive disorders. d. anxiety disorders.

c. depressive disorders.

In cognitive therapy, clients are encouraged to a. develop a better understanding of their past. b. develop a more supportive social network. c. develop a more optimistic cognitive style. d. keep a dream journal and analyze it.

c. develop a more optimistic cognitive style.

The specific somatic disorder in which a person has no feelings in a hand, but there is no neurological reason for that, is called a. cognitive impairment. b. delusional anesthesia. c. glove anesthesia. d. topical anesthesia.

c. glove anesthesia.

Valium is a well-known benzodiazepine that reduces a. anxiety. b. depression. c. hallucinations. d. delusions.

c. hallucinations.

John was in a car accident, but thankfully was not hurt due to wearing his seatbelt. However, he finds himself continuing to think about what would have happened had he not worn his seatbelt. What type of thinking pattern is John experiencing? a. Mental sets b. Functional fixedness c. Ruminative thinking d. Catastrophizing

d. Catastrophizing

Which treatment is likely to help someone with a specific phobia? a. Motivational interviewing b. Social skills training c. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing d. Cognitive behavior therapy

d. Cognitive behavior therapy

What is the difference between distress and deviance in assessing abnormal behavior? a. Distress is how different the behavior is from social norms, whereas deviance is how different one feels from how others feel. b. Deviance is impaired functioning, whereas distress is personal suffering. c. Deviance is an emotional experience, whereas distress is a social experience. d. Deviance is based on social experiences, whereas distress is an emotional experience.

d. Deviance is based on social experiences, whereas distress is an emotional experience.

Phil is designing a research study that examines the role of personality traits on trauma outcomes. What factor would you tell Phil to be sure to include? a. Extroversion b. Anger c. Energy level d. Dispositional optimism

d. Dispositional optimism

Which of the following is the best example of a sociocultural difference between a client and a therapist that may impact the effectiveness of treatment? a. Type of mental illness b. Marital status c. Weight d. Ethnicity

d. Ethnicity

Systematic desensitization is based on the basic learning principles of: classical conditioning operant conditioning observational learning

operant conditioning

What symptoms are associated with depressive and bipolar disorders?

- A person experiences extremes of moods for long periods, shifts from one extreme mood to another, and experiences moods that are inconsistent with events

What is the difference between an obsession and a compulsion?

- An obsession is a persistent, upsetting, unwanted thought that interferes with life and leads to compulsions - Compulsions are repetitive behaviors that interfere with daily functioning and are performed to prevent dangers associated with obsessions

Symptoms of PTSD

- Anxiety, irritability, jumpiness, inability to concentrate or work productively, sexual dysfunction, intrusive thoughts and images, and difficulty in social and family relationships. Sleep disturbances, intense startles responses to noise or other sudden stimuli, long-term suppression of the immune system, elevated risk of heart disease

Which of the following is a theme of research in psychology? (Check all that apply) 1-Individuals tend to be very accurate in predicting how they will feel or behave in any particular situation. 2-Our attention, perception, and memory tend to be biased toward accuracy. 3-Our attention, perception, and memory tend to be biased toward confirming our expectations. 4-Human behavior is typically caused by many different factors. 5-Human behaviors are typically caused more by nature than nurture. 6-Human behaviors are typically caused more by nurture than by nature.

3, 4

Which of the following is true? 1:Human memory tends to be highly accurate. 2:The more confident you are about a memory, the more likely it is to be accurate. 3:We often make up information or misremember information intentionally. 4:Our memories for events are often inaccurate. 5:Both 1 & 2 6:Both 3 and 4

6:Both 3 and 4

Dr. Beck believes that depression stems from a person's irrational beliefs, and thus his treatment approach focuses on making clients aware of and challenging the things they say to themselves about what happens to them. Dr. Beck seems to use a _______ approach. A:Behavioral B:Cognitive C:Psychodynamic D:Sociocultural

B:Cognitive

It is often easy to think of vivid examples from the news of someone with mental illness who became violent. This is an example of how the ______ can therefore lead us to overestimate the correlation between mental illness and violence. A:representativeness heuristic B:availability heuristic C:confirmation bias D:belief perseverance

B:availability heuristic

In trying to understand the reasons for others' behaviors, we have a tendency to: A:unfairly ignore the other person's personality. B:unfairly ignore situational influences. C:be pretty accurate. D:assume their reasons are the same as ours.

B:unfairly ignore situational influences.

While driving over a bridge, Lucy suddenly had a panic attack. Now Lucy goes out of her way to avoid driving over bridges so she can avoid feeling anxious and scared. What explains this avoidance? classical conditioning Operant conditioning Both operant and classical conditioning Neither classical nor operant conditioning

Both operant and classical conditioning

symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder

Long-lasting anxiety that is not focused on anything in particular. -For weeks at a time the person feels anxious and preoccupied and sure that a disaster is going to occur -Jumpy, irritable, cannot sleep -Fatigue, inability to concentrate, and physiological signs

What is the diathesis-stress model?

The notion that psychological disorders arise when a predisposition to a disorder is combined with sufficient amounts of stress to trigger symptoms

Conversion disorder is most commonly triggered by a. hormonal imbalances. b. stressors. c. chemical imbalances. d. behavioral issues.

b. stressors.

The DSM is written and maintained by the a. American Psychological Association. b. American Medical Association. c. American Psychiatric Association. d. North American Association of Psychiatric Practitioners.

c. American Psychiatric Association.

Which of the following options best defines a stressor? a. An event that makes an individual have a negative emotional reaction b. An event that causes self-doubt c. An event that requires individuals to adapt or adjust d. An event that one does not want to happen

c. An event that requires individuals to adapt or adjust

Which personality disorder is characterized by a lack of empathy for others, specifically when using others for the person's own benefit? a. Histrionic b. Borderline c. Antisocial d. Narcissistic

c. Antisocial

Which personality disorder is commonly called "psychopathic"? a. Histrionic b. Borderline c. Antisocial d. Narcissistic

c. Antisocial

Which of the following would be a psychological response to stress? a. Exhaustion b. Lack of appetite c. Anxiety d. High blood pressure

c. Anxiety

Which personality disorder is characterized by feelings of inadequacy and oversensitivity to criticism? a. Dependent b. Histrionic c. Avoidant d. Obsessive-compulsive

c. Avoidant

Bailey was just robbed at gunpoint walking into her apartment. What type of stressor is Bailey attempting to cope with? a. Daily hassle b. Chronic stressor c. Catastrophic event d. Life change

c. Catastrophic event

Juan is camping in the woods and a severe thunderstorm has struck. He starts to shake and his heart is racing. What is likely happening to Juan? a. Exhaustion b. Disease of adaptation c. Fight-or-flight reaction d. Out-of-body experience

c. Fight-or-flight reaction

Which of the following has been found in those who have lost their spouses? a. Reduced brain activity b. Increased antibodies c. Reduced white blood cell activity d. Increased red blood cell production

c. Reduced white blood cell activity

Which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is marked by the physical responses to stress lessening in intensity, but the body still working to cope with the stress? a. Catastrophizing b. Alarm reaction c. Resistance d. Exhaustion

c. Resistance

What are the three types of causes that contribute to psychological disorders? Give an example of each

- Biological factors- physical illnesses and disruptions or imbalances of bodily processes - Psychological factors- our wants, needs, and emotions; our learning experiences; and our way of looking at the world - Sociocultural contexts- the social and cultural factors that form the context of abnormal behavior

What biological, psychological, and environmental factors are involved in the development and maintenance of anxiety related disorders?

- Biological: most of these disorders appear to run in families, suggesting they are influenced by genes. -Psychological/environmental: Biological predispositions combine with environmental stressors and psychological factors to cause these disorders -Abuse and other stressful experiences in childhood are associated with increased risk of developing an anxiety disorder

What is the difference between the bipolar disorders and cyclothymia?

- Cyclothymia is characterized by an alternating pattern of mood swings that is less extreme than regular bipolar disorder

What are culture-bound/culture-specific disorders?

- Disorders where specific symptoms tend to differ depending on one's cultural background -Ex: ataque de nervios in Puerto Rico or DR, kyol goeu in Asia

Briefly describe how the: biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, behavioral, sociocultural, and biopsychosocial approaches would explain different disorders.

- Neurobiological- explains disorders in terms of disturbances in the anatomy and chemistry of the brain, as well as genetic influences - Psychodynamic- focuses less on instinctual urges and more on the role of attachment and other early interpersonal relationships - Cognitive- see psych disorders as result of past learning and current situations - Humanistic/behavioral- behavior disorders appear when a person's natural tendency toward healthy growth is blocked, usually be a failure to be aware of and to express true feelings - Sociocultural- paying attention to the individual's environment, including the social and cultural factors that form the context of the abnormal behavior - Biopsychosocial- mental disorders are seen as caused by a combo and interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

What is the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist, in terms of their training? Who can prescribe medication?

- Psychiatrists are trained medical doctors and can prescribe medication - Psychologists focus on psychotherapy and treating emotional and mental suffering with behavioral intervention

How / why do psychopharmacological treatments (medication) work? (Your answer should make reference to basic principles of neurotransmission.) With what disorders are such treatments more commonly used?

- Some therapeutic medications cause neurons to fire, whereas others reduce, or inhibit firing - Because different neurotransmitters are especially prominent in particular circuits or regions of the brain, altering the functioning of particular neurotransmitter systems can have relatively specific psychological and behavioral effects

Symptoms of phobias?

- Strong, irrational fear of an object or situation

symptoms of panic disorder

- Sudden, severe panic attacks without obvious cause -Intense heart palpitations, pressure or pain in chest, sweating dizziness, and feeling faint

Briefly describe behavioral approaches to treatment, such as systematic desensitization, modeling, positive reinforcement, extinction, Aversion conditioning, punishment, and flooding.

- Systematic desensitization therapy- a behavioral method for treating anxiety in which clients visualize a graduated series of anxiety-provoking stimuli while remaining relaxed - Modeling: Behavior therapy method in which desirable behaviors are demonstrated for clients - Positive reinforcement: presenting a positive reinforcer after a desired response - Extinction: failing to reinforce undesirable behaviors can make them less likely to occur - Flooding: An exposure technique for reducing anxiety that keeps a client in a feared but harmless situation - Aversion conditioning: a method for reducing unwanted behaviors by using classical conditioning principles to create a negative response to some stimulus - Punishment: Presents the unpleasant stimulus after the undesirable behavior occurs

What are empirically supported treatments?

- Treatments for psychological disorders whose effectiveness has been validated by controlled experimental research - These therapies were well-established and have been found superior to no treatment or some alternative treatment in at least two randomized clinical trials

Which of the following describes what happens during an action potential? A:Charged ions move back and forth across the axon cell membrane B:Neurotransmitters move back and forth across the synapse

A:Charged ions move back and forth across the axon cell membrane

Mike grew up in an abusive family in which he found it impossible to avoid his parent's harsh punishments. Now, years after moving away from home, he continues to believe there is little he can do to improve his situation. Mike seems to be demonstrating: A:Learned helplessness B:the cognitive triad C:affective forecasting

A:Learned helplessness

What are two ways to reduce an unwanted behavior using operant conditioning? A:Punishment and negative reinforcement B:punishment and extinction C:extinction and negative reinforcement D:negative reinforcement and habituation

A:Punishment and negative reinforcement

Research on memory and learning shows that: A:The fastest study methods don't always lead to the longest learning. B:The amount of time you study is more important than how you study. C:It's better to study for 4 hours right before an exam than 2 hours right before and 2 hours the week before.

A:The fastest study methods don't always lead to the longest learning.

According to Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), the three stages of the stress response, in order, are:

Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following is likely to be the most effective treatment for a specific phobia: Insight-oriented talk therapy Behavioral treatments, such as systematic desensitization Cognitive therapy focused on a client's attributions and beliefs Psychodynamic therapy focused on a client's unconscious impulses

Behavioral treatments, such as systematic desensitization

Which of the following is NOT needed to produce stereotype threat? Performing a task on which a stereotype is relevant Being the target of a stereotype Believing the stereotype

Believing the stereotype

Which of the following is FALSE about theories of personality? A:Trait theories describe personality, but do not explain how personality develops B:Humanistic theories ignore the role of the environment in shaping personality C:Behavioral / social learning theories focus on how the environment shapes personality

C:Behavioral / social learning theories focus on how the environment shapes personality

A major impediment for proponents of ESP is the lack of ability of subsequent researchers to verify earlier positive findings for the phenomena. In scientific terms, we say this indicates a lack of attention to: A:Falsifiability B:parsimony C:Replicability

C:Replicability

Amelia is trying to teach her son Bryce not to demand attention when Amelia is on the phone. According to operant conditioning, if Amelia simply starts ignoring Bryce's demands for attention when Amelia is on the phone: A:his behavior will not change B:his demands for attention will increase C:his demands for attention will increase at first, but then stop D:his demands for attention will immediately stop.

C:his demands for attention will increase at first, but then stop

Emotional reactions may be learned through: Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Neither classical nor operant conditioning

Classical conditioning

Researchers randomly select children whose parents divorced within the past year and compare them to a random sample of children whose parents did not divorce. They have child psychologists blind to family type observe the children playing and evaluate their behavior. The research shows that children from divorced families demonstrate more behavior problems (e.g., aggression) than children from non-divorced families. This is an example of what kind of research design? Experimental Descriptive Longitudinal Correlational

Correlational

In dealing with the stress of your upcoming finals, you have created a study schedule that includes individual studying, study groups, and time for study breaks. You're using _____-focused coping A: Avoidance B: Emotion C: Control D: Problem

D: Problem

Implicit attitudes are most likely to affect behavior: A:That is automatic B:When the situation is unclear in some way C:When we are unaware of our implicit attitudes D:All of the above

D:All of the above

Communication within a neuron is ____ whereas communication between neurons is _____. A:chemical; chemical B:electrical; electrical C:chemical; electrical D:electrical; chemical

D:electrical; chemical

What criteria determine whether a person's behavior is "abnormal" or psychopathological?

Deviance, distress, dysfunction -If it deviates from the norm, it is considered abnormal but it must also defy what is socially acceptable

Research on stereotyping and prejudice indicates that: A:there is little we can do to reduce them. B:they are not really that harmful anymore. C:People do seem to be able to reduce them, but it's not clear how. D:Neither are very common anymore, occurring only in a minority of individuals in the US. E:There are specific things people can do to reduce them.

E:There are specific things people can do to reduce them.

Symptoms of OCD

Person becomes obsessed with certain thoughts or feels compulsions to do certain things

Which of the following is NOT a schema? A stereotype about another group A script for what typically happens on the first day of class Remembering that an egg-laying platypus is a mammal

Remembering that an egg-laying platypus is a mammal

Conduct disorder appears more frequently in a. young boys, ages 11-12. b. young boys, ages 5-7. c. young girls, ages 13-15. d. young girls, ages 7-9.

a. young boys, ages 11-12.

T/F: Self-fulfilling prophecies occur when our expectations lead us to treat others differently, which in turn elicits behaviors from them that confirm our expectations.

True

The intrusive thoughts experienced by someone with OCD are obsessions. True/False

True

Shawna lives in an area known as "tornado alley." What's the best advice you could give her regarding the stress of living in an area known for having tornados? a. Be prepared b. Feel threatened c. Just go with the flow d. Don't watch weather reports

a. Be prepared

Which of the following is considered an issue when applying a diagnosis of ADHD in children? a. Cultural issues: - What is considered "hyperactive" in one group might be "active" in another. b. School issues: Schools may not want children to be diagnosed with ADHD to avoid having to offer assistance. c. Medical issues: Most children cannot be diagnosed with ADHD because they have other medical issues. d. Social issues: Most psychologists do not want to apply a "label" of ADHD to a child.

a. Cultural issues: - What is considered "hyperactive" in one group might be "active" in another.

Who would most likely benefit from special pretreatment orientation programs for psychotherapy? a. Lourdes, a Latina immigrant from Peru b. Jeff, a white, male from Colorado c. Cindy, a white, female from Washington d. Juanita, a Black female from New York

a. Lourdes, a Latina immigrant from Peru

According to the textbook, which of the following is considered a myth when it comes to suicide? a. People who talk about killing themselves usually will not actually do it. b. People tend to be at their emotional lowest points right before they commit suicide. c. People make statements about their suicidal ideations because they may want someone to stop them. d. Most people who are suicidal will give clues about what they plan to do.

a. People who talk about killing themselves usually will not actually do it.

Which of the following stages of change represents when the person does not see that there is a health-related problem and has no plans to change their behavior? a. Precontemplation b. Contemplation c. Action d. Maintenance

a. Precontemplation

Ben's job is focused on promoting lifestyles to reduce the likelihood of diabetes from ever developing. What type of programming does Ben provide? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tier 1 Intervention d. Tier 2 Intervention

a. Primary prevention

The fact that there are minimal gender differences in children's stress responses until around puberty provides evidence of what? a. The role of hormones in gender differences for stress responses b. The role of size in gender differences for stress responses c. The role of the timing of stressors in gender differences for stress responses d. The role of cognitive factors in gender differences for stress responses

a. The role of hormones in gender differences for stress responses

What do problem-focused methods for stress entail? a. Trying to change or end the stressor b. Controlling emotional reactions c. Trying to ignore the stressor d. Controlling thoughts

a. Trying to change or end the stressor

A therapist who establishes rules and a system of rewards for following the rules is doing what? a. Using positive reinforcement b. Using negative reinforcement c. Using extinction d. Using cognitive restructuring

a. Using positive reinforcement

Social support includes a. just knowing others care and will help if needed. b. positive thinking. c. guarding one's emotions. d. criticizing and telling others when they are wrong.

a. just knowing others care and will help if needed.

Beth walked into a room in which the lighting was so bright that it was almost blinding. She began to squint and attempt to shade her eyes from the light. She also noticed that her eyes began to water and her breath became more rapid. What is likely happening to Beth? a. Beth was catastrophizing the situation. b. Beth was experiencing an alarm reaction to a potential stressor. c. Beth was experiencing resistance to the light. d. Beth reached a stage of exhaustion to the light.

b. Beth was experiencing an alarm reaction to a potential stressor.

Congruence would be shown to clients by a therapist acting on their feelings in which type of therapy? a. Contemporary psychoanalysis b. Client-centered therapy c. Object relations therapy d. Long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy

b. Client-centered therapy

Some researchers claim that all types of psychotherapy are equally effective. This is called the a. I-knew-it-all-along hypothesis. b. Dodo bird verdict. c. law of averages. d. placebo effect.

b. Dodo bird verdict.

What is the goal of contemporary psychodynamic therapy? a. Resolving internal conflicts through insight b. Improving the quality of interpersonal relationships c. Increased self-awareness and self-acceptance d. To change how you feel by changing how you think

b. Improving the quality of interpersonal relationships

Which of the following best explains continued drug use in some people but not in other people who have used drugs? a. Some find it more rewarding than others. b. Some are biologically predisposed and have psychological issues and stress. c. Some have anxiety or depression. d. Some have an increased drive to use drugs.

b. Some are biologically predisposed and have psychological issues and stress.

Behavioral treatment that uses the principles of classical conditioning is traditionally called a. behavior modification. b. behavior therapy. c. cognitive behavior therapy. d. modeling.

b. behavior therapy.

The best empirical evidence that treatment is beneficial is a. published. b. clinically significant. c. measureable. d. statistically significant.

b. clinically significant.

The repeated activation of the sympatho-adreno-medullary system is linked to a. asthma. b. coronary heart disease. c. arthritis. d. AIDS

b. coronary heart disease.

The fact that hostile individuals are highly reactive to stressors has been used to explain the link between hostility and a. lupus. b. heart disease. c. AIDS. d. asthma.

b. heart disease.

A reuptake inhibitor prevents a neurotransmitter from.... being released binding to a receptor being reabsorbed by the neuron that released it being made and stored

being reabsorbed by the neuron that released it

Every year in the United States, what percentage of the adult population suffers from addiction to heroin? a. 0.005 b. 0.02 c. 0.04 d. 0.1

c. 0.04

In cases of schizophrenia, the diathesis-stress model is known as the a. psychoanalytic model. b. learned helplessness theory. c. vulnerability theory. d. medical model.

c. vulnerability theory.

Yuwa has been terrified of dogs ever since she was bitten by one when she was a child. Now, whenever she sees a dog, Yuwa feels afraid. Yuwa now actively avoids dogs and quickly leaves the area if she sees one, which helps her to feel better. Yuwa's fear was learned through _________ conditioning and her avoidance behavior was learned through _________ conditioning. classical; classical operant; operant classical; operant operant; classical

classical; operant

Hector has mixed use substance disorder and would like to begin therapy. Which type of therapy has the strongest research support on experiencing successful treatment? a. Mentalization-based treatment b. Acceptance and commitment therapy c. Schema-focused therapy d. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET)

d. Motivational enhancement therapy (MET)

Confronting and seeking social support are examples of what type of coping method? a. Denial b. Emotion-focused coping c. Social skills d. Problem-focused coping

d. Problem-focused coping

Which of the following types of therapy most likely helps clients focus on their unconscious thoughts and emotions? a. Client-centered therapy b. Systematic desensitization c. Cognitive behavior therapy d. Psychoanalysis

d. Psychoanalysis

A suicide hotline would most likely be staffed by a. halfway house employees. b. a hospital emergency room department. c. an on-call psychiatrist. d. a community mental health center.

d. a community mental health center.

Medications that reduce symptoms such as disordered thinking and delusions are called a. antiseizure medications. b. anxiolytics. c. antidepressants. d. antipsychotics.

d. antipsychotics.

The psychiatric disorder that is most commonly diagnosed worldwide is a. schizophrenia. b. depression disorders. c. personality disorders. d. anxiety disorders.

d. anxiety disorders.

Adjusting one's lifestyle to eliminate stressors is an example of a. emotional coping. b. cognitive coping. c. physical coping. d. behavioral coping.

d. behavioral coping.

Brett was charged with shoplifting, but found incompetent to stand trial. He will likely a. get out quickly with the excellent treatment options that are provided by the State. b. go free because they do not put mentally incompetent individuals in institutions. c. get the help he needs to recover from his mental illness. d. end up spending more time institutionalized than if he had pled guilty.

d. end up spending more time institutionalized than if he had pled guilty.

According to the textbook, being diagnosed with alcoholism is more likely to occur if you a. have no immediate family member with alcoholism. b. have a fraternal twin with alcoholism. c. have an identical twin with alcoholism. d. have a father or mother with alcoholism.

d. have a father or mother with alcoholism.

GABA is what kind of neurotransmitter? a. Excitatory b. Antagonist c. Selective d. inhibitory

d. inhibitory

In general, treating psychological disorders through discussion and other procedures to help the patient is called a. physiotherapy. b. congruence. c. transference. d. psychotherapy.

d. psychotherapy.

When people who experience both anxiety and severe psychotic depression are treated with antidepressant medication only, then they a. always show improvement. b. often show improvement. c. usually show improvement. d. rarely show improvement.

d. rarely show improvement.

Today, electroconvulsive shock therapy is used sometimes to treat a. schizophrenia. b. borderline personality disorder. c. anxiety disorder. d. severe depression.

d. severe depression.

Which of the following coping methods has been found to reduce stress associated with cancer, stroke, combat, death, AIDS, and exposure to violence? a. Cognitive appraisal b. Emotion-focused coping c. Relaxation d. Social support

d. social support

The only research design from which we can conclude causation is:

experiment