psych final questions

Travis spends a great deal of time working and trying to establish his career. He is also wondering if he should move in with his girlfriend and about their long-term prospects. Travis is most likely in the _____ period of development.

early adulthood

The _____ issue involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or alter.

stability-change

Brittany is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Her thoughts are more logical, abstract, and idealistic. She is also experiencing rapid physical changes such as gains in height and weight. Which of the following periods of development is Brittany most likely in

. Adolescence

Dr. McLean has designed a study to test the cognitive skills of people in their 30s, 50s, and 70s where data is collected over the course of a day through a series of tests. What type of research approach is Dr. McLean using

. Cross-sectional

_____ is a time of establishing personal and economic independence, career development, and, for many, selecting a mate, learning to live with someone in an intimate way, starting a family, and rearing children.

. Early adulthood

_____ has the longest span of any period of development and the number of people in this age group has been increasing dramatically.

. Late adulthood

Peter is a senior partner at his law firm and is an important member of his church and community. Both his children are in college. Peter's situation is most representative of which period of development

. Middle adulthood

_____ processes involve changes in the individual's relationships with other people, changes in emotions, and changes in personality

. Socioemotional

Two-year old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of:

. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

. Development can be defined as the pattern of movement or change that:

. begins at conception and continues through the human life span.

Changes in motor skills, nutrition, exercise, the hormonal changes of puberty, and cardiovascular decline are all examples of _____ processes that affect development

. biological

Determining _____ age involves knowing the functional capacities of a person's vital organs.

. biological

Dr. Wilman is researching the place women occupy in families in Japan and the U.S. Dr. Wilman is conducting a(n) _____ study.

. cross-cultural

Nonnormative life events

. do not happen to all people

In the continuity-discontinuity issue in development, continuity refers to _____, while discontinuity implies

. gradual change; distinct stages

The maximum life span of humans:

. has not changed since the beginning of recorded history

Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development

. identity versus identity confusion

he elementary school years where children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place.

. industry versus inferiority

Late adulthood is a time of:

. life review, adjustment to new social roles, and diminishing strength and health.

. On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on the development of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adults and elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach

. life-span

Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that life-span development cannot be studied without considering biological, socioemotional, and cognitive dimensions. Dr. Tepper-Harmon believes that development is:

. multidimensional

By age 51, most women enter menopause. This is an example of how a biological process can exert a _____ influence on development.

. normative age-graded

The cultural makeup of the U.S. population has changed over the past few years due to immigration and other factors. Such long-term changes in the genetic and cultural makeup of a population are part of:

. normative historical change

Tzu-Chiang is 55 years old and is currently enrolled in a college algebra course. He is pleasantly surprised that he is performing well in the course despite not taking a formal math class for over 30 years. He is able to learn new mathematical concepts with relative ease. Researchers would consider this an instance that illustrates how development is:

. plastic.

The _____ period is the time from conception to birth.

. prenatal

Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative vs. guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in _____.

. preschool

The theory that was created by Erik Erikson is known as the _____ theory of development.

. psychosocial

McKenzie, age 2, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of:

. shame and doubt.

The longitudinal method of research consists of studying:

. the same individuals over a long period of time

Life expectancy in the United States has increased by _____ years during the twentieth century.

30

The life expectancy in the United States is currently

78 years.

Joey has shot up in height over the past year, has developed a deeper voice, and is starting to grow facial hair. He is preoccupied with the pursuit of independence and identity and is spending more time with friends and less with family. Which of the following periods of development is

Adolescence

List and briefly describe Urie Bronfenbrenner's five environmental systems

Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory identifies five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. The microsystem is the setting in which an individual lives. The mesosystem involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts. The exosystem consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate environment. The macrosystem involves the culture in which individuals live. The chronosystem consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions as well as sociohistorical circumstances.

Which of Urie Bronfenbrenner's environmental systems consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course, as well as sociohistorical circumstances

Chronosystem

_____ processes refer to changes in the individual's thought, intelligence, and language.

Cognitive

Dr. Drew is a scientist interested in the effects of music on cognitive development. Which of the following describes the sequence he should go through

Conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions

_____ encompasses the behavior patterns, beliefs, and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed on from generation to generation.

Culture

Individuals are changing beings in a changing world." Which characteristic of development is reflected in this statement?

Development is contextual

If you subscribe to Paul Baltes' perspective of life-span development, which of the following statements would you NOT agree with?

Development is unidirectional

Mary is three years-old, and in preschool. Identify the development period that Mary is currently in.

Early childhood

One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that:

Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.

List Freud's psychosexual stages and explain how adult personality is determined as a result of these stages

Freud believed that we go through five stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Jonathan is almost completely dependent on his parents for his wants and needs and is only just beginning to acquire language skills and sensorimotor coordination. Which of the following development periods is Jonathan in?

Infancy

Palma and her husband Frankie are in their mid-40's. Which of the following developmental periods are their in?

Middle adulthood

_____ include biological processes such as puberty and menopause. They also include sociocultural, environmental processes such as beginning formal education and retirement.

Normative age-graded influences

. _____ means the capacity for change.

Plasticity

. _____ age is an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age.

Psychological

Two developmental psychologists are having a conversation. One believes in the traditional approach of developmental change; the other believes in the life-span approach. Which of the following issues would they most likely differ on?

Whether most developmental change occurs from birth to adolescence or throughout adulthood as well as childhood

Sixty-year-old Betty is in great physical shape. Her bones are strong with no sign of osteoporosis, and her internal organs are in near perfect condition. This means that Betty is young in terms of her _____ age.

biological

The younger the person's _____ age, the longer the person is expected to live, regardless of chronological age.

biological

. In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.

biological inheritance; environmental experiences

Dr. Wong is a cognitive developmental theorist, so we know that he will stress the importance of _____ in understanding development

conscious thoughts

The connection across biological, cognitive, and socioemotional processes is most obvious in the two rapidly emerging fields of:

developmental cognitive neuroscience and developmental social neuroscience

Two concepts that help provide a framework for describing and understanding an individual's development are:

developmental processes and periods.

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to:

eight; late adulthood.

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which the individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context

exosystem

The term "generativity" as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for:

helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives

. The cross-sectional approach to developmental research compares:

individuals of different ages.

The final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental theory is:

integrity versus despair

During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs

intimacy versus isolation

As defined by Erik Erikson, a crisis:

is not a catastrophe but a turning point of increased vulnerability and enhanced potential.

Jessica spends a lot of time thinking about the choices she has made in her life and the events she has witnessed. She is adjusting to decreasing strength and health, and she has made several lifestyle changes as a result. Jessica is most likely in the _____ period of development.

late adulthood

When taking his psychology class, Professor Sharma emphasizes that developmental change occurs throughout adulthood as well as childhood. Professor Sharma is taking a(n) _____ approach to developmental change.

life-span

The idea that no age period dominates development highlights the life-span perspective that development is:

lifelong.

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.

macrosystem

. The _____ involves relations between microsystems or connections between contexts.

mesosystem

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his/her:

microsystem

. Compared with earlier decades, U.S. adults today are

more likely to be childless

12. Many individuals become wiser as they age, but their performance on tasks that require speed in processing information starts to decline. This illustrates how throughout life, some dimensions or components of a dimension expand and others shrink, or how development is:

multidirectional.

Psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, neuroscientists, and medical researchers all share an interest in unlocking the mysteries of development through the life span. This indicates how development is:

multidisciplinary.

When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado and her neighbor was killed. More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a ____ event can influence a person's development

nonnormative life

Keith has won the lottery and now has more money than he ever dreamed of having. This incident will likely affect Keith's development and is an example of a:

nonnormative life event

.Influences that generally effect a generation, for example, the effect of the Vietnam war on the baby boomers, are considered _____ influences

normative history-graded

You can't teach an old dog new tricks." This old saying refutes Paul Baltes' life-span perspective that views development as being

plastic.

The concept of discontinuity is characterized by:

qualitive change

In predicting an adult woman's behavior, it may be more important to know that she is the mother of a 3-year-old child than to know whether she is 20 or 30 years old. This reflects the concept of:

social age

Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect she suffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to be emphasizing the _____ aspect of her development

stability

The _____ approach to the study of development emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, especially during infancy, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.

traditional

The first stage in Erickson's theory is:

trust versus mistrust.

Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. Whenever he is in a relationship with a woman, he has tremendous feelings of suspicion toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this is a good indication that Edwin did not successfully resolve the _____ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience _____ in his current developmental stage.

trust versus mistrust; isolation

Kelly responds to her infant son's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of:

trust.