Psych of Aging final exam (12/22

What was the average Social Security benefit in June 2019?

$1,471.00

Approximately _____% of adults 85 and older currently reside in nursing homes.

13

In 2003, _________ of workers were doing some or all of their work at home. In 2016, ________ of people were doing some work at home.

19% // 22%

Baby Boomers were born in which span of years?

1945-1964

Among the population in the U.S. who are 60 years and older, approximately ____% have experienced major depressive disorder at some point during their lives.

2

According to a Mental Health America survey on attitudes and beliefs about clinical depression:

28% know little or almost nothing about depression.

Which of the following is true about the issues of grandparenting that we examined in class?

4% of older Americans with children are grandparents.

Gustave Eifel was _______ years old when the Eifel tower was created.

57

Who was Daniel Chester French?

A 70-year-old who sculpted the Lincoln Memorial.

The decrease with age in the hormone known as DHEA is referred to specifically as:

Adrenopause

Researchers have demonstrated that improved cognitive performance in older adults is linked to which lifestyle habit?

Aerobic exercise

True or false

Alcohol or drug dependence is one type of self-neglect among elders.

The loss of hair associated with aging due to hormonal changes is known as:

Alopecia Androgenica

Ethel, the mum in "Mum and Me" has____________.

Alzheimer's

Who is Nigel Marsh?

An advocate of getting and maintaining a healthy work-life balance.

Anna was having a hard time studying for her midterms this week. She wants to work hard and do well in her courses but she also wants to have fun on Halloween. Her roommate, Elvira, keeps putting on her devil costume and says "come on Anna, go out with me!" How can we apply Freud's iceberg analogy to Anna's dilemma so she can best resolve the situation?

Anna should draw on the strength of her reality principle: study hard, and watch a scary movie on Halloween.

Of the following, which category of disorders has the highest lifetime prevalence?

Anxiety

Which of the following most accurately represents the definition of elder maltreatment?

Any abuse and neglect of persons age 60 and older by a person in a relationship involving an expectation of trust.

What is the difference between assisted suicide and euthanasia (for humans)?

Assisted suicide involves self-administration of a lethal substance.

Which of the following is not a true statement?

At the start of the Baby Boom, 17 million more babies than the highest average for any previous years were born.

Which personality theory places the greatest emphasis on the role of one's parental relationship in infancy and childhood as an influence on adult development?

Attachment

Which U.S. President is responsible for enacting the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in the U.S., intended to reform healthcare, including the funding of Medicare?

Barack Obama

A study of Canadian parents showed that the greatest difficulty in adapting to the empty nest was experienced by parents who:

Believe that the world is a dangerous and threatening place

Having unusually strong muscles, a fit cardiovascular system, and good mobility would signify that an older adult has a younger _____________ age.

Biological

The term _________ refers to a clouding of the lens of the eye, a condition that affects many older adults.

Cataract

The combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema is given the term ____________.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Changes in melatonin with age are thought to be related to which aspect of physical functioning in adulthood?

Circadian Rhythm

According to the General Slowing Hypothesis, older people perform more slowly on reaction time tasks because they are experiencing changes in:

Cognitive resources

The notion that development in later life builds upon changes that occurred earlier in development is known as the principle of:

Continuity of change

Mental health workers who serve the older adult population are concerned about the skip generation family because they believe it has the potential to:

Create undue caregiving burden in grandparents

The painter Pablo Picasso produced innovative artwork throughout his entire life, suggesting that his _______________ was very high.

Creative potential

Research on intelligence patterns over the years from early to later adulthood shows the greatest increase in which type of abilities?

Crystallized

In the past 100 years, death has changed in many ways. For example, compared to 100 years ago,

Dying takes longer now

Forgetting something just read emerges in which stage of Alzheimer's Disease?

Early

The process of life review, in which the individual reconsiders past life events, is associated with which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?

Ego integrity vs despair

It was not enough to have the idea to photograph his beloved Yosemite Park. Ansel Adams had to hike up to considerable heights in order to produce his artistic works, illustrating the creative process of:

Elaboration

Cigarette smoking increases the risk of developing COPD due to its effects on which enzyme?

Elastase

Changes in the _________ fibers of the dermis contribute to the wrinkling of the skin.

Elastin

According to socioemotional selectivity theory, older people are most likely to value which function of relationships?

Emotional

California's law allowing assisted suicide is known as

End of life Option Act

True of False As we can see from the comments made by the elderly men and women in the "wisdom" video, having gathered many material possessions is the key to having a life well-lived.

False

True or False Research on intelligence patterns over the years from early to later adulthood shows the greatest increase in fluid intelligence.

False

True or False About 46% of Americans 65+ live alone.

False

True or False In a national survey of the challenges to aging, the number of elders who reported feeling like a burden to others was greater than the number of younger adults who expected to be a burden to others.

False

True or false Younger adults are less similar to each other than are older adults.

False

True or false Based on the chart we looked at in class, Americans work fewer hours per week than people in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom.

False

True or false The widowhood effect is especially hard on women

False

The majority of nursing homes in the U.S. fall into which category of ownership?

For-profit

Which of the following was not among the correlates to elder abuse we examined in class?

Gender and age of the caregiver

Howie and Holly, a couple in their 60s, decide to retire and join the Peace Corps. They wish to serve others who are need so they can "make a difference" in the world. According to Erikson, this couple would be attempting to resolve which psychosocial issue?

Generativity vs stagnation

Dr. Byrd hypothesized that people who lived in the Southeast regions of the United States during the first 5 years of their life would be less likely to need dentures than people who spent their first 5 years in the Southwest or Midwest. The independent variable in this study is:

Geographical region of the U.S.

Due to presbyopia, 65-year-old Anne needs to use:

Glasses

Which type of care for older adults provides such services as Meals on Wheels, friendly visiting, assistance with household tasks, and rehabilitation, outside of an institutional setting?

Home health services

According to the aging and memory "scorecard," older adults have difficulty in which of the following memory tasks?

Implicit

The modernization theory says negative attitudes toward older adults increase with societal:

Industrialization

The most prevalent sleep problem for older adults is:

Insomnia

Franklin is 67-years-old, has a high sense of self-esteem, feels that his/her life has been successful, and although he/she is happily married and has a loving family, Franklin also enjoys time pursuing personal interests and needs. According to the personality theorist Loevinger, Franklin has successfully resolved which stage of development?

Integrated

The number one deficiency in U.S. nursing homes in 2014, involving 43% of all institutions, was:

Lack of infection control

Today, most psychologists accept the idea that human development goes on throughout life. This concept of development as lifelong is called the _______________ approach.

Lifespan

Because he is experiencing sarcopenia, Mr.Schriever is most likely to have difficulty performing which type of activity?

Lifting weights

Which of the following is not among the research methods described in your text book?

Limited consent

Behavioral and health factors such as poor fitness level, tooth loss, hip fracture, obesity, and arthritis place an older adult at greater risk for which psychological disorder?

Major depressive disorder

As a young adult, Sabine showed extreme symptoms of the personality disorder known as narcissism involving extremes of self-interest. However, as she has gotten older, she seems to be less self-centered and her symptoms have subsided. Sabine's changes are an example of the _______________ hypothesis of aging and personality disorders.

Maturation

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding gender differences and leisure time?

Men tend to spend more time in leisure activities than women.

The idea that the status of older people in society diminishes as that society becomes increasingly industrialized is known as the ____________ theory of ageism.

Modernization

The idea that older adults who are subject to more than one type of discrimination in addition to ageism are particularly disadvantaged is known as the ____________ hypothesis.

Multiple jeopardy

The majority of employees of nursing homes fall into which category?

Nurse's Aides

Which of the following is true about people 65 and older who are married?

Older Hispanic men are more likely to be married than older Hispanic women.

Which of the following statements about aging and digestion is true?

Older adults can benefit from eating food high in fiber.

Symptoms of depression in persons over the age of 65 are more likely to take which form compared to symptoms shown in younger adults?

Physical complaints.

Clumps of dead neurons found in the brain of people with Alzheimer's disease are known as amyloid _______.

Plaques

Dr. Green hypothesized that Americans over the age of 60 are more likely to eat beef than to eat fish. The dependent variable in this study is:

Preference for beef or fish

Benny is 70-years-old and now unable to hear sounds that are high in pitch such as the playing of a violin or the songs of a soprano. Benny likely suffers from:

Presbycusis

Within the competence-press model of adaptation to the institutional environment, which dimension captures the extent to which the environment places demands on the individual resident?

Press

Research and theories about changes in defense mechanisms in adulthood are based on which theoretical perspective?

Psychodynamic

The widowhood effect refers to the finding that individuals whose spouses die, compared to those still married, have higher:

Rates of dying from all causes

The risk of developing colon cancer is higher in countries in which people consume large amounts of:

Red meat

Your older relative seems to have no difficulty recalling the events on the night of her high school prom. In fact, when you look at her photos in her album, her memory seems very accurate and also fits with what her friends said about what they did that night. Your relative is showing the effect known as the:

Reminiscence bump

Red wine is thought to reduce the rate of aging because it contains ____________.

Resveratrol

Studies in which older adults are given memory training report that improving an older adult's __________ can be highly beneficial to boosting performance.

Self-efficacy

Which type of memory functioning is generally preserved in later adulthood?

Semantic

In the language and aging "scorecard," a factor that helps to preserve language use in later adulthood is

Semantic memory

Behaviors known to increase the risk for developing cardiovascular disease include which of the following?

Sendentary lifestyle

According to the ____________ perspective, people's personalities determine their levels of happiness and subjective well-being.

Set point compositional

A participant in a study at his local university, 80-year-old Sal Morin scored high on measures of positive affect and life satisfaction, and low on a measure of negative affect. He clearly meets the criteria involved in determining:

Set point perspective

An institutional facility that provides the most intensive level of care to residents is called a(n):

Skilled nursing facility

Which of the following is an appropriate modification that clinicians should use when assessing older adult clients?

Skipping questions on a standardized measure to reduce total testing time.

Ranee enters graduate school in her 40s, much later than most of her friends, who either never went to graduate school or are finished with their degrees. Ranee would be considered to have an "off-time" _______ clock:

Social

Research examining the role of religious beliefs and mortality find that _____________ may be a particularly beneficial aspect of involvement in religion.

Social Support

Researchers have identified ___________ as a major psychological risk factor for early death among people of lower socioeconomic status:

Stress

Warren Reese is a 78-year-old man in good health, has excellent cognitive functioning, is involved in his community, and feels close to his family and friends. Mr. Reese would be considered to meet the criteria for being a(n):

Successful ager

Where does the US stack up amongst other "rich" nations when it comes to paid vacation time?

The US is the worst among the nations we looked at.

Which of the following is a correct interpretation of Erikson's epigenetic principle?

There is a series of stages that unfold from each other throughout life.

The Five Factor model of personality fits into which overall category of psychological theories?

Trait

True or False According to the principles of intraindividual and interindividual variability, the rates of each type of aging vary within individuals and from person to person.

True

True or False Taking away an elderly person's driver's license can lead the person to feel a loss of independence, and that loss of independence is something many seniors fear.

True

True or False The cohort a person belongs to could certainly be correlated to characteristics like knowledge of technology and physical health but it is not a cause of those characteristics.

True

True or False At least 500,000, perhaps 2,000,000 older adults are maltreated each year.

True

True or False Some US workers do not use their paid vacation days because they don't want to fall behind in their work.

True

True or False The biopsychosocial model can be used to understand how people adjust to retirement.

True

True or False There are a set of criteria used to determine whether someone is exhibiting "abnormal" behavior. One such criterion is "engaging in behavior that's socially or culturally unacceptable."

True

True or False You were asked to watch a video about a long-term relationship that exemplifies what we should all be so lucky to have. This couple exhibits love, support, and communication.

True

Neurofibrillary tangles cause _________ in neurons affected by Alzheimer's disease.

Twisting of the microtubules

Successful aging includes ___________ as an essential component

Vital Engangement

The highest rate of suicides, adjusted for age, among all groups in the United States is for:

White males 85 and older.

In class, __________ was partially defined as a incorporating tolerance for the uncertainties of life as well as its ups and downs and having an awareness of how things play out over time.

Wisdom

Dr. Walter is a researcher studying the effects of cognitive changes on language ability in older adults. His findings, like many others in the literature, suggest that as people get older their language is negatively affected by changes in:

ability to hold information in working memory.

One explanation of the paradox of well-being is the notion that older adults maintain their positive evaluations of life by adjusting to their objective circumstances through the process of:

adaptation

Psychologists may fail to recognize the symptoms of major depressive disorder in an older adult because they mistakenly assume that:

aging is naturally accompanied by greater feelings of sadness.

A middle-aged man, currently unattached, finds himself constantly longing to be as close as possible to his romantic partners. Eventually, his partners always leave him because he seems to be so clingy. Which type of attachment style does this man seem to have?

anxious

Studies on memory controllability show that when older adults believe they can control their memories they:

are more likely to use strategies that improve their memory.

The role of grandparenting to aging individuals is shown by researchers to:

be important to their mental health

In equity theory, partners are seen as having the highest marital satisfaction if they:

believe they are each contributing similarly to the relationship.

The term "biopsychosocial" in referring to development means that:

change is understood from an integrative perspective

A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is:

changes in decision-time speed.

Which of the following is not one of the psychological aspects discussed in the lecture?

children become too pampered

Which psychological disorders are most prevalent among residents of nursing homes?

cognitive impairment

In Loevinger's theory, which is the highest level of ego development seen among adults in our society?

conformist - conscientious

The view developed late in the 20th Century proposing that dying patients should be given the chance to end their lives on their own terms was known as:

death with dignity.

The context processing theory of attention and aging attributes the effects of aging to:

difficulty taking advantage of all the information available in a set of stimuli.

An advantage of the Green House model of institutional care for older adults is that it:

feels more like a home than a traditional nursing home.

According to the resource model of retirement adjustment, people are able to handle retirement more successfully if they:

have a number of areas of life in which they are active.

According to the attentional resources theory of aging, older adults do more poorly on attentional tasks because they:

have limited processing energy for handling new information.

In Simonton's model, the rate at which a creative person develops new thoughts and that will later be developed into products is known as:

ideation

Ted is a 76-year-old man who has just had a car accident in which he was the driver. It is most likely that his accident involved:

making a left-hand turn into oncoming traffic.

Successful aging is similar to the concept of ____________ in its emphasis on optimal functioning

mental health

The 2002 Nursing Home Quality Initiative proposed that nursing homes hire volunteers to serve as ____________ in order to help protect resident rights.

ombudspersons

The plasticity model of the nervous system proposes that:

our environment contributes to preserved brain function as we age.

According to the _____________________, it is surprising that older adults are able to maintain high levels of well-being than would be suggested by their actual situations in life.

paradox of well-being

Which is a key component of subjective well-being

positive affect

The "anniversary reaction," as applied to widowhood, refers to the:

renewed feelings of loss near the date of the spouse's death.

Day services for older adults that allow caregivers to attend to their job or household responsibilities are known as:

respite care

According to the continuity theory of retirement:

retirees maintain a sense of identity, therefore don't experience retirement in a negative manner.

Research comparing younger and older adults on __________ memory, or recall of distinctive events, shows that there are few age differences.

scaffolding

The most commonly reported form of elder mistreatment is:

self-neglect

Mrs. Dahl is a 75-year-old woman who can't figure out why she's getting shorter as she gets older. Her decrease in height is most likely due to:

shrinking of the vertebrae.

A marriage therapist working from the social exchange theory of interpersonal relationships would attempt to assess whether the partners in a distressed couple feel that:

the rewards of the relationship outweigh the costs.

An older adult who hoards unnecessary objects to the point that the home has become cluttered and unhealthy would be considered to have a psychological disorder because:

this behavior presents a risk to the individual's quality of life.

True or False One suggestion given to improve institutional care is to reinforce the residents' independent behavior to reduce dependence on staff.

true

According to the inhibitory deficit hypothesis, older adults have more memory problems because they are unable to:

tune out irrelevant information.