Psych Test 3
Internet dating has existed for about _____ years.
20
__________ proposed the social-cognitive perspective.
Albert Bandura
_____ are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
Attitudes
In which situation is one MOST likely to conform?
In which situation is one MOST likely to conform?
Which of the following attributes differences in children's shyness and inhibition to their autonomic nervous system reactivity?
Jerome Kagan
His experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous, and they involved deception.
Milgram
Who were the neo-Freudians?
a group of personality theorists who recognized the importance of many of the basic principles of Freudian psychoanalytic theory but went on to develop their own personality theories
According to Abraham Maslow, people are motivated by:
a hierarchy of needs
When more people share responsibility for helping, _____ is likely to occur.
diffusion of responsibility
This person proposed cognitive dissonance theory.
festinger
In Eysenck and Eysenck's model, Jeffrey who is unstable and extraverted is MOST likely:
impulsive
The humanistic perspective has been criticized for promoting an excessive degree of:
individualism
The other-race effect emerges during:
infancy
The favoring of our own group is known as:
ingroup bias
_____ can be defined as any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy.
aggression
Our attitudes are more likely to guide our behavior when we:
can easily recall our attitudes
Research suggests that self-esteem can cause undesirable behaviors when it is:
either low or inflated
According to research on factors that determine the likelihood that two people will become friends, which adage is MOST accurate?
Birds of a feather flock together.
Ami, age 19, is an Asian female university sophomore. Research on how we categorize social information suggests that Ami is most likely to believe that most:
Black people tend do dress alike
Who is MOST likely to have high levels of testosterone?
Daniel, who is 20 years old and has a wide face
Jessie is watching television and sees an advertisement for a computer. The ad provided detailed information about the computer for consumers to develop more positive opinions about the company's products. This advertising strategy best illustrates:
central route persuasion
Festinger is to Zimbardo as _____ is to role playing.
cognitive dissonance
You have very strong opinions about the tuition increase. However, once you become the student representative for the College Board, you develop a more favorable attitude about the tuition increase. Which theory best explains this?
cognitive dissonance theory
When have animals been bred for aggressiveness?
for sport and research
The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior is called the _____ error.
fundamental attribution
In determining the causes of others' behavior, people overemphasize _____ factors; this is the _____.
personality; fundamental attribution error
____________ is an unjustifiable, usually negative attitude toward a group and its members.
prejudice
ur characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is called our _____.
projection
Altruism and peacemaking are intended to help or benefit others. That is, they are examples of:
prosocial behavior
We tend to use _____ when explaining our own behavior or the behavior of those we know well.
situational attributions
Arturo believes that most young women from California are extremely good looking and that extremely good-looking women are usually selfish and egotistical. His beliefs are examples of:
stereotypes
Barry is watching golf and sees Tiger Woods scowl after a missed putt. He would be making the fundamental attribution error if he assumed that Woods:
has an angry and volatile personality.
While on a date with his girlfriend, Juan discovered that she was depressed about a low exam grade. He found that he began to feel dejected and they both talked very little and ended the date early. Juan's change in mood BEST illustrates:
the chameleon effect
Freud believed that the _____ mind stored one's unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories.
unconcious
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):
was empirically derived.
Studies have revealed diminished activity in the _____ lobes of violent criminals.
frontal
Dr. Burns sees his own therapist to help him be at his emotional best for his patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Carl Rogers referred to this attitude as:
genuineness
According to Carl Rogers, three conditions are necessary to promote personality growth. These are:
genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.
Through the social psychological phenomenon of _____, preaching to the choir should increase the choir's belief in the sermon.
group polarization
A person with very high self-esteem is likely to _____________ than a person with low self-esteem.
have fewer sleepless nights
Juan loves horseback riding. Which choice exemplifies an internal personal factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
his thoughts and feelings about riding horses
The influence of _____ on aggression has been demonstrated by research from archeology, economics, geography, political science, and psychology.
hotter temperatures
Which choice incorrectly pairs a personality theory with a proponent?
psychoanalytic—Allport
Bruce has been smoking since he was 15 years old. His doctor tells him that he needs to quit for his health. Bruce tells the doctor, "Look, smoking is the only bad thing I do, and besides, you have to die of something." This best illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as:
rationalization
Sarah's optimism is both a contributor to and a product of her successful career accomplishments. This BEST illustrates the concept of:
reciprocal determinism
he humanistic perspective has been criticized for focusing excessively on
self concept
Humanistic theories have been criticized for encouraging attitudes of self-indulgence, _____, and lack of moral restraint.
selfishness
A _____ psychologist investigates the interpersonal influences that explain why the same person will act differently in different situations.
social
_________________ psychologists explore how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.
social
Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.
social cognitive
Yung is driving to campus one day when another car cuts him off and speeds ahead. Immediately, he yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Yung's judgment BEST illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
This is the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.
the mere exposure effect
Defensive self-esteem is to _____________ as secure self-esteem is to _____________.
the spotlight effect
The stability of personality during adulthood is best evaluated by:
the trait perspective.
Dr. Wayne states that the task of the personality psychologist is to describe the consistent and persistent patterns of behavior that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Wayne is MOST likely a _____ theorist of personality.
trait
The _____ perspective of personality focuses primarily on describing individual differences.
trait
According to Gordon Allport, personality should be described in terms of:
traits
Professor Garcia is assigning a group project for her research methods course. What could she do in an attempt to reduce social loafing?
try to make students feel accountable for their part by awarding points for participation, thereby making their share in the grade different
When are people MOST likely to obey?
when the person giving orders is seen as an authority figure
As compared with the face, the body is a(n) _____ predictor of attractiveness ratings.
worse
Which of the following is true of violent male criminals?
They have relatively low levels of serotonin and high levels of testosterone.
What might account for why, in college residence halls, students' attitudes become more similar to those living near them?
They may feel as though others in the residence hall are observing their behavior.
Max does not recycle glass, metal, or plastic garbage because he thinks it is inconvenient and has minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of:
a social trap
The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene ______ the breakdown of the neurotransmitters dopamine and _____.
aids; seratonin
Cliff is homeless and hungry. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will ignore his other needs, which include:
all other needs until he satisfies his most basic needs for food and shelter.
In promoting personality growth, the person-centered perspective does NOT emphasize:
altruism
When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions are an example of _____.
altruism
Research on the biology of aggression has clearly demonstrated that:
animals can be bred for aggressiveness
A situational attribution is to ________ as a dispositional attribution is to ________.
assigned roles; personality trait
_____________are feelings that are based on beliefs. They predispose people to react in a particular way to objects, people, and events.
attitudes
According to the social-cognitive perspective, our _________________ is influenced by the interaction between our traits and the social context.
behavior
In terms of the bystander effect, the odds of our helping someone are NOT increased by:
being in a hurry
Kevin is 18 years old and believes that he is less likely to get into a serious car accident or die at an early age than peers his age. He may be illustrating:
excessive optimism
According to Freud, the lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier stage of psychosexual development is called:
fixation
Defensive self-esteem is to _____________ as secure self-esteem is to _____________.
fragility; sturdiness
People's physical attractiveness is positively related to their:
frequency of dating
Nora has strong feelings about the presence of the Confederate flag outside public buildings in her town. These feelings stem in part from her political beliefs, and they may influence her voting behavior in the near future. Nora has a(n) _____.
attitude
Following the introduction of school desegregation in the United States and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, White Americans expressed ___________ racial prejudice.
diminishing
Alejandro was reprimanded for an accounting error by his boss in front of his co-workers. Alejandro gets home from his job and yells at his wife for not having dinner ready. His wife then yells at the children for leaving their toys all over the house. This BEST illustrates the use of a defense mechanism known as _____.
displacement
Psychologists would use _____________ to assess whether a single personality trait is reflected in a cluster of characteristics (e.g., ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance).
factor analysis
Which technique would psychologists use to assess whether a cluster of characteristics that includes ambition, determination, persistence, and self-reliance reflects a single personality trait?
factor analysis
The humanistic perspective fails to appreciate:
human capacity for evil
The life story approach to personality assessment is MOST likely to be practiced by a _____ psychologist.
humanistic
The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in _____.
individualist Western countries; East Asian cultures
In _____ cultures, people are more likely to commit the fundamental attribution error, while in _____ cultures, they are less likely to commit the fundamental attribution error.
individualist; East Asian
At a meeting in Otto's office, three of his colleagues agree that the plan for a new advertising campaign is correct as it is. As a result, he feels the pressure to get the plan out today and agrees. Otto's behavior illustrates:
informational social influence.
Compared with the explanations we give for the actions of strangers, our explanations for our own behavior are _____ likely to refer to situations or circumstances
more
Makayla has heard that the teachers are considering switching her to the gifted class. Makayla decides to dumb down to act more like her friends. She begins answering questions incorrectly in class, on purpose, in order to be more like her friends. Her behavior is an example of:
normative social influence
Dahlia is trying to make partner at one of the city's most prestigious law firms. It is generally understood that associates remain hard at work in the office until at least 7 or 8 each evening. This is an element of the firm's:
norms
Jennifer typically responds to stress in a calm and thoughtful manner. Debra usually becomes agitated. The reactions of Jennifer and Debra to stress indicate that each has a distinctive:
personality
ur characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting is called our _____.
personality
Starke Hathaway is to _____________ as Alfred Binet is to _____________.
personality inventory; intelligence test
Which factor MOST affects first impressions?
physical attractiveness
Humanistic theories laid the groundwork for today's scientific subfield of _____ psychology
positive
Alexis imagines that the self she wants to be is a great athlete, well loved, and well educated. She also imagines the self she fears becoming: homeless, lonely, and unemployed. These visions BEST reflect the concept of:
possible selves
Attitude is to action as _____ is to _____.
prejudice; discrimination
Jaibeeb is experiencing some psychological issues, so he is sent to a clinician for therapy. The clinician asks him to perform a test that requires him to describe an ambiguous stimulus or tell a story about it. Identify the test used by the clinician to study Jaibeeb's personality.
projective test
Jessie is attending college in a city far away from home where he does not know anybody. According to the principle of _____, Jessie will be MOST likely to make friends with his roommate.
proximity
The two earliest theories of personality are the _____ and _____ theories.
psychoanalytic; humanistic
Katrina is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Bandura called this process:
reciprocal determinism.
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. This sense of obligation BEST reflects the:
reciprocity norm
Genevieve was the victim of a violent home invasion in which her entire family was viciously murdered and she was critically injured. Genevieve has nightmares and flashbacks of the trauma, which is inconsistent with Freud's view of the defense mechanism known as _____.
repression
Evidence shows that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated. This offers support for
scapegoat theory
People's attractiveness has been found to be unrelated to:
self esteem and happiness
Defense mechanisms, according to psychological researcher Roy Baumeister, are motivated less by seething impulses than people's need to protect their:
self image
Melissa believes that she is intelligent, caring, thoughtful, and compassionate. These qualities make up her
self-concept
Jenna is a runner. She is entirely confident that with sufficient dedication she can meet her athletic goals. In social-cognitive terms, Jenna has high:
self-efficacy
In one experiment, people with low _____ gave more unpleasant hot sauce to someone who had provoked them.
seratonin
Evan's father yells at him for being five minutes late for tee time. Rather than believe his father is a rude jerk, he decides that he may be having difficulties at his job. This means he makes a _____ attribution about his behavior.
situational
The _____ perspective involves reciprocal determinism.
social cognitive
This perspective on personality emphasizes the interaction of people's traits with their situations.
social cognitive
Norman Triplett observed that adolescents wound a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone working simultaneously on the same task. This BEST illustrates _____.
social facilitation
George believes that African-Americans are more likely to commit crimes. He also believes that police should use as much force as necessary to prevent African-Americans from committing crimes, that African-Americans should receive harsher sentences for the crimes they are found guilty of, and that Whites should avoid African-Americans at all costs. This best illustrates
the blame the victim phenomenon
The phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress is called:
the bystander effect
Shaun has been confronted by his roommate about his drinking behavior. Shaun tends to binge drink several times during the week, passing out in random places throughout the apartment. Shaun defends himself by saying that his roommate also drinks as do most people their age. Today's researchers would call this:
the false consensus effect
One analysis revealed that pitchers were more likely to hit batters when the previous batter had hit a home run. This BEST illustrates:
the frustration-aggression principle.
Marilyn thinks her professor's strict class attendance policy is an indication of her overly controlling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions (the course meets only once a week). Her judgment best illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error.
In terrible situations, some people succumb to the situation and others do not. The difference best illustrates:
the interactive influence of persons and situations
The fundamental attribution error involves:
underestimating situational influences on another's behavior.
The inconsistency of behaviors also makes personality test scores as _____ predictors of behaviors.
weak
Which person is NOT classified as a neo-Freudian?
Abraham Maslow
The Townsville blood bank is desperately in need of blood donors. Which student would MOST likely contribute to the blood bank if asked?
Adam, who has just fallen head over heels in love
Dr. Smith is a modern-day researcher on personality who, like many in his field, believes that a shared evolutionary history has shaped some universal dispositions. Of these theorists, who is MOST responsible for establishing this belief?
Carl Jung
Dr. Myers often asks clients to describe themselves as they are, and to describe the people they would like to be. Dr. Myers' technique BEST reflects _____ notion of _____.
Carl Rogers'; the self-concept
Humanistic psychology emphasizes the importance of:
a positive self-concept.
_____ levels of the hormone _____ are related to irritability, assertiveness, impulsiveness, and low tolerance for frustration.
High; testosterone
Which statement is MOST accurate regarding historical trends in racial, gender, and LGBT prejudice in the United States?
In the United States, explicit prejudice has decreased more dramatically than has implicit prejudice over the past 75 years.
Travis is on trial for attempted murder. He has pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity. A psychiatrist has testified that Travis has a psychological disorder affecting aggressive behavior. What is likely to happen?
The judge will give him a lighter sentence.
Marsha and Luke have been married for over 50 years and have 4 children and 8 grandchildren. Currently, they are MOST likely to be experiencing:
compassionate love
Social-cognitive theorists believe people learn many of their behaviors either through _____ or by observing and _____ others.
conditioning; imitating
Which of the following may seed positive change or be a destructive process that can produce unwanted results?
conflict
Many studies cited in the textbook have shown that, in order to reduce conflict between groups, it is suggested that these groups be put in situations where _____ is/are needed to solve a problem.
cooperation
The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as:
deindividuation
During Boy Scout camp, Cole was randomly selected to be on one baseball team and Ty on the opposing team. Before the game started, Cole and Ty were each convinced that his team was the better one. The boys' beliefs BEST illustrate a(n) _____ bias.
ingroup
Victoria is a fifth grader at Carson Elementary School. Like most students in her school, she believes that Carson Elementary School is the best school in the town. This example best illustrates:
ingroup bias
Kayden had to take a Rorschach inkblot test for his new job. He is worried because he has heard that the Rorschach is not a very good test. Critics would agree and suggest that the Rorschach:
is not very reliable and that it has limited validity.
Men are more likely than women to:
judge members of the opposite sex as more attractive if they have a youthful appearance.
Eight-year-old Alex plays almost exclusively with the other boys at his grade school. Alex's choice of playmates suggests that he is in the _____ stage of psychosexual development.
latency
According to social psychologist Irving Janis, the problems associated with groupthink can be avoided by both businesses and government in decision making when:
leaders invite various opinions and listen to others' critiques.
Angela remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the dream images that Angela remembers, such as the train and the tunnel, are called the _____ content.
manifest
Josh and Donna are discussing the latest release by their favorite band. "I didn't like it at first, but now that I've played it a few times, I love it!" Donna states. Donna's remark exemplifies the _____ effect.
mere exposure
Mrs. Jones frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she's angry. Mr. Jones typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he's hostile. This couple's experience best illustrates:
mirror image perceptions
Which of the following college students would most likely donate blood if asked?
one who has just fallen in love
The Big Five personality factor _____ involves the following endpoints: imaginative versus practical and independent versus conforming.
openness
During lunch a group of computer science majors were discussing their choice of field. One student admitted that he had once considered becoming an accountant but decided against it because "accountants are all boring number crunchers without an ounce of creativity." This statement best reflects the:
outgroup homogeneity effect.
People's behavior can be described in terms of the spotlight effect. This means that they:
overestimate the extent to which other people are noticing them.
With respect to child development, some think Freud _____ parental influence and _____ peer influence.
overestimated; underestimated
_____ love is an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.
passionate
Dr. Marquez has a patient who has suddenly gone blind. To determine the cause, Dr. Marquez asks the patient to relax and say whatever comes to mind, no matter what it is. Dr. Marquez is:
performing free association.
A cell phone manufacturer uses a famous pop singer to advertise its product to teenagers. The company is relying on _____ route persuasion.
peripheral
Lindsay is writing an essay supporting the notion that our attitudes are based on our behavior. One topic Lindsay might NOT discuss in the essay is:
peripheral route persuasion.
The concept of _____ embodies the notion of behavioral consistency.
personality
Tamika regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Tamika's altruism BEST illustrates the impact of the _____ norm.
social responsibility
Albert Bandura proposed the _____ perspective on personality, which emphasizes the interaction of people with their environment. To describe the interacting influences of behavior, thoughts, and environment, he used the term _____.
social-cognitive; reciprocal determinism
Melissa regularly donates blood to an international blood bank simply because she believes she ought to help anyone with a medical need for a blood transfusion. Melissa's altruism BEST illustrates the impact of the:
social-responsibility norm.
The frustration-aggression principle has been demonstrated with all of the following aversive stimuli EXCEPT:
solitude
Freud suggested that there are three interacting systems that can explain the dynamics of the human mind: the id, the ego, and the _____.
superego
You decide to make a positive change in your life. Instead of going to work with a frown on your face, you will force yourself to smile when you walk in the door. According to _____________, by altering your behavior, you stand a good chance of changing your attitude.
the attitudes-follow-behavior principle
People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain:
the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation.
Shortly after learning that he did not make it onto his high school basketball team, Brad vandalized the team's locker room and broke several of the school's windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of:
the frustration-aggression principle
What parenting techniques can parents practice that does not model aggressive behavior?
both reinforce desirable behaviors and frame statements positively
Early one Halloween evening, Bart's friends asked him to join them in smashing their neighbors' decorative pumpkins. He complied. Later, he was surprised by his own failure to resist them when they asked him to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the:
foot-in-the-door theory
Freud believed that this would retrieve painful unconscious memories, often from childhood, and then help them overcome their current troubles.
free association
Among violent criminals, activity appears to be reduced in the _____ lobe of the brain.
frontal
Dr. Jones is a brain researcher who studies the relationship between personality and brain development. He is asked to evaluate the brain of an individual who scored high on conscientiousness. Compared with the brains of those who score low on this trait, Dr. Jones would expect the individual's _____ lobe to be larger.
frontal
Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim:
has more experience interacting with Asian people
When Mark buys groceries he prefers certain products simply because the products have a familiar brand name. His preference best illustrates the importance of:
the mere exposure effect.