Psych Test 3
Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
fixed interval
When Ibrahim was six years old, he became terrified when the family's parrot flew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he's been afraid of all birds. Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of ______________.
generalization
If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.
increases
Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.
instincts
Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
associational
Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?
baby seeking food by rooting and suckling
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
partial
Carissa's parents let her stay up as late as she wants. She is allowed to pick out her own clothes and decide when and what she wants to eat. Her parents act more like her friends than authority figures. What kind of parenting style is this?
permissive
Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________.
reflexes
Which of the following is an example of latent learning?
remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute
Rochelle has a glass of Kool-Aid. She pours her Kool-Aid into a toy teacup, and then she pours the Kool-Aid from the teacup into a beer stein. She then pours it from the beer stein back into the original glass. She knows the amount of Kool-Aid has not substantially changed. What does this exemplify?
reversibility
Umberto is a one year old, and his mother is sensitive and responsive to his needs. He is distressed when his mother leaves him, and he is happy to see her when she returns. What kind of attachment is this?
secure
Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.
taste aversion
A ________ is any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage.
teratogen
Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?
the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light
Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?
when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior
18-month-old Gordon learned the schema for apples. When Gordon sees tomatoes at the grocery store, he says, "Look mommy, apples!" His mother tells him that the food he sees at the store is a tomato, not an apple. He now has separate schemata for tomatoes and apples. This exemplifies ________.
Accommodation
Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning.
Edward C. Tolman
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.
The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."
Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Variable interval
After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, the balloon is the ____ and her fear is the ____.
CS; CR
In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.
Classical
Dave observed that after returning from the vet, whenever he took his dog Smooches near his car, she began to shake and whine. Which of the following types of learned response was Smooches exhibiting?
Classical Conditioning
Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________.
Conditioned stimulus
________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion.
John B. Watson
Fred's sister just got a cat. Fred is allergic to the cat, and whenever it gets near him, Fred sneezes. Fred's sister puts a collar with a bell on the cat, so Fred will know when it is nearby. Soon, whenever Fred hears the bell, even from far away, his nose begins to itch. In this situation, Fred has experienced classical conditioning, where the unconditioned response is the
Sneezing
A child has learned to avoid his father in the morning because his father is always grouchy at that time. Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that ______________.
conditioning is how we adapt to our environments
Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?
egocentrism
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
emotions can be a conditioned response