Psychology 130: Chapter 6

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Which of the following concepts suggest that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

the concept of long-term potentiation

Rehearsal involves _______________ information

the conscious repetition of

What statements explain why the last several items on a list remembered?

the items may still be in working memory and items' recency makes them easier to recall

Flashbulb memories may be, at times, very durable and accurate for what reasons?

the memories are likely to be emotional and are likely to be rehearsed in the days following the event

Ariadna tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _______________

the serial position effect

Eli knows the name of the capital of his state, but he forgets it when his teacher asks. This is known as _______________

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _______________

there is no one memory center in the brain

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This led them to conclude that _______________

there is no one memory center in the brain

What roles do the preexisting mental frameworks called schemas have concerning the information we get from the environment?

they affect how we retrieve the information, how we make inferences about the information, and how we encode the information

What is true if memories of traumatic events?

they may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events, they may include vivid recollections, they may be detailed

What best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

this concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _______________ systems in memory

three

In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to _______________ events

traumatic

The concept of _______________ memory includes short-term memory and attention for holding information temporarily

working

The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out over a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of _______________

connectionism

_______________ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons

connectionism

Explicit memory is the _______________ recollection of information such as facts and events

conscious

The process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed is called _______________

consolidation

_______________ is the process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed

consolidation

Which theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting?

decay

Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _______________ memory

declarative

The conscious recollection of information is called _______________, or explicit, memory

declarative

The term used to denote auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _______________ memory

echoic

The term used to denote auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _______________

echoic memory

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group of objects easier to remember because of _______________

elaboration

When _______________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing

elaboration

The amygdala plays an important role in _______________ memory

emotional

According to the concept of levels of processing, the process of _______________ involves three levels

encoding

Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?

encoding

The initial recording for information into memory is called _______________

encoding

The process by which information gets into memory storage is _______________

encoding

_______________ failure occurs when the information has never entered long-term memory.

encoding

During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at that lecture is _______________ memory

episodic

Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory a special form of _______________ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollection of his or her life experiences

episodic

During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _______________ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _______________ memory.

episodic; semantic

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in what types of memory?

explicit memory, prospective, retrospective

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H.M.'s _______________ memory was impaired, but his _______________ memory was less affected

explicit; implicit

The two main components of long-term memory are _______________ memory, which consists of semantic and episodic memories, and _______________ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming

explicit; implicit

In forensic psychology, most of the interest in _______________ testimony focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory

eyewitness

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a _______________ memory

flashbulb

_______________ memories may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories, but the details of those memories are not always correct

flashbulb

You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. The specific term for this kind of memory is _______________

flashbulb memory

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?

frontal

What are the three levels of autobiographical memory?

general events, event-specific knowledge, lifetime periods

The term used to denote visual sensory memory that is retained for about one-quarter of a second is _______________

iconic memory

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _______________ to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Don vividly remembers the theory today. This is an example of the effect of _______________

imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This illustrates _______________ memory

implicit

_______________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of the experience

implicit

_______________ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.

interference

What is true regarding short-term memory?

it can store information longer than sensory memory it is a limited-capacity memory system

What is the role of the amygdala in memory?

it plays an important role in emotional memory

Rehearsal increases the _______________

length of time that information can be held in short-term memory

Studies have shown that people of one ethnic group are _______________ likely to recognize individual differences among people of another ethnic group

less

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _______________ memory

long-term

According to the connectionist network perspective, our _______________ are organized sets of neurons that are activated together

memories

_______________ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time

memory

In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that _______________

memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time.

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. What does NOT identify a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized?

memory for words

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _______________

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have.

Dr. Wu asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wu is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _______________

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

Leah was sexually assaulted while she was a college student. When her friends and family try to get her to talk about her experiences, she honestly tells them that the situation was so terrible that she now can remember hardly anything about it. This is an example of _______________ forgetting

motivated

Marcellus has returned from the war in Iraq with serious physical injuries. When questioned by family and friends, he says he doesn't remember his war experiences because they are too painful. This is an example of _______________

motivated forgetting

What refers to the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?

motivated forgetting

From a connectionist perspective, memories are organized sets of _______________ that are routinely activated together

neurons

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _______________

never entered into long-term memory

Before using memory processes, you must first _______________ the information you are about to study.

organize

Long-term memory is a _______________ type of memory that stores huge amount of information

permanent

_______________ memory is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal

permastore

What describes a factor in retrieval failure?

personal reasons for remembering, errors in storage, effects of time

Alzheimer disease involves deterioration of which of the following?

physical functioning reasoning memory language

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those" This illustrates the_______________ effect

primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the _______________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning

primacy

The _______________ effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items.

primacy

Gia is given a set of words to study, and hat is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -at. Gia is more likely to make -at into hat than cat or bat because of the concept known as _______________

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later we would say that the researcher used _______________. a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance

priming

If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used _______________, a type of implicit memory to improve participant performance.

priming

Serenity is given a set of study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Serenity is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as _______________

priming

Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's surname. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer surname. This is an example of _______________

proactive interference

You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of _______________

proactive interference.

Angel hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This illustrates _______________ memory

procedural

Skylar lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _______________ memory

procedural

_______________ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _______________ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items

recall; recognition

The _______________ effect occurs because the last several items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within a list makes them easier to recall.

recency

A multiple-choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _______________ task

recognition

The conscious repetition of information is also known as _______________

rehearsal

The memory technique of _______________ does not work well for retaining information over the long term because it often involves just mechanically repeating information

rehearsal

You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _______________

rehearsal

When you have completed a class or lecture, you should enhance encoding by _______________ the material by rewriting or retyping the information.

rehearsing

Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. What describe a specials case in which special memory retrieval is utilized?

relevance to the self, their emotional or traumatic character, or because they show unusually high levels of apparent accuracy

Kenji seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse, he uncovered what psychologists call a _______________ memory

repressed

While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _______________ memory.

repressed

Memory is defined as the _______________

retention of information or experience over time

In the context of processes involved in memory, which of the following is similar to locating and checking out a book in an actual library?

retrieval

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _______________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates

retrieval

The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of _______________

retrieval

What is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

retrieval

After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for red in Spanish is required, you correctly say rojo. But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of _______________

retroactive interference.

After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the past four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing _______________ amnesia

retrograde

The term used for remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is _______________ memory

retrospective

Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of _______________ memory. She also has to remember that she needs to get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of _______________ memory.

retrospective; prospective

A _______________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information

schema

A _______________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best term for this is a _______________, which is a schema for an event

script

_______________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli

selective

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _______________

selective attention

David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______________ memory

semantic

Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______________

semantic

_______________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses

sensory

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

sensory memory

The three systems of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are _______________

sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory

The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a fireworks sparkler is _______________ memory

sensory or iconic

The _______________ position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle

serial

According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _______________ plus or minus _______________

seven; two

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten is. This describes the limitations of _______________ memory

short-term

_______________ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer

short-term

You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from _______________ - term memory to _______________ - term memory

short; term

The process of retaining information for future use is called _______________

storage

The process of retaining information over time in some mental storehouse is referred to as _______________

storage

Which of the following is NOT a good tip to help you encode information successfully?

Engage in multitasking while learning the information.

T or F: Memory for traumatic events tends to become highly accurate over time

False, there are several factors that explain why even detailed memories for traumatic events may be inaccurate and become even less accurate over time

T or F: Each memory in the brain is stored in a single, specific location

False, there is no one location of where memories are stored

T or F: Flashbulb memories tend to be extremely accurate

False, they are often very accurate, the details may be incorrect

T or F: There are five levels of processing the encoding process

False; according to Craik and Lockhart, there are three levels of processing in encoding

The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder?

It can be anterograde or retrograde. It can affect memories differentially. It can affect the retention of new memories.

What is a limitation of rehearsal?

It doesn't work well for retaining information over the long term because it involves just mechanical repetition of information

What is true about explicit memory?

It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic it is sometimes referred to as declarative memory

What is true about working memory?

It is a mental blackboard, it consists of three parts, and it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory

Which of the following statements is true of Alzheimer disease?

It is a progressive brain disorder.

What are essential strategies for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)?

Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded. Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights.

What is true about eyewitness testimony?

Memory can be distorted by new information. Memory can fade. Bias may be involved.

What best describes the memory performance of participants who were asked to identify a series of pictures?

Participants were nearly 100 percent accurate after two hours but four months later could only remember about 57 percent with accuracy.

Which of the following are tips to help you encode information successfully?

Pay attention to the information. Make associations that connect the information to your own life. Use imagery. Make mental pictures of the information.

What can result in inaccurate memories for traumatic events?

People can make perceptual errors during encoding because the event is so traumatic. Information may be distorted in retelling the event to make the event seem less traumatic. Discussing the traumatic event with others may result in contaminating the memory with information from others.

_______________ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.

Retrograde

Which of the following are recommended for organizing for memory processes?

Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Experiment with different organizational techniques.

Which of the following are recommended for rehearsing learned material?

Test yourself after looking at your notes. Rewrite or type your notes. Talk to people about what you have learned.

What explains why the primacy effect occurs?

The first few items are rehearsed more, are more elaboratively processed, and when the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time.

T or F: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive

True

T or F: Ethnic bias is a factor in faulty memory

True

T or F: Marcus is enthusiastic about baking and has used his grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Recently, Marcus has been enrolled in pastry classes where he has learned to make six varieties of apple pie, and when he tries to make his grandmother's recipe, he becomes confused about the ingredients. This is an example of retroactive interference.

True

T or F: People with amnesia may forget episodic information but have semantic information still completely intact, and vice versa

True

Which of the following are important strategies for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)?

Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded.

Five-year-old Emmie loves to play "dentist's office." She knows the whole routine: go to the office, pretend to read a magazine, then get called into the office and sit in the dentist's chair. This describes _______________, which is a schema for an event

a script

What are examples of the recognition tasks?

a student takes a multiple choice test and a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs

The general term _______________ refers to the loss of memory

amnesia

Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. In the brain, the _______________ and the _______________ are involved in the release of stress-related hormones

amygdala; hippocampus

Interference occurs when _______________

an instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what they just said.

Not being able to remember what happened after you fell down and hit your head is called _______________ amnesia

anterograde

H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of _______________

anterograde amnesia.

A special form of episodic memory is _______________ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth

autobiographical

In a longitudinal study examining how long explicit memories last, researchers found that the forgetting of information tended to happen in the first _______________ years and then leveled off

3

In one longitudinal study, researchers found that the forgetting of academic information tended to level off within _______________ years of taking class

3

There are _______________ levels of autobiographical memory

3

Working memory has a different capacity than short-term memory. In working memory, if chunks are relatively complex, most young adults can remember how many chunks of information?

3 to 5

Short-term memory can retain about _______________ pieces of information

5 to 9 (7 +/- 2)

short-term memory can retain about _______________ pieces of complex information

5 to 9 (7+/- 2)

What are circumstances to motivated forgetting?

A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful. Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma.

Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?

Amanda's never really encoded the material

What do researcher currently believe regarding amnesia?

Amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory, as people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired

What are the components of Baddeley's view of working memory?

central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad

Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?

chunk the information

Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is _______________

chunking

Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units?

chunking

_______________ involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units

chunking

A subtype of implicit memory involves _______________, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning

One subtype of implicit memory involves _______________, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.

classical conditioning


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