Psychology 130: Chapter 6
Which of the following concepts suggest that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?
the concept of long-term potentiation
Rehearsal involves _______________ information
the conscious repetition of
What statements explain why the last several items on a list remembered?
the items may still be in working memory and items' recency makes them easier to recall
Flashbulb memories may be, at times, very durable and accurate for what reasons?
the memories are likely to be emotional and are likely to be rehearsed in the days following the event
Ariadna tried to remember her grocery list, but she was only able to remember eggs and butter (which were listed at the top) and juice and cereal (which were listed at the bottom). This illustrates _______________
the serial position effect
Eli knows the name of the capital of his state, but he forgets it when his teacher asks. This is known as _______________
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _______________
there is no one memory center in the brain
Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This led them to conclude that _______________
there is no one memory center in the brain
What roles do the preexisting mental frameworks called schemas have concerning the information we get from the environment?
they affect how we retrieve the information, how we make inferences about the information, and how we encode the information
What is true if memories of traumatic events?
they may be more accurate than memories of nontraumatic events, they may include vivid recollections, they may be detailed
What best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?
this concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened
The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _______________ systems in memory
three
In 1890, American philosopher and psychologist William James said that an experience can be so emotionally arousing that it leaves a scar on brain tissue. He was referring to _______________ events
traumatic
The concept of _______________ memory includes short-term memory and attention for holding information temporarily
working
The memory of your grandmother's name is not just represented in a single spot in the brain but involves activity spread out over a vast network of neural links connected to numerous nodes. This is an example of _______________
connectionism
_______________ is the theory that memory is stored throughout the brain in connections among neurons
connectionism
Explicit memory is the _______________ recollection of information such as facts and events
conscious
The process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed is called _______________
consolidation
_______________ is the process by which interconnected networks of neurons are formed
consolidation
Which theory states that the passage of time always increases forgetting?
decay
Explicit memory is the conscious recollection of information and is sometimes also referred to as _______________ memory
declarative
The conscious recollection of information is called _______________, or explicit, memory
declarative
The term used to denote auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _______________ memory
echoic
The term used to denote auditory sensory memory, which is retained for up to several seconds, is _______________
echoic memory
Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group of objects easier to remember because of _______________
elaboration
When _______________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing
elaboration
The amygdala plays an important role in _______________ memory
emotional
According to the concept of levels of processing, the process of _______________ involves three levels
encoding
Ari is watching a movie. Which initial memory process is Ari using?
encoding
The initial recording for information into memory is called _______________
encoding
The process by which information gets into memory storage is _______________
encoding
_______________ failure occurs when the information has never entered long-term memory.
encoding
During her first week of college, Hazel attended a lecture on the periodic table of elements. Her memory of being at that lecture is _______________ memory
episodic
Explicit memory has two subtypes. Autobiographical memory a special form of _______________ memory (which is one of explicit memory's subtypes), is a person's recollection of his or her life experiences
episodic
During his first week of college, Blaine attended a lecture on meteors. His memory of being at that lecture is _______________ memory. His memory for the actual information about meteors is _______________ memory.
episodic; semantic
The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in what types of memory?
explicit memory, prospective, retrospective
Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H.M.'s _______________ memory was impaired, but his _______________ memory was less affected
explicit; implicit
The two main components of long-term memory are _______________ memory, which consists of semantic and episodic memories, and _______________ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming
explicit; implicit
In forensic psychology, most of the interest in _______________ testimony focuses on distortion, bias, and inaccuracy of memory
eyewitness
You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. However, it may not be very accurate in the details. The specific term for this kind of memory is a _______________ memory
flashbulb
_______________ memories may feel very accurate because they are so much more vivid than other memories, but the details of those memories are not always correct
flashbulb
You have a very vivid memory of the events of September 11, 2001. The memory may be traumatic or very iconic. The specific term for this kind of memory is _______________
flashbulb memory
Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?
frontal
What are the three levels of autobiographical memory?
general events, event-specific knowledge, lifetime periods
The term used to denote visual sensory memory that is retained for about one-quarter of a second is _______________
iconic memory
In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _______________ to remember the necessary route.
imagery
When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Don vividly remembers the theory today. This is an example of the effect of _______________
imagery
You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This illustrates _______________ memory
implicit
_______________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experience without a conscious recollection of the experience
implicit
_______________ theory states that people forget not because memories are lost from storage but because other information gets in the way of what they want to remember.
interference
What is true regarding short-term memory?
it can store information longer than sensory memory it is a limited-capacity memory system
What is the role of the amygdala in memory?
it plays an important role in emotional memory
Rehearsal increases the _______________
length of time that information can be held in short-term memory
Studies have shown that people of one ethnic group are _______________ likely to recognize individual differences among people of another ethnic group
less
A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _______________ memory
long-term
According to the connectionist network perspective, our _______________ are organized sets of neurons that are activated together
memories
_______________ is defined as the retention of information or experience over time
memory
In one study where researchers asked participants to study and later identify pictures that were presented, the researchers found that _______________
memory fades; participants' memory performance declined with time.
Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. What does NOT identify a special case in which special memory retrieval is utilized?
memory for words
Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _______________
memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have.
Dr. Wu asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wu is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _______________
memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.
Leah was sexually assaulted while she was a college student. When her friends and family try to get her to talk about her experiences, she honestly tells them that the situation was so terrible that she now can remember hardly anything about it. This is an example of _______________ forgetting
motivated
Marcellus has returned from the war in Iraq with serious physical injuries. When questioned by family and friends, he says he doesn't remember his war experiences because they are too painful. This is an example of _______________
motivated forgetting
What refers to the process that occurs when a person forgets something because it is painful or anxiety-laden?
motivated forgetting
From a connectionist perspective, memories are organized sets of _______________ that are routinely activated together
neurons
Encoding failure occurs when the information was _______________
never entered into long-term memory
Before using memory processes, you must first _______________ the information you are about to study.
organize
Long-term memory is a _______________ type of memory that stores huge amount of information
permanent
_______________ memory is a part of long-term memory that represents that portion of original learning that appears destined to be with the person virtually forever, even in the absence of rehearsal
permastore
What describes a factor in retrieval failure?
personal reasons for remembering, errors in storage, effects of time
Alzheimer disease involves deterioration of which of the following?
physical functioning reasoning memory language
Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those" This illustrates the_______________ effect
primacy
In terms of the effects of serial position, the _______________ effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning
primacy
The _______________ effect occurs because those items in a list are rehearsed more, they are more elaborately processed, and they are able to get the benefit of more rehearsal time with less competition from other items.
primacy
Gia is given a set of words to study, and hat is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -at. Gia is more likely to make -at into hat than cat or bat because of the concept known as _______________
priming
If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later we would say that the researcher used _______________. a type of implicit memory, to improve participant performance
priming
If a researcher activates information in participants' minds and the activation helps participants remember new information more efficiently later, we would say that the researcher used _______________, a type of implicit memory to improve participant performance.
priming
Serenity is given a set of study, and dog is one of those words. On a later task, she is asked to complete the following item: -og. Serenity is more likely to make -og into dog than hog or bog because of the concept known as _______________
priming
Your best female friend is getting married and has decided to take her husband's surname. Now, whenever you try to remember her full name, her maiden name pops into your mind instead of her newer surname. This is an example of _______________
proactive interference
You have studied French for years, but you are now taking a class in Spanish. When asked the Spanish word for red, you come up with the French word instead. This is an example of _______________
proactive interference.
Angel hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This illustrates _______________ memory
procedural
Skylar lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _______________ memory
procedural
_______________ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; _______________ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items
recall; recognition
The _______________ effect occurs because the last several items in a list may still be in working memory, and the placement of the items' presentation within a list makes them easier to recall.
recency
A multiple-choice question that requires that you remember what you have seen before is an example of a _______________ task
recognition
The conscious repetition of information is also known as _______________
rehearsal
The memory technique of _______________ does not work well for retaining information over the long term because it often involves just mechanically repeating information
rehearsal
You don't have any paper or pencil to write the phone number someone is giving you, so you repeat the number until you are able to write it down. This is an example of _______________
rehearsal
When you have completed a class or lecture, you should enhance encoding by _______________ the material by rewriting or retyping the information.
rehearsing
Special cases of memory retrieval have been researched and debated by cognitive psychologists. What describe a specials case in which special memory retrieval is utilized?
relevance to the self, their emotional or traumatic character, or because they show unusually high levels of apparent accuracy
Kenji seemed to forget that he was abused by a family member when he was very young. When he later remembered that he was the victim of this abuse, he uncovered what psychologists call a _______________ memory
repressed
While in therapy, Lara remembers that she was sexually abused while she was a very young child, even though she seems to have not remembered the abuse for most of her life. Lara may have uncovered a _______________ memory.
repressed
Memory is defined as the _______________
retention of information or experience over time
In the context of processes involved in memory, which of the following is similar to locating and checking out a book in an actual library?
retrieval
Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as _______________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates
retrieval
The tip-of-the tongue phenomenon is a failure of _______________
retrieval
What is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?
retrieval
After years of taking French, you study Spanish. When the word for red in Spanish is required, you correctly say rojo. But you can't remember the French word for red. This is an example of _______________
retroactive interference.
After David sustained a traumatic brain injury, he has discovered that he can't remember anything that happened in the past four years, but he can learn new information just as well as he did before the injury. David is likely experiencing _______________ amnesia
retrograde
The term used for remembering to do something is prospective memory. The term used for remembering the past is _______________ memory
retrospective
Gladys has a lot on her mind. She has to remember the name of the garage where she gets her car's oil changed, which is an example of _______________ memory. She also has to remember that she needs to get the car's oil changed next Tuesday, which is an example of _______________ memory.
retrospective; prospective
A _______________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information
schema
A _______________ is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.
schema
Toddler Christine loves to play restaurant. She knows the whole routine: find a restaurant, be seated, look at menus, order food, eat food, pay, and leave. The best term for this is a _______________, which is a schema for an event
script
_______________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli
selective
Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _______________
selective attention
David has a lot of general knowledge about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______________ memory
semantic
Sandy has a lot of general knowledge, not tied to a particular time or place, about international affairs. This is an example of a type of explicit memory known as _______________
semantic
_______________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses
sensory
Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?
sensory memory
The three systems of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are _______________
sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory
The type of very brief visual memory that allows us to "write" in the air with a fireworks sparkler is _______________ memory
sensory or iconic
The _______________ position effect refers to the tendency to recall the items at the beginning and end of a list better than the items in the middle
serial
According to researchers such as George Miller, short-term memory's capacity is _______________ plus or minus _______________
seven; two
You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten is. This describes the limitations of _______________ memory
short-term
_______________ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer
short-term
You've just met John at a party and he gives you his phone number so you can get together later. You didn't write it down right away, and a few minutes later, you have forgotten it. This is because you failed to move the number from _______________ - term memory to _______________ - term memory
short; term
The process of retaining information for future use is called _______________
storage
The process of retaining information over time in some mental storehouse is referred to as _______________
storage
Which of the following is NOT a good tip to help you encode information successfully?
Engage in multitasking while learning the information.
T or F: Memory for traumatic events tends to become highly accurate over time
False, there are several factors that explain why even detailed memories for traumatic events may be inaccurate and become even less accurate over time
T or F: Each memory in the brain is stored in a single, specific location
False, there is no one location of where memories are stored
T or F: Flashbulb memories tend to be extremely accurate
False, they are often very accurate, the details may be incorrect
T or F: There are five levels of processing the encoding process
False; according to Craik and Lockhart, there are three levels of processing in encoding
The term amnesia refers to a loss of memory. Which of the following describe this memory disorder?
It can be anterograde or retrograde. It can affect memories differentially. It can affect the retention of new memories.
What is a limitation of rehearsal?
It doesn't work well for retaining information over the long term because it involves just mechanical repetition of information
What is true about explicit memory?
It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic it is sometimes referred to as declarative memory
What is true about working memory?
It is a mental blackboard, it consists of three parts, and it is an alternate conceptualization of the concept of short-term memory
Which of the following statements is true of Alzheimer disease?
It is a progressive brain disorder.
What are essential strategies for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)?
Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded. Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights.
What is true about eyewitness testimony?
Memory can be distorted by new information. Memory can fade. Bias may be involved.
What best describes the memory performance of participants who were asked to identify a series of pictures?
Participants were nearly 100 percent accurate after two hours but four months later could only remember about 57 percent with accuracy.
Which of the following are tips to help you encode information successfully?
Pay attention to the information. Make associations that connect the information to your own life. Use imagery. Make mental pictures of the information.
What can result in inaccurate memories for traumatic events?
People can make perceptual errors during encoding because the event is so traumatic. Information may be distorted in retelling the event to make the event seem less traumatic. Discussing the traumatic event with others may result in contaminating the memory with information from others.
_______________ amnesia is characterized by memory loss for a segment of the individual's past.
Retrograde
Which of the following are recommended for organizing for memory processes?
Review notes that you are preparing to memorize. Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Experiment with different organizational techniques.
Which of the following are recommended for rehearsing learned material?
Test yourself after looking at your notes. Rewrite or type your notes. Talk to people about what you have learned.
What explains why the primacy effect occurs?
The first few items are rehearsed more, are more elaboratively processed, and when the first items enter working memory, there is little competition for rehearsal time.
T or F: According to Baddeley's conceptualization of working memory, there are three components: the phonological loop, the visuo-spatial sketchpad, and the central executive
True
T or F: Ethnic bias is a factor in faulty memory
True
T or F: Marcus is enthusiastic about baking and has used his grandmother's apple pie recipe for a number of years. Recently, Marcus has been enrolled in pastry classes where he has learned to make six varieties of apple pie, and when he tries to make his grandmother's recipe, he becomes confused about the ingredients. This is an example of retroactive interference.
True
T or F: People with amnesia may forget episodic information but have semantic information still completely intact, and vice versa
True
Which of the following are important strategies for successful test-taking (which means retrieving information)?
Use retrieval cues to trigger your insights. Make sure your brain is well-rested and well-nourished. Look at the exam to find retrieval cues for the information that you have encoded.
Five-year-old Emmie loves to play "dentist's office." She knows the whole routine: go to the office, pretend to read a magazine, then get called into the office and sit in the dentist's chair. This describes _______________, which is a schema for an event
a script
What are examples of the recognition tasks?
a student takes a multiple choice test and a witness has to identify a criminal from a page of photographs
The general term _______________ refers to the loss of memory
amnesia
Traumatic memories appear to be linked to the release of stress-related hormones. In the brain, the _______________ and the _______________ are involved in the release of stress-related hormones
amygdala; hippocampus
Interference occurs when _______________
an instructor keeps talking as you are trying to write down what they just said.
Not being able to remember what happened after you fell down and hit your head is called _______________ amnesia
anterograde
H. M. could not remember things that happened after surgery to remove his hippocampus. This is an example of _______________
anterograde amnesia.
A special form of episodic memory is _______________ memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth
autobiographical
In a longitudinal study examining how long explicit memories last, researchers found that the forgetting of information tended to happen in the first _______________ years and then leveled off
3
In one longitudinal study, researchers found that the forgetting of academic information tended to level off within _______________ years of taking class
3
There are _______________ levels of autobiographical memory
3
Working memory has a different capacity than short-term memory. In working memory, if chunks are relatively complex, most young adults can remember how many chunks of information?
3 to 5
Short-term memory can retain about _______________ pieces of information
5 to 9 (7 +/- 2)
short-term memory can retain about _______________ pieces of complex information
5 to 9 (7+/- 2)
What are circumstances to motivated forgetting?
A person forgets something that is anxiety-laden and painful. Someone forgets an event that is a consequence of an emotional trauma.
Amanda believes that she did everything she could to study for her biology exam. She read the chapters right before the exam and doesn't understand why she didn't do well. What is the most likely explanation?
Amanda's never really encoded the material
What do researcher currently believe regarding amnesia?
Amnesia reinforces the difference between semantic and episodic memory, as people with amnesia can have one type preserved with the other type impaired
What are the components of Baddeley's view of working memory?
central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad
Which of the following strategies can be used to increase the number of pieces of information that can be held in short-term memory?
chunk the information
Sam has to remember a 12-digit number that he generated for his computer password (198819892001). He remembers the information as the birth years of his three sisters 1988, 1989, 2001. Sam's strategy is _______________
chunking
Which of the following involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units?
chunking
_______________ involves grouping information into higher-order units that can be remembered as single units
chunking
A subtype of implicit memory involves _______________, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.
classical conditioning
One subtype of implicit memory involves _______________, which is the automatic learning of associations between stimuli. For example, a person who always gets bad news in work meetings may come to associate work meetings with anxiety.
classical conditioning
