Psychology 2000 Chapter 6

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of __________. a. cognitive mapping b. conditioning c. latent learning d. reinforcement

c. latent learning

d. infants suckle on their mother's breast

Which of these are examples of unlearned behaviors? a. riding a bike b. an infant that fears a rabbit c. dogs salivating at the sound of a bell d. infants suckle their mother's breast

variable ratio reinforcement schedule

number of responses differ before a behavior is rewarded

vicarious punishment

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model's behavior

vicarious reinforcement

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model's behavior

continuous reinforcement

rewarding a behavior every time it occurs

fixed ratio reinforcement schedule

set number of responses must occur before a behavior is rewarded

conditioned stimulus (CS)

stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulu

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

negative reinforcement

taking away an undesirable stimulus to increase a behavior

observational learning

type of learning that occurs by watching others

reflex

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment: a motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment.

behaviors

Both instincts and reflexes are innate _______ that organisms are born with

conditioned response (CR)

response caused by the conditioned stimulus

spontaneous recovery

return of a previously extinguished conditioned response

partial reinforcement

rewarding behavior only some of the time

shaping

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that elicits a reflexive response

instinct

unlearned knowledge, involving complex patterns of behavior; instincts are thought to be more prevalent in lower animals than in humans

habituation

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

c. learning

Why do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? a. conditioning b. instincts c. learning d. reflexes

d. John B. Watson

________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. a. B.F. Skinner b. Edward Thorndike c. Ivan Pavlov d. John B. Watson

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that does not initially elicit a response

stimulus discrimination

ability to respond differently to a similar stimuli

positive reinforcement

adding a desirable stimulus to increase a behavior

positive punishment

adding a desirable stimulus to stop or decrease a behavior

fixed interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time

variable interval reinforcement schedule

behavior is rewarded after unpredictable amounts of time have passed

law of effect

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behaviors that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

learning

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

primary reinforcer

has innate reinforcing qualities (i.e. food, water, shelter, sex)

higher-order conditioning

(also, second-order conditioning) using a conditioned stimulus to condition a neutral stimulus

b. model

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ___________. a. cognition b. model c. response d. stimulus

d. shaping

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? a. acquisition b. learning c. reinforcement d. shaping

extinction

decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the conditioned stimulus

stimulus generalization

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

form of learning in which the stimulus/experience happens after the behavior is demonstrate

associative learning

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning)

classical conditioning

learning in which the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired or associated with the behavior

latent learning

learning that occurs, but it may not be evident until there is a reason to demonstrate it

cognitive map

mental picture of the layout of the environment

unconditioned response (UCR)

natural (unlearned) behavior to a given stimulus

acquisition

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus will begin to elicit the conditioned response

model

person who performs a behavior that serves as an example (in observational learning)

c. increases

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. a. decreases b. depends on the CS-UCR relationship c. increases d. is not affected

a. negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, _________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. a. negative reinforcement b. positive reinforcement c. punishment d. punishment reinforcement

c. punishment

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? a. acquisition b. extinction c. punishment d. recovery

a. acquisition

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. a. acquisition b. conditioning c. extinction d. neutral stimulate

b. observational

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. a. latent b. observational c. Pavlovian d. vicarious

secondary reinforcer

has no inherent value unto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else (i.e. money, gold stars, poker chips)

punishment

implementation of a consequence in order to decrease a behavior

reinforcement

implementation of consequence in order to increase a behavior