Psychology - Chap 6 - 11 review

A person is usually described as 'gifted' if he or she has an IQ in the range of

130-140.

________ are enduring aspects of our personalities that set the threshold for the occurrence of particular emotional states.

Affective traits.

Who is credited with developing the first test of intelligence?

Alfred Binet.

Which of the following can be considered a key aspect of consciousness?

Attention

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

Auditory.

________ is defined as an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a perceived lack of control during the eating session.

Bulimia nervosa.

A weakness of facial muscles and muscles in limbs that people experience with narcolepsy is

Cataplexy.

Raj is an employed who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in ___ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems.

Circadian Rhythm

________ is applicable to the tests that measure the concept it claims to measure.

Construct validity.

Which of the following tests is used to study sustained attention?

Continuous Performance Test (CPT)

__ is another term for explicit memory because it refers to memories that can be deliberately accessed.

Declarative memory.

Which of the following people is motivated by an intrinsic factor?

Despite her fear of heights, Donna begins mountain climbing because she loves the challenge of overcoming her fear.

Which of the following is true of dieting?

Dieting, particularly in the pattern of losing and regaining weight, can alter immune function.

___ memory is short-term retention of sounds.

Echoic.

The day Roxanne graduated from college is one of the most important days of her life. The memory of the day will stay with her forever. However, before the memories of the day can be stored in her long-term memory, information about her graduation day will first have to be temporarily stored in the -

Episodic buffer.

Identify a true statement about eating disorders.

European American middle- to upper-class girls are especially at risk for developing them.

In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the:

Evening.

The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ______ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease.

Ginkgo biloba.

Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?

Growth of new neurons.

What was Lewis Terman's contribution to intelligence testing?

He translated Binet's test for American students and established national norms for the test.

Neil is participating in a lab experiment. He sits in front of a computer screen on which four digits are flashed for 30 milliseconds. Then the screen goes blank. Neil is subsequently asked to recall the digits. Neil is participating in an experiment that is most likely testing his __________ memory.

Iconic.

__ memory is the trace memory of a visual sensation.

Iconic.

Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person?

Inability to communicate

Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild to moderate intake of tea and energy drinks?

Increased heart rate

___ is defined as taking more than 20 minutes to fall asleep, having trouble staying asleep, and/or not feeling rested after a nights sleep for 2 or more consecutive weeks.

Insomnia.

________ can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge.

Intelligence.

In the context of long-term memory, identify an accurate statement about implicit memory.

Ir resides outside conscious awareness.

Which of the following statements accurately describes a function of sleep.

It helps in the cleanup of cerebral toxins that build up throughout the day.

Which of the following statements describes a consequence of sleep deprivation?

It impairs the production of the chemicals that make up the myelin sheath.

Which of the following statements is true about the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence?

It involves broad intelligence that includes memory and processing speed.

Which of the following statements is true about the neuropeptide oxytocin?

It is well known for its role in lactation and bonding in mammals, especially females.

Which of the following statements about sleep is accurate?

It slows metabolism.

How did the K-ABC differ from the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests?

It was designed to measure several distinct aspects of intelligence.

According to the Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, who among the following is most likely to have high interpersonal intelligence?

Karen, who is a social worker.

Who among the following would be considered overweight, but not obese?

Maria has a BMI of 27.

Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to cancer and other chronic conditions?

Marijuana.

Who among the following proposed that men and women go through four phases of sexual arousal—excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution—but that they do so somewhat differently?

Masters and Johnson

Which of the following is TRUE about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory?

Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.

As part of his theory of how neural connections form and how synaptic connections change, Donald Hebb suggested that

Neurons that fire together, wire together.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about people who sleepwalk?

People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up.

Which of the following best describes Arthur Jensen's conclusions regarding IQ?

Racial-ethnic differences in IQ must be at least partly genetic in origin.

There is increasing evidence that ____ is/are the source of most of the multitasking behavior college students engage in while working.

SNSs

__ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain.

Sensory memory.

How does human intelligence change across the lifespan?

Short-term working memory dips after the age of 65.

Which of the following statements is true of the effects of sleep on the human body?

Sleep triggers the production of enzymes that fight cell damage.

In the context of brain stimulation and memory, identify a finding of research on transcranial direct current stimulation.

Stimulation during sleep improves recall of word pairs and pictures of young and older adults.

Conscious awareness occurs when neurons from many distinct brain regions work together in a process called

Synchronization

Which of the following senses lacks its own processing regions?

Taste.

Which of the following is true for the commonly-used intelligence tests?

The Stanford-Binet tests failed to consider Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

When one plots intelligence scores on a graph, one sees a very clear bell curve, with most people falling in the middle and a few people at the high and low ends of the curve. Which of the following is true for the bell curve?

The curve indicates that relatively few people are exceptionally gifted.

The participants in a study on memory are given a long list of household products to memorize within an hour. At the end of the house, one group of participants is asked to recall the products immediately, and most of them can recall up to 90% of the items on the list. The other group of participants is asked to recall the list after two days, and most of them can only recall around 50% of the items on the list. In the context of forgetting and memory loss, the results of this study demonstrate

The forgetting curve.

According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them?

The growth of new neurons was inhibited.

In the context of the psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is a difference between the manifest level and the latent level of dreams?

The manifest level is Freud's surface level of dreams, whereas the latent level is Freud's deeper, unconscious level of dreams.

In the context of memory distortion, ___ occurs when information learned after the original event (crime) is wrong or misleading but gets incorporated into the memory as true.

The misinformation effect.

Which of the following statements best describes the phenomenon of a flow state?

The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity

In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon of short-term memory called -

The serial position effect.

Which of the following statements is TRUE about transcranial direct current stimulation?

The technique is usually considered painless and safe.

Esther took a science test on Monday. She took the same test again on Wednesday. Her intelligence quotient (IQ) scores on the test were different on both occasions. Even though the test items are correlated with each other, the science professor claims that the test did not adequately test the concept taught in the class. Which of following statements is true about the test?

The test has internal reliability.

Which of the following theories best answers the question "How intelligent are you?"

The theory that considers intelligence as a single, general capacity.

In the context of non-REM sleep, ___ slower and lower energy waves than alpha, occur as we enter N1 sleep - when the sensory curtain drops and we have a reduced awareness of the outside world.

Theta waves.

Which of the following is true of food preferences?

They are shaped by evolutionary forces and by culture.

In the context of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE of alpha waves?

They are slower, higher-energy waves than beta waves.

According to the research done by Teresa Amabile and her colleagues, which of the following is true of companies that most successfully motivate their employees and inspire their creativity?

They create positive emotions in workers, such as satisfaction, pride, and elation.

Which of the following is true of needs?

They occur due to some deficiency.

There are ___ stages of non-REM sleep, each marked by unique brain wave patterns.

Three.

Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called

Transcranial direct current stimulation.

Which of the following is a difference between concentration techniques and mindfulness meditation?

Unlike concentration techniques, mindfulness meditation encourages attention to the details of momentary experience.

What is a reaction range?

a genetically determined range within which a given trait may fall.

Memory loss caused by brain injury and disease is known as

amnesia.

In the context of the triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ involves judging, evaluating, or comparing and contrasting information.

analytic intelligence.

Which of the following is an essential factor in intrinsic motivation?

autonomy.

Leo considers himself shy. He starts working in a multinational company and desires to make new friends to be accepted at his new workplace. In order to do so, Leo tries to make new acquaintances and maintain cordial relationships with his colleagues. Leo has the need to

belong.

Drives come from the ________ environment, while incentives come from the ________ environment.

biological; external

In the context of the models of motivation, maintaining homeostasis is a major motivating factor in the ________ model of motivation.

drive reduction.

Which of the following is the first phase of human sexual arousal?

excitement.

According to John Atkinson, the ________ refers to an individual's evaluation of the likelihood of succeeding at a task.

expectation of success.

According to Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence, ________ involves how fast you learn new things.

fluid intelligence.

Much of the research on the amygdala has centered on its pivotal role in

forming quick appraisals during threatening or fear-inducing situations.

Matthew sees a nail sticking out from a board which he wishes to push inside. Though there is a brick lying nearby, it does not occur to him that it can serve well to fix the nail. Consequently, he wastes time searching for a hammer. Which of the following does Matthew exhibit?

functional fixedness.

The growling in our stomach when we are hungry results primarily as a result of

gastric secretions.

The WAIS and WISC are tests of ________ that were created by ________.

intelligence; Wechsler.

___ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall.

interference.

Devon works as a customer service employee in a retail store. He understands the behaviors and feelings of his customers very well and empathizes with them during difficult times. According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Devon has a high level of

interpersonal intelligence.

A prodigy is one who

is extremely gifted and precocious in one area.

Sleep deprivation decreases the activity of the appetite-suppressing hormone ________, leading to a sense of never being full.

leptin.

Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in

long-term memory

In the context of brain functions, _____ is defined as the strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron.

long-term potentiation.

In the context of cultural views on intelligence, Asian cultures differ from American cultures in that Asian cultures emphasize

mindfulness.

The brains of creative people have both more connections between ________ and more ________ than less creative people.

neurons; myelin.

Which of the following sexual phases do women often bypass altogether?

orgasm.

Which of the following is associated with fluid intelligence?

pattern recognition.

In the levels of processing model of memory and recall, which of the following is the stage of midlevel processing?

phonemic.

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, arrange the correct sequence of needs in order from lowest to highest.

physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization.

Due to its involvement in planning, impulse control, and working memory, the ________ of the human brain plays a role in the appraisal and reappraisal of emotion.

prefrontal cortex.

Which of the following lists the stages of creative problem-solving?

preparation, incubation, insight, and elaboration-verification.

Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of the long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged?

retrieval.

Sana can easily recall almost everything she learned at school about water bodies on earth. She remembers the names of the major rivers in the United States, as well as the names of the major seas and oceans in the world. In the context of long-term memory, Sana's ability to recall geographic facts that she learned at school is an example of ________.

semantic memory.

___ occurs when a person gets out of bed during sleep, usually during the first third of the sleep cycle, and engages in activities that normally occur during wakefulness.

sleep walking

Jenita has just entered middle school. Although a shy adolescent by nature, she has a great desire to make friends and be accepted in school. Therefore, she decides to be more open to making new friends and maintaining cordial relationships with her classmates. On the basis of Jenita's actions, which of the following is he expressing?

the need for affiliation.