Psychology: Chapter 12
persistent fear of a specific object or situation
specific phobia
Why do mental health workers use the DSM V?
to classify psychological disorders
confused or unintelligible mixture of seemingly random words and phrases symptom of neurological or mental disorder (common in schizophrenia)
word salad
Why is the classification of psychological disorders so important to mental health care?
would not be able to communicate and scientific progess would stop
tendency to attribute one's behavior to internal and external factors, stable or unstable factors, and global or specific factors
attributional styles
mood alternate between two extreme poles (elation and depression); manic depression
bipolar disorder
mood alternates between two extreme poles (elation and depression); manic depression
bipolar disorder
characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, mood, and lack of impulse control
borderline personality disorder
fear of tight, small places
claustrophobia
fussy, neat, perfectionist, punctual, formal to extreme
complusive personality
persistent gross disturbances in eating patterns (anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa)
eating disorders
inappropriate smiling or silliness (growing less common)
hebephrenic schizophrenia
In dissociative _________ disorder, the person behaves as if distinct personalities occupy the body.
identity
Depressed people are more likely than other people to make _______ (internal or external) attributions for failures
internal
possible explanation for some depressive behavior, based on findings that organism in aversive situations learn to show inactivity when their behavior not reinforced
learned helplessness
repetition of self-defeating habits
neurosis
anxiety provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational beyond control
obsession
Behavior is labeled abnormal when it is unusual, is socially unacceptable, involves faulty __________ of reality (as with hallucinations), and is dangerous, self-defeating, or distressing.
perception
symptoms of schizophrenia that indicate the presence of inappropriate behavior such as hallucinations, delusions, agitation, and inappropriate giggling
positive symptoms
personality disorder characterized by social withdrawal
schizoid personality disorder
Personality Disorder: oddities of thought and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behavior
schizotypal personality disorder
characterized by oddities of thoughts and behavior but not involving bizarre psychotic behaviors
schizotypal personality disorder
alternate between extreme happiness and deep depression (Bipolar Disorder)
Manic-Depression
easily hurt, reluctant to become involved with people, avoid contact with others, shyness in social situations, feeling socially inept
avoidant personality
attributing unusual behavior and psychological disorders to demons and supernatural forces
demonological model
one feels detached from oneself or that one's surroundings aren't real
depersonalization-derealization disorder
hormone secreted by adrenal glands, especially during stress, increases rates of blood circulation, breathing, and carbohydrate metabolism
adrenaline
another name for mood disorders
affective disorder
may continue activities but forget who they are
amnesia
(psychopath, sociopath) use resources in an unproductive way, disregard right or wrong, persistent lying or deceit to exploit, manipulative, sense of superiority, violate rights of others, lack empathy/remorse, poor/abusive relationships, can't recognize negative actions
antisocial character
a progressive form of mental deterioration characterized by loss of memory, language, problem solving, and other cognitive functions
Alzheimer's Disease
manual of psychological disorders compiled by the American Psychiatric Association
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the Mental Disorders (DSM V)
About twice as many women as me are diagnosed with major depression each year. What are some of the possible reasons for this gender difference?
More likely to experience physical and sexual abuse, poverty, single parenthood, and sexism.
Personality Disorder: social withdrawal
Schizod personality disorder
an important tool for mental health workers
diagnosis
unconsciously perform acts that can not be remembered momoents later
fugue
erroneous beliefs that one is being victimized or persecuted
ideas of persecution
somatoform disorder characterized by persistent belief that one is ill despite lack of medical findings
illness anxiety disorder
inappropriate laughter and happiness
mania
personality trait characterized largely by persistent anxiety
neuroticism
In ___________ - ___________ disorder, people are troubled by intrusive thoughts or impulses to repeat some activity.
obsessive-compulsive
characterized by persistent suspiciousness but not involving the disorganization of paranoid schizophrenia
paranoid personality disorder
Type of Schizophrenia: feelings of being persecuted (most common)
paranoid schizophrenia
disorder that follows a distressing event outside the range of normal human experience that is characterized by features such as intense fear, avoidance
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
neurotransmitter involved in emotional arousal and sleep; deficiencies of serotonin have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia
serotonin
fear of high places
acrophobia
fear of open, crowded places
agoraphobia
life threatening eating disorder characterized by extreme fear of being too heavy; dramatic weight loss, distorted body image, resistance to eating enough to maintain healthy weight
anorexia nervosa
person who is in frequent conflict with society, yet who is undeterred by punishment and experiences; little or no guilt or anxiety
antisocial personality disorder
disorders characterized by excessive worrying, fear of losing control, nervousness, and inability to relax
anxiety disorders
person unwilling to enter into relationships without assurance of acceptance because of fears of rejection and criticism
avoidant personality disorder
The psychotic disorder known as __________ is characterized by impaired motor activity and waxy flexibility.
catatonic
explains psychological disorders in terms of biological vulnerabilities, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors
contemporary psychological model
anxiety or unconscious conflicts are "converted" into physical symptoms that often have the effect of helping the person cope with anxiety or conflict
conversion disorder
feared emotion is repressed, then converted unconsciously into a sensory disability
conversion reaction
doing the thing you most fear
counterphobic behavior
disorders in which there are sudden, temporary changes in consciousness or self-identity
dissociative disorders
disorder in which a person appears to have 2 or more distinct identities or personalities that may alternately emerge
dissociative identity disorder (DID) (also known as Multiple Personality Disorder)
any of a group of steroid hormones that promote the development and maintenance of female characteristics of the body
estrogen
Manic people may have grand delusional schemes and show rapid _______ of ideas.
flight
the induction of a state of consciousness in which a person apparently loses the power of voluntary action and is highly responsive to suggestion or direction
hypnosis
characterized by misinterpretation of physical symptoms and fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance
hypochondriasis
(histrionic) dramatic, self-centered, wants attention, flirty, provocative behavior, obsessed with self-image, emotional instability
hysterical personality
French term descriptive of lack of concern for their (imagined) medical problem sometimes shown by people with conversion disorders
la belle indifference
elated, showing excessive excitement
manic
psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes, impair ability to function
mood disorders
rare, complex; different personalities living in one person
multiple personality disorder
refusal to talk
mutism
exaggerates self-importance, achievements, and talents; need admiration, lack understanding of others' feelings, belittle others, harbor secret feeling of insecurity, shame and vulnerability
narcissistic personality
A ________ is an irrational, excessive fear.
phobia
Slowness in motor activity and (apparently) in thought
psychomotor retardation
serious mental impairment in old age caused by physical deterioration of the brain
senile psychosis
an irrational, excessive fear of public scrutiny
social anxiety disorder
a person with a personality disorder manifesting itself in extreme antisocial attitudes and behavior and a lack of conscience
sociopath
How is a phobic disorder different from a panic disorder?
Phobic - excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations Panic - abrupt anxiety attack that is apparently unrelated to specific objects or situations
the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance, thing, or activity
addiction
severe upheaval of feelings, distorted emotions
affective psychosis
People with dissociative _________ forget their own identities but retain general knowledge and skills.
amnesia
psychotic disorder characterized by persistent false beliefs
delusional disorder
similar to paranoid type; more obvious personality disorganization; displayed in bizarre, silly, or infantile behavior
disorganized schizophrenia
dissociative disorder marked by loss of memory or self identity, skills and general knowledge usually retained
dissociative amnesia
recurrent experiencing of attacks of extreme anxiety in the absence of external stimuli that usually elicit anxiety
panic disorder
people complain of physical (somatic) problems even though no physical abnormality can be found
somatoform disorder
can be traced to a bad experience or memory
unreasonable fear
What are the 6 criteria for behaviors or mental processes to be considered a psychological disorder?
They are unusual They suggest faulty perception or interpretation of reality They suggest severe personal distress They are self-defeating They are dangerous The individuals behavior is socially unacceptable
like PTSD, characterized by feelings of anxiety and helplessness and caused by a traumatic event; occurs within a month of the event and lasts 2 days to 4 weeks
acute stress disorder
psychological disorders in terms of biological vulnerabilities, psychological factors (exposure to stress and sociocultural factors such as family relationships and cultural beliefs)
biopsychosocial model
very strange or unusual
bizarre
fears abandonment, impulsive, not good in relationships, intense mood swings, self-injurious and suicidal behaviors, chronic feeling of emptiness, unstable
borderline personality
psychotic condition characterized by striking motor impairment
catatonia
withdrawn, uncommunicative, motionless behavior, long periods of immobility, "frozen" postures and general unresponsiveness (may alternate with uncontrollable excitement)
catatonic schizophrenia
grouping words, unusually rhyming words, that are based on similar-sounding sounds, even though the words themselves don't have any logical reason to be grouped together (Common in Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia)
clang associations
seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce the anxiety
compulsion
false, persistent beliefs that are unsubstantiated by sensory or objective evidence
delusions
Common Cold of Mental Health?
depression
neurotransmitter that affects the ability to perceive pleasure, voluntary movement, and learning and memory; it's involved in Parkinson's Disease and appears to play a role in Schizophrenia
dopamine
mood disorder involving a pattern of comparatively mild depression that lasts for at least 2 years
dysthymic disorder
perception in the absence of sensory stimulation that is confused with reality
hallucinations
a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings of worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest
major depression
serious to severe depressive disorder which the person may show loss of appetite psychomotor retardation, and impaired reality testing
major depressive disorder
assumes illnesses have physical or biological causes that can be identified and that people afflicted by them are to be cured with treatment or therapy
medical model
symptoms of schizophrenia that reflect the absence of appropriate behavior, such as blank faces, monotonic voices, and motionless bodies
negative symptoms
These 3 general treatments will help with what? gain control over early life experiences desensitize or retain using behavioral techniques pharmacological substances
neurosis
reason for apprehension is not obvious or there is an exaggerated reaction
neurotic anxiety
use rituals to help ego master the anxiety
neurotic compulsion
do not know why depression exists
neurotic depression
anxiety disorder defined by recurrent, anxiety-provoking thoughts or images that seem irrational and beyond control (obsessions) an seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety (compulsions)
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
personality ttraits, troublesome and persistent
personality disorders
lose touch with reality
psychosis
physical disorder with emotional cause
psychosomatic disease
reaction is far out of proportion of the situation
psychotic depression
after a severe schizophrenic episode, a person may continue to show signs of the disorder
residual schizophrenia
groups of serious mental disorders (psychoses) characterized by: disturbed thinking, odd speech patterns, illogical thinking bizarre behavior
schizophrenia
may forget unwanted memories (consciously or unconsciously) -> defense mechanism
selective forgetting
sleepwalking
somnambulism
serious and often persistent mental illnesses characterized by disturbances in reality orientation, thinking, and social involvement (found in schizophrenia)
thought disorder
symptoms are so mixed or indefinite that they don't fit into any single type of schizophrenia
undifferentiated schizophrenia
feelings of dread and foreshadowing and sympathetic arousal of at least duration
generalized anxiety disorder
patterns of behavior or mental processes that are connected with emotional distress or significant impairment in functioning
psychological disorders
4 general categories of diagnosis?
Neurosis, Personality Disorders, Psychosomatic Disease, Psychosis
person cannot remember things and no physiological basis for the disruption in memory can be identified
psychogenic amnesia
What type of disorders are the following: specific phobic disorders, social anxiety disorders, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorders.
anxiety disorders
In ________ ________ disorder, people complain of physical problems or persist in believing they have a serious disease, even though no medical problem can be found.
illness anxiety
_____________ disorders are inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that impair personal or social functioning and are a source of distress to the individual or to others.
personality
enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individual or others
personality disorder
enduring patterns of maladaptive behavior that are sources of distress to the individuals of others
personality disorder
fear of something that seriously limit a person's freedom of movement
phobia
presence of delusion and hallucinations
psychotic episodes
rapid speech and topic changes, characteristic of manic behavior
rapid flight of ideas
people complain of physical (somatic) problems even though no physical abnormality can be found
somatoform
condition in which the senses, thought, and movement are dulled
stupor
feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people can be molded into postures that they maintain for quite sometime
waxy flexibility
