Psychology Chapter 13.1

List of Psychosexual stages

1) Oral stage 2) Anal Stage 3) Phallic stage 4) Latency stage 5) Genital stage

List of Defense Mechanisms

1) denial 2) repression 3) projection 4) reaction formation 5) rationalization 6) displacement 7) sublimination

Anal Stage

2-3 Learning to control their bowels puts emphasis on butt

Phallic Stage

3-5 Direct energies towards genitals; discover that they have them and play with themselves (but not for sexual purposes)

Personality Trait

A characteristic A dispositional tendency to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances

Psychosexual Stages

According to Freud, developmental stages that correspond to distinct libidinal urges Progression through these stages profoundly affects personality In each stage, libido is focused on one of the erogenous zones: the butt, mouth, or genitals

Genital Stage

Adolescents and adults Attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood; channel libidinal urges into reproduction and contributing to society

Humanistic Approach

Approach to studying personality that emphasizes how people seek to fulfill their potential through greater self-understanding Emphasize personal experience, belief systems, the uniqueness of the human condition, and the inherent goodness in each person Proposes that we fulfill our potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding (self-actualization) Developed in the backdrop of deterministic theories that proposed that personality characteristics arose from forces beyond a person's control

Albert Bandura

Argued that our mental capacities interact with our environments to influence our behavior and personality Mental capacities include beliefs, thoughts, and expectations Important determiner of behavior is self-efficacy

Projection

Attributing unacceptable qualities of the self to someone else ex) competitive person describes others as super competitive

Eyenck's Hierarchical Model

Begins at the specific response level; specific responses are observed behaviors Habitual Response level: occurs if the person repeats a specific response occasionally People who exhibit continuous habits possess that trait, which ultimately feeds back up to the superordinate level

Trait

Behavioral dispositions that endure over time and across situations Exist on a continuum

Freud

Believed that problems in patients were psychogenic, or caused by psychological rather than physical factors Developed psychodynamic theory Believed that the powerful forces that drive behavior are often in conflict (psychodynamic theory) Believed that early childhood experiences have a major impact on the personality (psychosexual stages) Controversial ideas that are not well supported but very influential

Oral Stage

Birth- 18 months Infants seek pleasure through mouth (associated with breast feeding)

Latency Stage

Brief Children suppress libidinal urges or channel them into doing schoolwork or building friendships

Cognitive-social Theories of Personality

Brought about by the incorporation of cognition into learning theories Emphasize how personal beliefs, expectancies, and interpretations of social situations shape behavior and personality

Juliann Rotter

Built further on cognitive approach Introduced the idea that behavior is a function of two things: 1) our expectancies for reinforcement and 2) the values we ascribe to particular reinforcers Proposed that people differ in how much they believe their efforts will lead to positive outcomes: people with internal locus of control believe they bring about their own rewards, people with external locus of control believe rewards, and personal fates, result from forces beyond their control

Cognitive Approach

Built upon the behaviorist approach by incorporating cognition into the understanding of personality

Sublimation

Channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior ex) sadist becomes a surgeon or dentist

Introversion/Extraversion

Coined by Carl Jung Refers to how shy, reserved, or quiet a person is, or alternatively how outgoing, sociable, and bold a person is

Rationalization

Concocting a seemingly local reason or excuse for behavior that might otherwise be shameful ex) person cheats on taxes because "Everyone does it"

Trait Approach

Describes personality on the basis of behavioral dispositions, focusing on how individuals differ

Personality type

Discrete categories of people based on personality characteristics

George Kelly

Early cognitive theorist Emphasized how we view and understand our circumstances (personal constructs, or personal theories of how the world works) Stated that personal constructs develop through our experiences and represent our interpretation and explanations for events in our social worlds

Repression

Excluding a source of anxiety from awareness ex) person fails to remember an unpleasant event

Personality Psychologists

Explore the influence of culture, learning, biology, and cognition Some are interested in understanding whole persons (trying to understand as much about a single person as possible) Others study how individual characteristics influence behavior; concerned with how the particular characteristic influences behavior

Horney

Focused on the feat of abandonment

Libido

Force that drives the pleasure principle in the id; the energy that promotes pleasure seeking Acts on impulses and desires

Opedius Complex

Freudian theory that children desire an exclusive relationship with the opposite sex parent Consider their same sex parent a rival and develop hostility towards him or her Overcome this issue by repressing desires and identifying with the same sex parent Most applicable to boys

Psychodynamic Theory

Freudian theory that unconscious forces determine behavior Unconscious forces include: wishes, desires, or hidden memories

Hans Eyenck

Further reduced the number of basic traits Proposed a hierarchical model of personality Proposed that there are 3 superordinate traits: introversion/extraversion, emotional stability, and psychoticism

Neo-Freudians

Have rejected some aspects of Freudian thinking but have embraced the notion of unconscious conflict Emphasize more on human relationships Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney Adler and Horney rcriticized Freud's views on women Many reject emphasis on sexual forces Contemporary Neo-Freudians focus on social interactions, especially children's emotional attachments to their caregivers (object relations theory) Modern psychologists have largely abandoned psychodynamic theories

Psychological systems

Highlights the psychological nature of personality and that personality arises from basic biological processes

Organization

Indicated that the personality is a coherent whole

Psychodynamic Approach

Maintains that unconscious forces determine behavior and personality

Carl Rogers

Most prominent humanistic psychologist Introduced a person-centered approach to understanding personality and human relationships; emphasized people's subjective understandings of their lives Therapy involved creating a supportive and accepting environment Emphasized how parental treatment affects personality development; most parents provide conditional love, but a child raised with unconditional positive regard would develop a healthy sense of self-esteem and would become a fully-functioning person

Freud's Levels of Consciousness

Much of human behavior is influenced by the unconscious 1) Conscious level (tip of iceberg): small fraction of mental activity; consists of thoughts that we are aware of 2) Preconscious level (underneath the water): content that isn't currently in awareness but can be brought to awareness 3) Unconscious level (completely submerged; largest portion): contains material that the mind cant easily retrieve; these hidden memories, wishes, desires are often in conflict Unconscious conflicts produce anxiety or psychological discomfort, so they are often inaccessible. Sometimes however this information can leak into conscious (ex: Freudian slip)

Psychosexual Stage Fixation

People can become fixated at a certain stage during which they received excessive parental restriction or indulgence ex) oral personalities: those fixated at the oral stage; excessively needy ex) anal-retentive personalities: those fixated at the anal stage; stubborn and highly regulating

Characteristic

People do, think, and feel things relatively consistently over time

Freud's Structural Model of Personality

Personality consists of 3 interacting structures that vary in their access to consciousness 1) id: component of personality that is completely unconscious; operates according to the pleasure principle; exists at most basic level 2) superego: the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct; controls the id; still largely unconscious; rigid structure of morality or conscience 3) ego: mediates the id and superego; tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superego; operates according to the reality principle (involves rational thought and problem solving Unique interactions between the id, ego, and superego produces individual differences in personality Conflicts between the id and superego lead to anxiety, so the ego copes using defense mechanisms

Dynamic

Personality is goal seeking, sensitive to particular contexts, and adaptive to environment

3 Factors of Personality

Personality represents behavior that emerges from the interaction of three factors: 1) our interpretations of the social world 2) our beliefs about how we will affect our social situation 3) our beliefs about how we will be affected by our social situations Motives and strivings are an essential aspect of personality

Walter Mischel

Proposed the cognitive-affective personality system, which states that our personalities often fail to predict our behavior across different circumstances Instead, our responses are influenced by how we perceive a given situation, our affective (emotional) responses to the situation, our skills in dealing with challenges, and our anticipation of the outcomes of our behavior Emphasizes self-regularatory capacities

People Involved in Each Approach

Psychodynamic: Sigmund Freud Neo-freudians: Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney Humanistic: Carl Rogers Behaviorist: B.F. Skinner Cognitively Oriented: George Kelly, Juliann Rotter Cognitive-Social: Albert Bandura, Walter Mischel Contemporary: Raymond Cattell, Hans Eyenck

Different Approaches to Psychology

Psychodynamic: unconscious forces shape personality Humanistic: Emphasize personal growth and self understanding Behaviorist: personality results from histories of reinforcement Cognitively Oriented: focus on how thought processes affect personality Cognitive-social: incorporation of cognition into learning theories Contemporary: primarily interested in trait approaches to describe behavioral dispositions, and the biological basis of personality traits

Emotional Stability

Refers to how much a person's moods and emotions change A person low in stability is neurotic (experiences frequent and dramatic mood swings especially towards negative emotions; often feels anxious, moody, or depressed) Psychoticism: mix of aggression, impulse control, and empathy; aka constraint (person high is more aggressive, impulsive, and self centered)

Self-regularatory Capacities

Refers to our relative ability to set personal goals, evaluate our progress, and adjust our behavior accordingly

Denial

Refusing to acknowledge a source of anxiety ex) ill person ignores medical advice

Raymond Cattell

Set out to ascertain the basic elements of personality By performing factor analysis, or grouping items according to their similarities, identified 16 basic dimensions of personality

Displacement

Shifting the attention of emotion from one object to another ex) person yells at children after having bad day at work

Object Relations Theory

States that a person's mind and sense develop in relation to others in the particular environment

Personality

The characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances Combination of how we are born, environmental forces, and what we decide to be The dynamic organization within the individual of those psychological systems that determine characteristic behavior and thought

Five-Factor Theory

The idea that personality can be described using 5 basic personality traits 1) openness to experience 2) conscientiousness 3) extraversion 4) agreeableness 5) neuroticism Each factor exists on a continuum, and is a higher-order trait made up of interrelated lower-order traits The Big Five emerges across cultures, among adults and children even when vastly different questionnaires assess the factors People's scored consistently predict a wide variety of behaviors Few cross-cultural differences emerge Factor terms are descriptive Valuable as an organizational structure for the vast number of traits that describe personality Dominates the way that current psychologists study personality

Implicit Personality Theory

The study of two tendencies related to personality types: 1) we tend to assume that certain personality characteristics go together. Because of this, 2) we tend to make predictions about people based on minimal evidence

Defense Mechanism

Unconscious mental strategies that the mind uses to protect itself from distress Now believed to protect self esteem instead of relieving unconscious conflict over libidinal desires as Freud had thought

Behaviorist Approach

Viewed personality mainly as learned responses to patterns of reinforcement Rejected personality as arising from internal processes

Adler

Viewed primary conflict as based on fears of inadequacy, or the inferiority complex

Reaction Formation

Warding off an uncomfortable thought by overemphasizing the opposite ex) person with unacknowledged homosexual desires makes homophobic remarks