Psychology Chapter 5-8

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time? automatic processing effortful processing memory sensory encoding

memory

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working. --anchoring bias --functional fixedness --mental set --trial and error

mental set

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning. --latent --observational --Pavlovian --vicarious

observational

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? linear photoreceptor cornea optic

optic

What do the concepts of representational bias, anchoring bias, and hindsight bias all have in common? --All of the concepts are examples of functional fixedness. --All of the concepts are examples of mental set. --All of the concepts are examples of problem-solving strategies. --None of the concepts occur in preindustrial societies.

All of the concepts are examples of mental set.

To maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. --CS + UCS; continuous --CS + UCS; intermittent --UCS alone; continuous --UCS alone; intermittent

CS + UCS; continuous

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. --Edward C. Tolman --Ivan Pavlov --Little Albert --Rosalie Rayner

Edward C. Tolman

Who experimented with rats to demonstrate that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? --B. F. Skinner --Edward C. Tolman --Ivan Pavlov --John B. Watson

Edward C. Tolman

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. --classical --operant --response --stimulus

classical

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? --conditioning --instincts --learning --reflexes

learning

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________. comea; iris fovea; lens iris; retina lens; fovea

lens; fovea

Nima excels at working with numbers in subjects such as calculus and algebra. This exemplifies ________ intelligence. bodily kinesthetic interpersonal logical-mathematical spatial

logical-mathematical

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. encoded long-term sensory visual

long-term

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. shorter wavelengths longer wavelengths wavelengths of indeterminate length intermediate wavelengths

longer wavelengths

Longer wavelengths will have ________ frequencies, and shorter wavelengths will have ________ frequencies. lower; higher longer; shorter higher; lower shorter; longer

lower; higher

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. distinguish the fat content of food feel pain maintain balance and body posture regulate body temperature

maintain balance and body posture

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? --acquisition --extinction --punishment --recovery

punishment

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. declarative memory hyperthymesia rehearsal relearning

rehearsal

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding. acoustic effortful semantic visual

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory? --implicit and explicit --procedural and implicit --semantic and episodic --short-term and long-term

semantic and episodic

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes? effortful procedural recall sensory

sensory

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel? mild moderate profound severe

severe

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior? --acquisition --learning --reinforcement --shaping

shaping

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________. as a result of old age as a result of disease due to deliberate damage since birth

since birth

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? feeling the warmth of the sun hearing an airplane fly overhead smelling cookies in the oven tasting white chocolate fudge

smelling cookies in the oven

The word ________ is both a morpheme and a phoneme. Bob I thump you

I

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure? biometric somatosensory Gestalt Pacinian

Gestalt

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory? Aerobic exercise promotes neurogenesis. If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. In order to remember information, you should build a web of retrieval cues to help you access material when you want to remember it. Overlearning can help prevent storage decay.

If you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there.

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct? Communication among neurons via the amygdala is critical for developing new memories. The amygdala is a processing area for explicit memories. The amygdala is involved in normal recognition memory as well as spatial memory. The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

The amygdala is involved in the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory.

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. --acquisition --conditioning --extinction --neutral stimulate

acquisition

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence. academic analytical creative practical

analytical

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb graduated retrograde

anterograde

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. --associational --instinctive --processual --reflexive

associational

After the first few months of life, babies enter what is known as the ________ stage, during which time they tend to produce single syllables, such as buh-buh, that are repeated over and over. babbling baby talk lexicon phoneme

babbling

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization? --being conditioned not to laugh at hats --being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats --being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats --being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. responsiveness sublimation blindness transduction

blindness

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we ________. can see only in the dark can't see can see can't see without sunlight

can see

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? --classical conditioning --controlled conditioning --physiological conditioning --psychic conditioning

classical conditioning

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory. --cognition --personality --schema --targeting

cognition

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. --cognitive map --fixed interval map --fixed ratio map --latent map

cognitive map

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. --continuous --partial --primary --secondary

continuous

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. lens; retina iris; pupil pupil; cornea cornea; pupil

cornea; pupil

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. --analytic --creative --crystallized --practical

creative

Bernadette has difficulty spelling words correctly while writing and mixes up letters within words and sentences. Which learning disability does she have? dysfunction dysgraphia dyslexia dysthymia

dyslexia

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? --acquisition --extinction --recovery --reflex

extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this? --fixed interval --fixed ratio --variable interval --variable ratio

fixed intervals

Hertz is a measure of ________. frequency purity pitch loudness

frequency

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. --higher order --initial --primary --secondary

higher order

The ________is also known as the anvil. hair cell cochlea incus malleus

incus

What is semantic memory? --information about events we have personally experienced --knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts --storage of facts and events we personally experienced --type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. --conditioned --latent --partial --primary

latent

A ________ is the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning. --letter --morpheme --phoneme --phonic

morpheme

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. --negative reinforcement --positive reinforcement --punishment --punishment reinforcement

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a __________. --conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response --neutral response and a conditioned response --neutral stimulus and a neutral response --neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor. sensation; perception perception; reception perception; sensation preception; postception

perception; sensation

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

pheromone

A(an) ________ is a basic sound unit of a given language. --audio --morpheme ---phoneme --syntax

phoneme

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. --classical --operant --primary --secondary

primary

Which of the following is an example of latent learning? --a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog --earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes --learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons --remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia. anterograde flashbulb graduated retrograde

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information. --antero-retro; flashbulb --anterograde; retrograde --flashbulb; retro-antero --retrograde; anterograde

retrograde; anterograde

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way. artificial event role script

role

Which of the following is an example of observational learning? --learning to speak Spanish by attending Spanish class --teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park --your brother refusing to play with you --your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________. --determining --processing --thinking --understanding

thinking

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. --immediately applying new information to a practical problem --organizing information into manageable bits or chunks --sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it --thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? top-down subliminal signal detection absolute threshold

top-down

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? umami and monosodium glutamate meat and vegetable umami and fat content monosodium and glutamate

umami and fat content

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule? --fixed interval --fixed ratio --variable interval --variable ratio

variable ratio

________ encoding is the encoding of images. acoustic effortful semantic visual

visual