Psychology Chapter 8 cumulative terms
examples of effortful processing
*studying for tests *muscle memory *rehearsal *semantic encoding
examples of relearning
--relearning a language not spoken since schooldays. --riding a bike after not using one since childhood.
anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia
-anterograde amnesia: memory loss for information since the accident -retrograde amnesia: memory loss for information before the damage occurred
cerebellum (memory)
-implicit memories are processed by cerebellum -learned skills you have -ex) speaking, riding a bike
hippocampus (memory)
-is critical for declarative memory functioning (especially episodic). -is especially important for spatial memory. -is especially important for configurable learning and binding. -is necessary for maintaining the connections for memory recall for extended periods of time.
examples of chunking
262-367-8600 not 2 6 2 3 6 7 8 6 0 0; MTV, FBI, NASA
acoustic vs visual encoding
Acoustic- Sound Visual- Image
automatic vs effortful processing
Automatic is often unconscious and the mind automatically processes steps and information for the task, effortful requires attention in order to understand and process information.
Example of Elaborative Rehearsal
Echoic memory reminds me of echo which is how I remember that it's the name for the sound memory.
encoding vs. retrieval
Encoding - Acquiring information and transferring it to LTM, Process occurring during initial learning/exposure Retrieval - Bringing info out of LTM and into the active contents of the mind
Encoding vs storage
Encoding: --the FIRST step in memory; process in which information gets into memory storage Storage: --Retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory
explicit vs implicit memory
Explicit memory - consciously acting to recall/recognize particular info. Ex. trying to remember a list of words you just saw. Implicit memory - recalling/recognizing info w/out consciously being aware of doing so. Ex. remembering meanings of words as you read without trying
Examples of Flashbulb Memories
JFK assassination; Ronald Reagan assassination attempt; Space Shuttle Challenger disaster; OJ Simpson trial; 9-11 events
Example of anterograde amnesia
Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.
examples of implicit memory
Procedural steps (tying your shoes) and deja vu.
Examples of memory
STM and LTM
STM vs LTM
STM: temporary storage limited capacity work space to accomplish goals LTM: permanent storage unlimited capacity does not process, just stores
semantic vs episodic memory
Semantic: memory of facts (e.g. birthdate) Episodic: memory of certain events in your life (e.g. 6th birthday party)
Types of Bias
Stereotypical bias, Egocentric bias, Hindsight bias
memory construction
The formulation of new memories
Example of Hindsight Bias
You set a glass platter on the edge of the counter while emptying the dishwasher, you bump the platter with your elbow and it falls and shatters and you "knew it was going to happen".
example of short term memory
a phone number, a short grocery list, a name, etc.
elaborative rehearsal
a technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Short-term memory (STM)
a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory
Length of short term memory
about 20-30 seconds
Examples of Forgetting
absent mindedness: inattention to detail transience: storage decay blocking: inaccessibility to store information
Recall
accessing information without cues
Retrieval
act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness
Examples of bias
age, education, economic, physical size, occupation, sexual preference, gender
amygdala (memory)
amygdala gives the memory the appropriate emotional tone. damage makes it impossible to remember the emotional characteristics of a memory
flashbulb memory
an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
Types of Amnesia
anterograde and retrograde
example of semantic memory
capital of the United States; who was the first president
rehearsal
conscious repetition of information to be remembered
Long-term memory (LTM)
continuous storage of information
Storage
creation of a permanent record of information
suggestibility
describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
Example of suggestibility
developing false memories for events that did not happen
Visual encoding
encoding of images
effortful processing
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
semantic encoding
encoding of words and their meaning
examples of explicit memory
episodic memory and semantic memory
types of declarative memory
episodic memory and semantic memory
persistence
failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones
example of misattribution
falsely thinking that someone is famous because they have a well-known name
example of recall
fill in the blank questions
example of transience
forgetting the plot of a movie
hindsight bias
happens when we think an outcome was inevitable after the fact
Misattribution
happens when you confuse the source of your information
memory-enhancing strategies
help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory
misinformation effect paradigm
holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
bias
how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events
Example of procedural memory
how to ride a bike/ski/play piano/swim
Recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
equipotentiality hypothesis
if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
Episodic memory
information about events we have personally experienced
Retroactive interference
information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information
encoding
input of information into the memory system
egocentric bias
involves enhancing our memories of the past
Stereotypical bias
involves racial and gender biases
semantic memory
knowledge about words, concepts, and language based knowledge and fact
absentmindedness
lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else
relearning
learning information that was previously learned
Length of sensory memory
less than 3 seconds
Example of memory storage
long-term memory
example of absentmindedness
losing your keys or forgetting a lunch date
amnesia
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
anterograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma
implicit memory
memories that are not part of our consciousness
explicit memory
memories we consciously try to remember and recall
Mnemonic devices
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding
transience
memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time
blocking
memory error in which you cannot access stored information
examples of mnemonic devices
memory formulas (acronyms, rhymes, acrostics
Length of long term memory
months years or even decades
examples of recognition
multiple choice
examples of long term memory
name, birthday, social security number, allergies, etc.
Chunking
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
proactive vs retroactive interference
p interference- disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info r interference- disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info
examples of declarative memory
phone number, a literary quote, or pathway of muscle contractions, etc.
Recognition vs. Recall
picking information out of groups vs. remembering off the top of head (older people better at recognition, while younger are better at recall)
memory reconstruction
process of bringing up old memories
Storage vs retrieval
process of retaining encoded information overtime process of getting information out of memory storage
false memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
Forgetting
refers to loss of information from long-term memory
example of persistence
remembered an embarrassing act
example of episodic memory
remembering your first day of school, Pain of a broken leg, high school graduation
examples of automatic processing
space: where you saw something in a text book time: sequence of events frequency: seen something X amount of times well-learned: jingles; sayings
Sensory Memory
storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes
Declarative memory
storage of facts and events we personally experienced
example of proactive interference
teacher has learnt so many names in the past that she has trouble remembering her current class
Example of retroactive interference
teacher learned so many new names this year, she has trouble remembering the names of the students last year
self-reference effect
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
automatic processing
the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
acoustic encoding
the encoding of sound, especially words
Engram
the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"
memory
the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
Example of encoding
to a 4 year old, an S in cursive writing is a shape different from an S that is printed. But a 10 year old has learned to encode the relevant fact that both are the letter S and to ignore the irrelevant differences in their shape.
memory consolidation.
to move STM into long-term memory
Procedural memory
type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim
proactive interference
when old information interferes with new information
prefrontal cortex (memory)
working memory essential for retrieval
example of blocking
you see an unfamiliar blinking light and the fire alarm goes off. The fire alarm causes you to stop drop and roll and nothing new is learned about the blinking light