Psychology Chapter 8 cumulative terms

examples of effortful processing

*studying for tests *muscle memory *rehearsal *semantic encoding

examples of relearning

--relearning a language not spoken since schooldays. --riding a bike after not using one since childhood.

anterograde amnesia vs retrograde amnesia

-anterograde amnesia: memory loss for information since the accident -retrograde amnesia: memory loss for information before the damage occurred

cerebellum (memory)

-implicit memories are processed by cerebellum -learned skills you have -ex) speaking, riding a bike

hippocampus (memory)

-is critical for declarative memory functioning (especially episodic). -is especially important for spatial memory. -is especially important for configurable learning and binding. -is necessary for maintaining the connections for memory recall for extended periods of time.

examples of chunking

262-367-8600 not 2 6 2 3 6 7 8 6 0 0; MTV, FBI, NASA

acoustic vs visual encoding

Acoustic- Sound Visual- Image

automatic vs effortful processing

Automatic is often unconscious and the mind automatically processes steps and information for the task, effortful requires attention in order to understand and process information.

Example of Elaborative Rehearsal

Echoic memory reminds me of echo which is how I remember that it's the name for the sound memory.

encoding vs. retrieval

Encoding - Acquiring information and transferring it to LTM, Process occurring during initial learning/exposure Retrieval - Bringing info out of LTM and into the active contents of the mind

Encoding vs storage

Encoding: --the FIRST step in memory; process in which information gets into memory storage Storage: --Retention of information over time and how this information is represented in memory

explicit vs implicit memory

Explicit memory - consciously acting to recall/recognize particular info. Ex. trying to remember a list of words you just saw. Implicit memory - recalling/recognizing info w/out consciously being aware of doing so. Ex. remembering meanings of words as you read without trying

Examples of Flashbulb Memories

JFK assassination; Ronald Reagan assassination attempt; Space Shuttle Challenger disaster; OJ Simpson trial; 9-11 events

Example of anterograde amnesia

Louis can remember his past, but has not been able to form new long-term memories since experiencing a brain infection 4 years ago.

examples of implicit memory

Procedural steps (tying your shoes) and deja vu.

Examples of memory

STM and LTM

STM vs LTM

STM: temporary storage limited capacity work space to accomplish goals LTM: permanent storage unlimited capacity does not process, just stores

semantic vs episodic memory

Semantic: memory of facts (e.g. birthdate) Episodic: memory of certain events in your life (e.g. 6th birthday party)

Types of Bias

Stereotypical bias, Egocentric bias, Hindsight bias

memory construction

The formulation of new memories

Example of Hindsight Bias

You set a glass platter on the edge of the counter while emptying the dishwasher, you bump the platter with your elbow and it falls and shatters and you "knew it was going to happen".

example of short term memory

a phone number, a short grocery list, a name, etc.

elaborative rehearsal

a technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Short-term memory (STM)

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory

Length of short term memory

about 20-30 seconds

Examples of Forgetting

absent mindedness: inattention to detail transience: storage decay blocking: inaccessibility to store information

Recall

accessing information without cues

Retrieval

act of getting information out of long-term memory storage and back into conscious awareness

Examples of bias

age, education, economic, physical size, occupation, sexual preference, gender

amygdala (memory)

amygdala gives the memory the appropriate emotional tone. damage makes it impossible to remember the emotional characteristics of a memory

flashbulb memory

an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

Types of Amnesia

anterograde and retrograde

example of semantic memory

capital of the United States; who was the first president

rehearsal

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

Long-term memory (LTM)

continuous storage of information

Storage

creation of a permanent record of information

suggestibility

describes the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

Example of suggestibility

developing false memories for events that did not happen

Visual encoding

encoding of images

effortful processing

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

semantic encoding

encoding of words and their meaning

examples of explicit memory

episodic memory and semantic memory

types of declarative memory

episodic memory and semantic memory

persistence

failure of the memory system that involves the involuntary recall of unwanted memories, particularly unpleasant ones

example of misattribution

falsely thinking that someone is famous because they have a well-known name

example of recall

fill in the blank questions

example of transience

forgetting the plot of a movie

hindsight bias

happens when we think an outcome was inevitable after the fact

Misattribution

happens when you confuse the source of your information

memory-enhancing strategies

help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory

misinformation effect paradigm

holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

bias

how feelings and view of the world distort memory of past events

Example of procedural memory

how to ride a bike/ski/play piano/swim

Recognition

identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue

equipotentiality hypothesis

if part of one area of the brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

Episodic memory

information about events we have personally experienced

Retroactive interference

information learned more recently hinders the recall of older information

encoding

input of information into the memory system

egocentric bias

involves enhancing our memories of the past

Stereotypical bias

involves racial and gender biases

semantic memory

knowledge about words, concepts, and language based knowledge and fact

absentmindedness

lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention or our focus being somewhere else

relearning

learning information that was previously learned

Length of sensory memory

less than 3 seconds

Example of memory storage

long-term memory

example of absentmindedness

losing your keys or forgetting a lunch date

amnesia

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

anterograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occur after the brain trauma

retrograde amnesia

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma

implicit memory

memories that are not part of our consciousness

explicit memory

memories we consciously try to remember and recall

Mnemonic devices

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding

transience

memory error in which unused memories fade with the passage of time

blocking

memory error in which you cannot access stored information

examples of mnemonic devices

memory formulas (acronyms, rhymes, acrostics

Length of long term memory

months years or even decades

examples of recognition

multiple choice

examples of long term memory

name, birthday, social security number, allergies, etc.

Chunking

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

proactive vs retroactive interference

p interference- disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new info r interference- disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old info

examples of declarative memory

phone number, a literary quote, or pathway of muscle contractions, etc.

Recognition vs. Recall

picking information out of groups vs. remembering off the top of head (older people better at recognition, while younger are better at recall)

memory reconstruction

process of bringing up old memories

Storage vs retrieval

process of retaining encoded information overtime process of getting information out of memory storage

false memory syndrome

recall of false autobiographical memories

Forgetting

refers to loss of information from long-term memory

example of persistence

remembered an embarrassing act

example of episodic memory

remembering your first day of school, Pain of a broken leg, high school graduation

examples of automatic processing

space: where you saw something in a text book time: sequence of events frequency: seen something X amount of times well-learned: jingles; sayings

Sensory Memory

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes

Declarative memory

storage of facts and events we personally experienced

example of proactive interference

teacher has learnt so many names in the past that she has trouble remembering her current class

Example of retroactive interference

teacher learned so many new names this year, she has trouble remembering the names of the students last year

self-reference effect

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

automatic processing

the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

acoustic encoding

the encoding of sound, especially words

Engram

the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of memory"

memory

the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

Example of encoding

to a 4 year old, an S in cursive writing is a shape different from an S that is printed. But a 10 year old has learned to encode the relevant fact that both are the letter S and to ignore the irrelevant differences in their shape.

memory consolidation.

to move STM into long-term memory

Procedural memory

type of long-term memory for making skilled actions, such as how to brush your teeth, how to drive a car, and how to swim

proactive interference

when old information interferes with new information

prefrontal cortex (memory)

working memory essential for retrieval

example of blocking

you see an unfamiliar blinking light and the fire alarm goes off. The fire alarm causes you to stop drop and roll and nothing new is learned about the blinking light