SOC 101 Chapter 7 Study Notes
The process of ______________ tends to be reinforced by the very organizations set up to correct deviant behavior such as prisons and social agencies
"learning to be deviant"
Those who do not ____ are condemned for their apparent inability to make marital progress
"succeed"
Prisons are expensive: ___ per year for a prisoner in the federal system
$25,327
The contributions of the sociological theories of crime and deviance are twofold
1) Theories emphasize the continuities between criminal and respectable behavior and demonstrate that the contexts in which particular activities are seen as deviant and are punishable by law widely 2) Context is important whether someone engages in a criminal act or comes to be regarded as a criminal is influenced by social learning and social surroundings
anomie
A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior
sanction
A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior
control theory
A theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it. Control theorists hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless they are rendered unable to do so through either social or physical controls
Secondary deviation
According to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviation, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.
primary deviation
According to Edwin Lemert, the actions hat cause others to label one as a deviant
labeling theory
An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others
differential association
An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime
crime
Any actions that contravene the laws established by a political authority. Although we may think of criminals as a distinct subsection of the population, there are few people who have not broken the law in one way or another during their lives. While laws are formulated by state authorities, it is not unknown for those authorities to engage in criminal behavior in certain situations
chivalry thesis
Argues police judges and magistrates are men and socialised to be chivalrous to women. Hood found women are 1/3 less likely to be jailed than men in similar cases
conflict theory
Argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature
Patterns of crime
Can simply shift from one domain to another
Feminists
Claim that understandings of violence are highly gendered and are influenced by perceptions about risk and responsibility
___ analyze crime and deviance in terms of the social structure and the preservation of power among the ruling class
Conflict theories
______ accept generally held values and the conventional means of realizing them, whether or not they meet with success
Conformists
cybercrime
Criminal activities by means of electronic networks or involving the use of information technologies. Electronic money laundering, personal identity theft, electronic vandalism, and monitoring electronic correspondence are all emergent forms of cybercrime
_____________ studies ignored half of the population
Criminological studies
Bernie Madoff
He is the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market and the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme that is considered to be the largest financial fraud in U.S. history.
Prison population in the United States
Larger than any others in the nation's history
____________ who display their homosexual identities in public are often blamed for making themselves vulnerable to crime, in a sense even provoking it
Lesbians and gay men
Violent aspects of corporate crime
Less visible and are just as real
Sexual minorities
More often treated as deserving of crime rather than as innocent victims
Internet-based fraud
One of the fastest-growing categories of crime in the United States and the 3rd greatest threat to US national security
Control theorists argue
Rather than changing the criminal, the best policy is to take practical measures to control the criminal's ability to commit crime
_______ have abandoned the competitive outlook rejecting both the dominant values and the approved means of achieving them.
Retreatists
______ conform to socially accepted standards, though they have lost sight of their underlying values
Ritualists
Laws
Rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power
Homosexual relationships
Seen as belonging to the private realm
deviant subculture
Subcultures whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority
Otto Pollak
Suggested that crimes perpetuated by women go unreported because women's domestic role enables them to commit crimes at home and in their private spheres Female offenders are treated more leniently because male police officers adopt a "chivalrous" attitude toward them
__________ and ________ have been successful at finding crime in some context but these measures don't address the underlying causes of crime
Target-hardening techniques and Zero-tolerance policing
Goffman's findings
Those in close contact with men are under considerable pressure from the police to act as informants and it leads wanted men to be secretive and unpredictable so that their friends and relatives are not able to notify the authorities of their whereabouts Men often gave wanted status as an explanation for their inability to find jobs, use banks, seek medical care, call the police, or attend family functions
____________ studies reveal that homosexuals experience a high incidence of violent crime and harassment
Victimization
_____ are invisible in both theoretical considerations and empirical studies
Women
Deviance brings _______
adaptive function
Men are overwhelmingly the _____ and women are the ____
aggressors victims
Effects of corporate crime
are often experienced unevenly within society
Hirschi identifies four types of bonds that link to society and law abiding behavior
attachment commitment involvement belief
Crimes are more significant than everyday crime that __ most attention
attract
Women receive ______ when they have allegedly deviated from the norms of female sexuality
barrier treatment
Consumerism
becomes more central, more people own goods such as television, video equipment, computers, cars, and designer clothing
Deviance brings about __ through new ideas and social challenges
change
Criminal events can provoke a _____ that increases group solidarity and clarifies social norms
collective response
People in modern age are less ____ than in traditional societies
constrained
Most TV and newspaper reporting are based on official __________ collected by the police and published by the government
crime statistics
white collar crime
crime that often involves a violation of trust and that is committed by someone of high power or social status (a CEO), as well by or through an organization
Offenses were originally ignored by the
criminal justice system
Hirschi's approach
delinquents have low levels of self control that result from inadequate socialization at home or at school
Little evidence to suggest imprisonment __ crime
deters
Labeling theorists neglect the processes that lead to acts being defined as ____
deviant
Norms have different groups based on who is ___ and who is ___
deviant, conformist
Goffman shows how society works in ways that ___ from traditional expectations
differ
Those who are _____ by other socioeconomic inequalities suffer disproportionately
disadvantaged
gender contract
draw on societal assumptions about erratic and impulsive nature of females and their need to be protected in order to avoid entering the criminal justice system.
In the 1990s, the overall US crime rate ____ its lowest levels since 1973
dropped
Individuals choose to ___ in deviant behavior in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system
engage
Conflict theorists reject the idea that laws are applied __ across the population
evenly
Research by sociologists has ____ the validity of claims that immediate material deprivation can lead people to commit crimes
examined
Formal sanctions are applied by a specific _______ to ensure that a particular set of norms is followed
group or agency
The prosecution of crime against woman is ___ straightforward
hardly
Organized crime
has a character of business but is illegal in nature
Pollak regarded women as ______ in covering crimes
high fully skilled
Most ____ and _____ bear little resemblance to the murderous, random acts of gunmen of the carefully planned homicides highlighted in the media
homicides assaults
Emile Durkheim believed that deviance is __ in a well-ordered society
important
The U.S. has the highest per capital ___
incarceration rate
Corporate crime
includes offenses committed by large corporations in society
Labeling theory assumes that not act is _______ criminal but may become so through the formulation of laws and their interpretation by police, courts, and correctional institutions
intrinsically
Law is the ____ for maintaining order
key instrument
It's not clear to say whether or not ________ has the effect of increasing deviant conduct
labeling
The increasing power and influence of ________ and their global reach mean that they touch our lives in many ways
large corporations
Most disadvantaged people have ___ opportunities for advancement
limited or no conventional
The likelihood of someone becoming a victim of crime is __ to the area where he or she lives
linked
In American society, values emphasize ___ through self discipline and hard work
material success
deviance
modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society
People who represent law and order or who impose definitions of __ on other do most of the labeling
morality
According to Sutherland, criminal behavior is learned within ____ particularly peer groups
primary groups
Proactive policing directed at maintaining public order can ___ the occurrence of more serious crimes
reduce
Merton identified a sense of ____ as an important element in deviant behavior
relative deprivation
Male crimes
remain male because of differences in socialization and because men's activities are still more non-domestic than those of most women
norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
Inner-city residents
run a much greater risk of becoming victims than do residents of affluent suburban areas.
Theory contrasts with the view that psychological differences ___ criminals from other people and it sees criminal activities as learned in the same way that law abiding ones are and as serving the same needs and values
separate
The study of deviance directs out attention to ____ and ____ class
social
Alice Goffman
social deviants on the run. She researched people avoiding getting picked up by the police for various offenses. Leads these men to extreme secrecy and dangerous activities. Routine places such as hospitals are thought of as risky because of police etc. She compared what young men did vs. what they said. Warrants are constraining and an excuse.
Wilson and Kelling argued that any sign of ____ is a community, even the appearance of a broken window encourages more serious crime
social disorder
Albert Cohen saw responses occurring collectively through _____
subcultures
Labeling theory is widely used approach to __ crime and deviant behavior
understanding
Public concerns in the United States focuses on the crimes of _____
violence