SOC 101 Chapter 7 Study Notes

The process of ______________ tends to be reinforced by the very organizations set up to correct deviant behavior such as prisons and social agencies

"learning to be deviant"

Those who do not ____ are condemned for their apparent inability to make marital progress

"succeed"

Prisons are expensive: ___ per year for a prisoner in the federal system

$25,327

The contributions of the sociological theories of crime and deviance are twofold

1) Theories emphasize the continuities between criminal and respectable behavior and demonstrate that the contexts in which particular activities are seen as deviant and are punishable by law widely 2) Context is important whether someone engages in a criminal act or comes to be regarded as a criminal is influenced by social learning and social surroundings

anomie

A concept first brought into wide usage in sociology by Durkheim, referring to a situation in which social norms lose their hold over individual behavior

sanction

A mode of reward or punishment that reinforces socially expected forms of behavior

control theory

A theory that views crime as the outcome of an imbalance between impulses toward criminal activity and controls that deter it. Control theorists hold that criminals are rational beings who will act to maximize their own reward unless they are rendered unable to do so through either social or physical controls

Secondary deviation

According to Edwin Lemert, following the act of primary deviation, secondary deviation occurs when an individual accepts the label of deviant and acts accordingly.

primary deviation

According to Edwin Lemert, the actions hat cause others to label one as a deviant

labeling theory

An approach to the study of deviance that suggests that people become "deviant" because certain labels are attached to their behavior by political authorities and others

differential association

An interpretation of the development of criminal behavior proposed by Edwin H. Sutherland, according to whom criminal behavior is learned through association with others who regularly engage in crime

crime

Any actions that contravene the laws established by a political authority. Although we may think of criminals as a distinct subsection of the population, there are few people who have not broken the law in one way or another during their lives. While laws are formulated by state authorities, it is not unknown for those authorities to engage in criminal behavior in certain situations

chivalry thesis

Argues police judges and magistrates are men and socialised to be chivalrous to women. Hood found women are 1/3 less likely to be jailed than men in similar cases

conflict theory

Argument that deviance is deliberately chosen and often political in nature

Patterns of crime

Can simply shift from one domain to another

Feminists

Claim that understandings of violence are highly gendered and are influenced by perceptions about risk and responsibility

___ analyze crime and deviance in terms of the social structure and the preservation of power among the ruling class

Conflict theories

______ accept generally held values and the conventional means of realizing them, whether or not they meet with success

Conformists

cybercrime

Criminal activities by means of electronic networks or involving the use of information technologies. Electronic money laundering, personal identity theft, electronic vandalism, and monitoring electronic correspondence are all emergent forms of cybercrime

_____________ studies ignored half of the population

Criminological studies

Bernie Madoff

He is the former non-executive chairman of the NASDAQ stock market and the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme that is considered to be the largest financial fraud in U.S. history.

Prison population in the United States

Larger than any others in the nation's history

____________ who display their homosexual identities in public are often blamed for making themselves vulnerable to crime, in a sense even provoking it

Lesbians and gay men

Violent aspects of corporate crime

Less visible and are just as real

Sexual minorities

More often treated as deserving of crime rather than as innocent victims

Internet-based fraud

One of the fastest-growing categories of crime in the United States and the 3rd greatest threat to US national security

Control theorists argue

Rather than changing the criminal, the best policy is to take practical measures to control the criminal's ability to commit crime

_______ have abandoned the competitive outlook rejecting both the dominant values and the approved means of achieving them.

Retreatists

______ conform to socially accepted standards, though they have lost sight of their underlying values

Ritualists

Laws

Rules of behavior established by a political authority and backed by state power

Homosexual relationships

Seen as belonging to the private realm

deviant subculture

Subcultures whose members hold values that differ substantially from those of the majority

Otto Pollak

Suggested that crimes perpetuated by women go unreported because women's domestic role enables them to commit crimes at home and in their private spheres Female offenders are treated more leniently because male police officers adopt a "chivalrous" attitude toward them

__________ and ________ have been successful at finding crime in some context but these measures don't address the underlying causes of crime

Target-hardening techniques and Zero-tolerance policing

Goffman's findings

Those in close contact with men are under considerable pressure from the police to act as informants and it leads wanted men to be secretive and unpredictable so that their friends and relatives are not able to notify the authorities of their whereabouts Men often gave wanted status as an explanation for their inability to find jobs, use banks, seek medical care, call the police, or attend family functions

____________ studies reveal that homosexuals experience a high incidence of violent crime and harassment

Victimization

_____ are invisible in both theoretical considerations and empirical studies

Women

Deviance brings _______

adaptive function

Men are overwhelmingly the _____ and women are the ____

aggressors victims

Effects of corporate crime

are often experienced unevenly within society

Hirschi identifies four types of bonds that link to society and law abiding behavior

attachment commitment involvement belief

Crimes are more significant than everyday crime that __ most attention

attract

Women receive ______ when they have allegedly deviated from the norms of female sexuality

barrier treatment

Consumerism

becomes more central, more people own goods such as television, video equipment, computers, cars, and designer clothing

Deviance brings about __ through new ideas and social challenges

change

Criminal events can provoke a _____ that increases group solidarity and clarifies social norms

collective response

People in modern age are less ____ than in traditional societies

constrained

Most TV and newspaper reporting are based on official __________ collected by the police and published by the government

crime statistics

white collar crime

crime that often involves a violation of trust and that is committed by someone of high power or social status (a CEO), as well by or through an organization

Offenses were originally ignored by the

criminal justice system

Hirschi's approach

delinquents have low levels of self control that result from inadequate socialization at home or at school

Little evidence to suggest imprisonment __ crime

deters

Labeling theorists neglect the processes that lead to acts being defined as ____

deviant

Norms have different groups based on who is ___ and who is ___

deviant, conformist

Goffman shows how society works in ways that ___ from traditional expectations

differ

Those who are _____ by other socioeconomic inequalities suffer disproportionately

disadvantaged

gender contract

draw on societal assumptions about erratic and impulsive nature of females and their need to be protected in order to avoid entering the criminal justice system.

In the 1990s, the overall US crime rate ____ its lowest levels since 1973

dropped

Individuals choose to ___ in deviant behavior in response to the inequalities of the capitalist system

engage

Conflict theorists reject the idea that laws are applied __ across the population

evenly

Research by sociologists has ____ the validity of claims that immediate material deprivation can lead people to commit crimes

examined

Formal sanctions are applied by a specific _______ to ensure that a particular set of norms is followed

group or agency

The prosecution of crime against woman is ___ straightforward

hardly

Organized crime

has a character of business but is illegal in nature

Pollak regarded women as ______ in covering crimes

high fully skilled

Most ____ and _____ bear little resemblance to the murderous, random acts of gunmen of the carefully planned homicides highlighted in the media

homicides assaults

Emile Durkheim believed that deviance is __ in a well-ordered society

important

The U.S. has the highest per capital ___

incarceration rate

Corporate crime

includes offenses committed by large corporations in society

Labeling theory assumes that not act is _______ criminal but may become so through the formulation of laws and their interpretation by police, courts, and correctional institutions

intrinsically

Law is the ____ for maintaining order

key instrument

It's not clear to say whether or not ________ has the effect of increasing deviant conduct

labeling

The increasing power and influence of ________ and their global reach mean that they touch our lives in many ways

large corporations

Most disadvantaged people have ___ opportunities for advancement

limited or no conventional

The likelihood of someone becoming a victim of crime is __ to the area where he or she lives

linked

In American society, values emphasize ___ through self discipline and hard work

material success

deviance

modes of action that do not conform to the norms or values held by most members of a group or society

People who represent law and order or who impose definitions of __ on other do most of the labeling

morality

According to Sutherland, criminal behavior is learned within ____ particularly peer groups

primary groups

Proactive policing directed at maintaining public order can ___ the occurrence of more serious crimes

reduce

Merton identified a sense of ____ as an important element in deviant behavior

relative deprivation

Male crimes

remain male because of differences in socialization and because men's activities are still more non-domestic than those of most women

norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Inner-city residents

run a much greater risk of becoming victims than do residents of affluent suburban areas.

Theory contrasts with the view that psychological differences ___ criminals from other people and it sees criminal activities as learned in the same way that law abiding ones are and as serving the same needs and values

separate

The study of deviance directs out attention to ____ and ____ class

social

Alice Goffman

social deviants on the run. She researched people avoiding getting picked up by the police for various offenses. Leads these men to extreme secrecy and dangerous activities. Routine places such as hospitals are thought of as risky because of police etc. She compared what young men did vs. what they said. Warrants are constraining and an excuse.

Wilson and Kelling argued that any sign of ____ is a community, even the appearance of a broken window encourages more serious crime

social disorder

Albert Cohen saw responses occurring collectively through _____

subcultures

Labeling theory is widely used approach to __ crime and deviant behavior

understanding

Public concerns in the United States focuses on the crimes of _____

violence