Psychology Exam 1
D
Botox injections smooth facial wrinkles because botox is an ACh antagonist that A.increases water retention. B.decreases water retention. C.activates the pituitary gland. D.paralyzes underlying facial muscles
A
Broca's area is associated with language _____. Wernicke's area is associated with language ____. A.outputs ; inputs B.inputs ; outputs
D
Adoptive parents are least likelyto influence the _____________ of their adopted children. A.religious beliefs B.political attitudes C.moral values D.personality traits
B
After a masculinity threat, men will place higher bets during a gambling game. This is an example of a A.theory. B.hypothesis. C.fun fact about life. D.None of the answers above are correct
C
After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out the noise the person heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of their winter coats. Knowing that, they begin to calm down and their heart stops racing, which means their _____________ has been activated. A.sympathetic nervous system B.adrenal system C.parasympathetic nervous system D.central nervous system
B
An informed consent explains everything about an upcoming experiment (including the hypotheses and the deceptions that are going to be used) to a participant. A)TrueB)False
B
Axons are to _____ as dendrites are to ______. A.stop signs; traffic signals B.speaking; hearing C.primary reinforcement; secondary reinforcement D.action potential; neurons
C
Compared to an axon without a mylein sheath, an axon witha mylein sheath A.would be slower to transmit neural impulses. B.would transmit neural impulses at the same rate. C.would be faster to transmit neural impulses. D.None of the above are correct answers
A
Even if the musician Stevie Wonder (who is blind) had his vision restored by a miracle surgery, he probably would not get his eyesight back because A.brain cells normally devoted to vision died or were diverted to other uses. B.normal pruning of the visual brain cells occurred. C.brain development ends in childhood. D.Visual deprivation has no effect on brain development
D
Evolutionary psychologists attribute gender differences in sexuality to the fact that females have A.greater reproductive potential than do males. B.weaker sex drives than males. C.stronger sex drives than males. D.lower reproductive potential than do males
C
Justice White says that "of course the death penalty will deter murders; everyone knows that punishment keeps kids in line". How is Justice White resolving the question of the deterrent effect of the death penalty? A.By relying on psychology. B.By relying on chance. C.By appealing to common sense. D.None of the answers above are correct
D
Karen is a research assistant at the University Psychology lab and finds that the mice cortexes she is studying are thinner and lighter. What happened? A.They were all born prematurely. B.Their cortical abnormalities are due to their enriched environments. C.They were raised in deprived environments. D.They were all mutations
C
Karen is a research assistant at the University Psychology lab and finds that the mice cortexes she is studying are thinner and lighter. What happened? A.They were all born prematurely. B.Their cortical abnormalities are due to their enriched environments. C.They were raised in deprived environments. D.They were all mutations
D
Karen is a research assistant at the University Psychology lab and finds that the mice cortexes she is studying are thinner and lighter. What happened? A.They were all born prematurely. B.Their cortical abnormalities are due to their enriched environments. C.They were raised in deprived environments. D.They were all mutations
A
Men have a ________ threshold for perceiving ________ responses as a sexual come-on. A.lower; warm B.lower; cool C.higher; warm D.higher; cold
C
Men in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves. A.20s B.30s C.teens
parasympathetic nervous system(calming)
conserves energy: decelerates heart rate, lowers blood pressure
DNA
chromosomes make up this
autonomic nervous system
controls our glands and muscles of our internal organs
three types of research designs
descriptive correlational experimental
identical twins
develop from a single egg, genetically identical (same sex only)
fraternal twins
develop from separate eggs, share half of their genes (same or opposite sex)
molecular genetics
goal is to identify specific genes that influence normal human traits body weight, sexual orientation, and personality traits
temporal lobes
hearing, understanding language, storing visual memories, contains auditory cortex
norepinephrine
helps control alertness and arousal
central nervous system
comprises the spinal cord and brain
heritability
mathematical estimate to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes
correlational methods
measure the variables as they already exist in nature
refinement
minimize or eliminate animal distress
B.F. Skinner
modern behaviorism's most important figure
frontal lobe
motor function, language and memory and executive functions
random assignment to condition
necessary to establish causality in a true experiment
1. serotonin pathway 2. dopamine pathway
neurotransmitters have 2 designed pathway where it operates. what are they?
research questions develop
observing the world around you and thinking why people do and behave as they do
brainstem
primitive functions, heartbeat and breathing
wernicke's area
processing of words that we hear
broca's area
production of language
behaviorism
psychology was redefined as the scientific study of observable behavior and was led by John Watsom
experimental methods
purpose is to explore cause and effect by manipulation one or more facotrs, while holding others constant
dendrites
receive messages from other cells
thalamus
receives information from all senses and routes it to high brain regiones
naturalist observation
recording behavior in its natural environments
amgydala
regulates fear and aggression
norms
rules for expected and accepted behavior
psychology
science of behavior and mental processes
parietal lobe
sensations of touch pain and temp; contains somatosensory cortex
shared evirnonmental influence
small percentage on personality and intelligence
genes
small segments of DNA molecules
older brain structures
sustain basic life functions and enable memory, emotions, and basic drives
hindsight bias
tendency for people to exaggerate how much they could have predicted and outcome after knowing that it occurs
peripheral nervous system and central nervous
the nervous system has two parts what are they?
gestalt psychology
the whole is different from the sum of its parts, opposed to structuralism
operational defintion
turn a conceptual variable into a variable that can be measured or manipulated
same intelligence= due to genetics different intelligence= due to environment
twins with same DNA but different environment
common sense problems
very contradictory, common sense answer for any conclusion and its opposite , in highsight is when "everybody knows"
occipital lobes
vision, contains visual cortex
somatic nervous system
voluntary control of skeletal muscles
Brainstem, thalamus, cerebellum, and limbic system
what are the main brain structures?
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
what are the two parts of the peripheral nervous system?
fMRI
what neuroimaging technique shows specific places of the brain?
smell
what sense does the thalamus not receive information from?
neurotransmitters
when the neural impulse reaches the terminal of an axon it triggers the release of ____ into the synaptic gap
William james
who introduced experiment psychology to the united states
king of egypt
who recorded the first psychological experiment in the 7th century BC?
men can father unlimited number of children and be successful in constant reproduction
gender differ in their mating behaviors (men)
women selective because they're limited ability to raise and produce children in a lifetime
gender differ in their mating behaviors (women)
men are found to be more likely to initiate sex than women and desire it more than women as well
gender differences (about sex)
men offer height, seek weight
gender differences (male appearances)
men seek younger women, women seek older men
gender differences (what male and women seek)
behavior genetics
study of environmental and genetic factors, and their interplay on differences in psychological traits
cortex
subjects raised in an enriched environment develop a larger _______ than those raised in an impoverisheed environment
cerebllum
"little brain" that helps coordinate voluntary moments and balance and role in learning motor skilsl
cerebral cortex
-Enables higher-level functions, including perceiving, thinking, and speaking -At least 2/3 mass of brain 2mm deep layer -Convoluted
research ethics
1. obtain informed consent 2. protect them from harm 3. maintain confidentiality 4. debrief
B
A segment of DNA that provides the code for creating protein molecules is called a(n) A.environmental factor. B.gene. C.chromosome . D.genome.
D
A significant correlation of +0.70 between children's physical height and popularity among their peers indicates that: A)higher levels of popularity among peers is associated with greater physical height in children. B)there is no statistically significant relationship between children's height and their popularity. C)being really short or really tall causes a negative impact on children's popularity. D)children's height causes negative popularity
dendrites-->cell body--> axon--> terminal
Debbie Call Andrew Tongith
C
Dendrites transmit messages ___________ the cell body and axons transmit messages ___________ the cell body. A.away from; toward B.away from; away from C.toward; away from D.toward; toward
fMRI
Detects cahnges in blood oxygenation in different brain regions; revels functioning as well as structure
D
Dr. Snell studies the part of the brain that is active when people are lying. She asks half of her participants to tell the truth about an event from their childhoods and half to tell a lie about an event from their childhoods. Which of the following brain imaging techniques should she use to detect specificbrain areas that are active when the participants are lying? A.electroencephalogram (EEG) B.polygraph (lie detector machine) C.magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D.functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
B
Genes are always active/expressed. A.True B.False
B
Given findings from adoption studies, which of the following scenarios is the MOST likely? A.An adopted brother and sister reared together will be similarly outgoing and agreeable. B.An adopted brother and sister reared together will share the same political and religious beliefs. C.A biological older brother and younger sister reared apart will be similarly outgoing and agreeable. D.A biological older brother and older sister reared apart will share the same political and religious beliefs
D
Given findings from adoption studies, which of the following scenarios is the MOST likely? A.An adopted brother and sister reared together will be similarly outgoing and agreeable. B.An adopted brother and sister reared together will share the same political and religious beliefs. C.A biological older brother and younger sister reared apart will be similarly outgoing and agreeable. D.A biological older brother and older sister reared apart will share the same political and religious beliefs
D
If a genetically based attraction to beautiful people contributes to survival, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates A.collectivism. B.behavior genetics. C.heritability. D.natural selection
B
In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the ____________ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions. A.thalamus. B.amygdala. C.hippocampus. D.hypothalamus
D
In stressful situations, the sympathetic nervous system _________ your blood pressure and ___________ the pupils of the eyes. A.lowers ; dilates B.raises ; contracts C.lowers ; contracts D.raises ; dilates
D
In terms of your heartbeat, digestion, and glandular functioning, your body is a fairly well oiled machine that works even when you are asleep. This is possible due to your A.sympathetic nervous system. B.somatic nervous system. C.parasympathetic nervous system. D.autonomic nervous system
EEG
Provides amplified tracing of waves of electrical activity in the brain
A
Random assignment is the great equalizer in terms of extraneous variables. Well, that's the hope anyways. A)TrueB)False
A
Sleep boosts memory. This is an example of a A.theory. B.hypothesis .C.fun fact about life. D.test of a hypothesis.
A
Some smokers will be given Nicorette for one week; they will be compared with other smokers not given any Nicorette. If random assignment was used A.the average number of cigarettes a day each participant smoked before the study began should be roughly equal across each condition. B.you wouldn't be able to establish causality. C.it wouldn't be a true experiment. D.Both B and C are correct answers
C
Some smokers will be given Nicorette for one week; they will be compared with other smokers not given any Nicorette. The dependent variable in this experiment could be A.whether or not participants are given Nicorette. B.how many cigarettes each participant smoked during the week before the experiment began. C.how many participants quit smoking after the one week trial. D.Both B and C are correct answers
A
Some smokers will be given Nicorette for one week; they will be compared with other smokers not given any Nicorette. The independent variable in this experiment is A.whether or not participants are given Nicorette. B.how many cigarettes each participant smoked during the week before the experiment began. C.how many cigarettes each participant smoked the week after the experiment ended. D.There is not an independent variable
true
T/F: peers play a huge role in shaping personality, more than parents
A
The _______ lobe is concerned with executive functioning (good vs. bad behavior). A.Frontal B.Parietal C.Occipital D.Temporal
C
The ____________ is responsible for heartbeat and breathing. A.thalamus B.reticular formation C.medulla D.cerebellum
A
The correct order of the structures of the motor neuron is: A.dendrites, the cell body, axon, terminal branches of the axon. B.the myelin sheath, dendrites, axon, terminal branches of the axon. C.dendrites, neuron, terminal branches of the axon, and axon. D.the terminal branches of the axon, axon, dendrites, cell body.
C
The limbic system structure that is involved in the acquisition of memories is the A.thalamus. B.amygdala. C.hippocampus. D.hypothalamus
A
The most amount of brain tissue in the motor cortex is dedicated to the _____. A.eyes B.knees C.ears D.A and C have the same amount of brain tissue in the motor cortex
D
The neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the body's tissues are the A.iconic neurons. B.sensory neurons. C.inter neurons. D.motor neurons
same intelligence= due to environment different intelligence due to genetics
Twins with different DNA but same environment have what
B
Whenever you turn the pages of a book, use your pen to take notes, or raise your hand, you know that this is possible due to your A.sympathetic nervous system. B.somatic nervous system. C.parasympathetic nervous system. D.autonomic nervous system
D
Why does correlation not equal causation? A) You do not know the direction of the effect. B) It could be due to chance. C) There could be a third variable that is responsible for the relationship. D) All of the above are reasons why correlation does not equal causation
B
Why shouldn't we rely upon our common sense to answer empirical questions? A.Our common sense is always wrong. B.Common sense is often contradictory, supporting any statement and its opposite C.Both A and B are correct answers. D.None of the answers above are correct
C
You are in charge of hiring a cruise-ship social director and you want to pick someone who is very outgoing. Unfortunately, you only have information about the siblings of the potential candidates. Given what we know about the genetic transmission of outgoingness, which of the following candidates would you choose? A.the candidate whose older sibling is outgoing B.the candidate whose fraternal twin is outgoing C.the candidate whose identical twin is outgoing D.Genes do not influence extraversion
B
You are looking through the personal ads one day in the newspaper and notice all of the following in the ads EXCEPT that A.women promote their beauty and health. B.women promote their maturity and affluence by citing career and wealth. C.men promote their maturity and affluence by citing career and wealth
high spatial resolution
___ = better image
culture
____ can either halt or advance progession of traits and behavior
conceptual variable
a hypothetical factor/contract that is not observed directly
hypothesis
a testable prediction implied by a theory
hippocampus
acquisition of memories Four F's- fighting, fleeing, feeding and reproduction
seratonin
affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
trained brain
after much practice more motor cortex neurons become active and alive
replacement
alternative to animal research when possible
serendipity
an accidental discover (finding something while looking for something else)
motor cortex
area at near of frontal lobe, controls voluntary movements
medulla
base of brain stem and controls involuntary functions such as heartbeat and breathing
wilhelm wundt
birth of contemporary psychology- "structuralism"
sensory neurons
body--> brain
motor neurons
brain--> body
motor neurons
carry messages from the brain and out to the body's tissues
sensory neurons
carry messages from tissues and organs to the brain and spinal cord for processing
random assignment to condition
each participant has an equal chance of being in any condition
neural impulse
electrical signal traveling down the axon
limbic system
emotions and drives, memory formation
self as independent
emphasizes independence, autonomy, and self-reliance
reduction
employ designs that require feast number of animals possible
ACh
enables muscle action learning and memory
schizophrenia
excess dopamine causes what?
sympathetic system(arousing)
expands energy: accelerates heart rate, raises blood prssure, dilates eyes
theory
explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations
reticular formation
filters incoming stimuli from spinal cord and relays information to other areas of brain
william james
first psych professor at an American university
psychoanalysis
focused on the etiology, development, and treatment of abornmal behavior and was led by Sigmund Freud
terminal branches of axon
form junctions with other cells
self as interdependent
independence, cooperation, and social harmony
dopamine
influences movement learning attention and emotion
case study
investigation of a single/very few subjects
the survey
investigation of many cases in less depth by asking people to report opinions and behaviors
alzheimers
lack of ACh neurons causes what?
parkinson's disease
lack of dopamine causes what?
depressed mood
lack of norepinephrine causes what?
depression
lack of serotonin causes what?
axon
passes messages away from cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands
doesn't give self enough credit
people are happier with status of whole group, not just self and does what?
takes credit for self and blames others
people strive for personal achievement and do what?
the rationale
perceptual psychologists discovery that the human visual system is most sensitive to light with wave lengths between 510 and 570 nm
phrenology
popular but wrongheaded theory that claimed the bumps on the skull could reveal mental abilities and traits
temporal resolution
precision in measurement of time
programs of research
studies are typically interrelated and lead to numerous follow up studies
biological psychology
studies the link between biological activity and psychological events