Psychology Exam #3
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by compensatory behavior.
Binge Eating Disorder
An eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of eating a large number of calories in a short time.
An unlearned motivated has been called
An instinct
Sensitization
A simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus.
Ratio IQ
A statistic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100.
Spatial intelligence is also known as:
Art smart
Emotion
A temporary state that includes unique subjective experiences and physiological activity, and that prepares people for action.
Drive-Reduction Theory
A theory suggesting that the primary motivation of all organisms is to reduce their drives.
Operant Conditioning
A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will repeat that behavior in the future.
Who is credited for the identification of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Operant Behavior
Behavior that an organism performs that has some impact on the environment.
Which statement BEST characterizes Maslow's hierarchy of needs from most basic to the highest level?
Biological needs are followed by social needs and then individual needs.
Kinesthetic intelligence is also known as:
Body smart
Most scientists now believe that intelligence is best described
By a three-level hierarchy
Which psychologist proposed the existence of a general intelligence, or g?
Charles Spearman
Which of the following mechanisms have no role in Skinner's approach to behavior?
Cognitive, neural, and evolutionary
_____ are a person's subjective assessments about what they have learned.
Judgments of learning
Shaping
Learning that results from the reinforcement of successive steps to a final desired behavior.
Implicit Learning
Learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition.
Who first noted that White Americans performed better as a group on intelligence tests than did non-White Americans?
Lewis Terman
Conscious Motivations
Motivations of which people are aware.
Unconscious Motivations
Motivations of which people are not aware.
Musical intelligence is also known as:
Music smart
Naturalist intelligence is also known as:
Nature smart
Latent learning provides evidence for a cognitive element in operant conditioning because it
Occurs without any obvious reinforcement
Intelligence changes
Over the life span and across generations
Neural research indicates that observational learning is closely tied to brain areas that are involved in
action
Connie is very nervous about flying on an airplane. To calm herself down, she tells herself, "While I am a bit afraid, this is nothing compared to the time I almost fell out of a tree." Connie is using _____ to regulate her emotions.
affective labeling
Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment showed how children can learn _____ through observation.
aggression
The _____ is the primary brain structure responsible for conditioning based on fearful or anxiety-inducing stimuli.
amygdala
When people are presented with a stimulus, the brain processes the information in two pathways. The "fast" pathway goes from the thalamus directly to the _____.
amygdala
According to the text, which factor would be MOST positively correlated with the candidate's future job performance?
an intelligence test score
Jan is underweight for her height and age but continues to severely limit her caloric intake and to engage in intense workout sessions. Jan may have:
anorexia nervosa.
Because emotions are responses to _____, different people can have _____ emotional reactions to precisely the same event.
appraisal; different
If Freida is drinking coffee because she likes how it makes her feel, her motivation would be BEST described as:
approach
Max realizes that whenever he gets angry while arguing with his sister, he steps toward her. Which action tendency is Max experiencing?
approach
Gwen eats huge amounts of food in a single sitting, then vomits and uses laxatives to purge the excess food. Gwen appears to suffer from:
bulimia nervosa.
Conditioning alone cannot explain why some behaviors are easier to learn than others without taking _____ into account.
evolutionary theory
A _____ is when a guilty person is judged as innocent, while a _____ is when an innocent person is judged as guilty.
miss; false alarm
The human face contains about _____ muscles, enabling the creation of more than _____ different configurations.
43; 10,000
Research indicates the benefits of _____ during a lecture, improving learning by reducing the mind's tendency to wander.
brief tests
Checking one's postal mailbox is generally reinforced on a _____ schedule because the mail only comes once per day at about the same time.
fixed-interval
When a reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a set period of time has elapsed, which reinforcement schedule is being used?
fixed-interval
Théodore Simon and Alfred Binet developed their intelligence test as a:
measure of natural intelligence.
The main purpose of intelligence tests is to:
measure people's mental aptitudes and compare them to others through numerical scores.
What is the correct formula for IQ, although it is now outdated?
mental age / chronological age X 100
When we diet, our bodies respond by decreasing our:
metabolism
Action Tendencies
A readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-related behaviors.
According to Maslow, our most basic needs are
Shared with other animals
The initial pairing of a CS and US in classical conditioning represents the _____ phase of learning.
acquisition
Polygraph examiners usually ask about _____ questions.
10
Monozygotic twins share _____ of their genes, while dizygotic twins share _____.
100%; about 50%
A 4-year-old child with the supposed mental age of 5 has a ratio IQ of:
125
The behaviorist perspective dominated the field of psychology from about the:
1930s to the 1950s.
_____ is the verbal subtest of the WAIS that requires explanation of common proverbs or situations.
Comprehension
Appraisal
Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event.
_____ questions are included in the polygraph exam but have nothing to do with the issue being investigated.
Control
Social and Emotional Intelligence
Conventional tests of intelligence do not measure the most important abilities for success in jobs and relationships, namely the ability to understand and interact effectively with other people, and the ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions.
The heritability coefficient is a statistic that describes how much of the difference between different people's intelligence scores can be explained by
Differences in their genes
g Factor
General intelligence factor that underlies all mental abilities; emphasized by Spearman's theory
The two MOST common causes of intellectual disability are fetal alcohol syndrome and:
Down syndrome.
Cognitive Enhancers
Drugs that improve the psychological processes that underlie intelligent performance.
Which statement BEST expresses the relationship between emotion and motivation?
Emotion and motivation are closely related.
_____ refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience.
Emotion regulation
_____ is the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions.
Emotional intelligence
_____ can impact our physiological responses, such as heart rate.
Emotions
What did Watson and Rayner seek to demonstrate about behaviorism through the Little Albert experiments?
Even sophisticated behaviors such as emotion are subject to classical conditioning
What are the four stages of the human sexual response cycle?
Excitement phase, plateau phase, orgasm phase, and resolution phase.
Shared Environment
Features of the environment that are experienced by all relevant members of a household.
Nonshared Environment
Features of the environment that are not experienced by all relevant members of a household.
According to _____, intelligence is largely inherited.
Francis Galton
The idea that intelligence is largely inherited was first popularized by:
Francis Galton.
Intelligence is influenced by
Genes and environment
What is a criticism of the WAIS?
Giving people an overall IQ score gives the impression that there is only one kind of intelligence.
You ask four friends what they think about differences in group intelligence scores. Which opinion is LEAST consistent with the evidence presented in the text?
Group intelligence differences are due to genetics.
Multiple Intelligences
In Gardener's theory, eight or nine distinct intelligences that are each controlled by a different part of the brain
Analytical Intelligence
In Sternberg's theory, the ability to adapt to adapt to an academic or scientific context to solve problems by breaking them down into components
Practical Intelligence
In Sternberg's theory, the ability to adapt to the context of everyday life in order to solve real-world problems
Creative Intelligence
In Sternberg's theory, the ability to adapt to unusual contexts, gaining insights by synthesizing information to solve problems in new ways
Instincts
Inborn patterns of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli
Reflexes
Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli
_____ is the ability to use one's mind to solve novel problems and learn from experience.
Intelligence
The hedonic principle states that
People are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain
Interpersonal intelligence is also known as:
People smart
_____ is a performance subtest that measures understanding of social situations.
Picture arrangement
_____ is a performance subtest that measures visual alertness and visual memory.
Picture completion
_____ reinforcement increase(s) the likelihood of a behavior happening; _____ punishment decrease(s) the likelihood of the behavior.
Positive and negative; positive and negative
_____ is obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100.
Ratio IQ
_____ is one of the best predictors of an individual's intelligence.
Socioeconomic status
Unconditioned Stimulus
Something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism.
In 2017, obesity was a problem across the United States and was especially prevalent in the:
Southeast
Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
Spearman's theory suggesting that a person's performance on a test is due to a combination of general ability and skills that are specific to the test.
s Factors
Specific forms of intelligence that support distinct mental abilities; emphasized by the theories of Thurstone
Which study strategy has been shown to be the most effective?
Taking practice tests
_____ play(s) a role in the sexual motivation of both men and women.
Testosterone
Generalization
The CR is observed even though the CS is slightly different from the CS used during acquisition.
Crystallized Intelligence
The ability to apply knowledge that was acquired through experience.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning.
Discrimination
The capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.
Hedonic Principle
The claim that people are motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain.
______ is the idea that emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.
The facial feedback hypothesis
Extinction
The gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the CS is repeatedly presented without the US.
Sternberg's Triarchic Theory
There are three specific forms of intelligence, based not on the type of task (language, music, math, art, etc.) but on adapting to a particular context: academic context (analytical intelligence), novel context (creative intelligence), and real-world context (practical intelligence)
People who scored well on one test of mental ability usually score well on others, suggesting that
There is a general ability called intelligence
What did William James believe about instincts?
They are expressed without prior thought.
Intelligence is influenced by genetics and _____ change.
can
What is the common theme in all definitions of intelligence?
capacity to function well in one's environment
What part of the amygdala plays an important role in emotional conditioning?
central nucleus
Tolman suggested that rats in a maze don't simply produce behaviors without using any previous spatial information. Instead, they develop a _____ of the maze, which argues for a cognitive component to operant learning.
cognitive map
The text relates the experiences of Jennifer, a military nurse deployed in Iraq. The vignette states that "the previously innocent sound of a helicopter approaching, which in Iraq signaled that new wounded bodies were about to arrive, now created in Jennifer heightened feelings of fear and anxiety." In this scenario, the sound of the helicopter is a(n) _______ stimulus for Jennifer.
conditioned
A/an __________ refers to something that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
Ariel ordered pizza from a national pizza chain and became very ill immediately after eating it. Years later, Ariel still feels queasy when she sees an advertisement for the pizza chain or drives by one of its establishments. In this example, the pizza establishment is the:
conditioned stimulus.
In an attempt to settle the debate on whether there were only two factors in intelligence or several primary mental abilities, a _____ was run.
confirmatory factor analysis
Learning occurs rapidly with a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
continuous
With a _____ schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcer is given after every instance of a desired behavior.
continuous
Among ______, having fun is a more important reason for having sex than is expressing love.
men, but not women
Autumn has a test today on elements of the periodic table. According to theories proposed by John Carroll, this test requires Autumn to draw upon her _____ intelligence.
crystallized
Jamal has a test today on the capital cities of Canadian provinces and territories for his geography class. This test assesses _____ intelligence.
crystallized
The _____ approach is blind to middle-level abilities that are valued in cultures where intelligence tests are not common.
data-based
Kris shows only mild annoyance rather than full-blown anger when her boss makes yet another unreasonable demand. With respect to the display rules for emotional expression, Kris is using the technique of:
deintensification
The Rescorla-Wagner model introduced the role of __________ in classical conditioning.
expectation
The Rescorla-Wagner model shows that classical conditioning actually involves a cognitive aspect based on the organism's:
expectations
Essential to the process of learning is that it is based on:
experience
Individual differences are more commonly found in _____ tasks than in _____ ones.
explicit; implicit
Patients with amnesia show deficits in _____ memory but not in _____ memory.
explicit; implicit
In Pavlov's experiments, what happened when he continued to present the CS but stopped presenting the US?
extinction
Just as in classical conditioning, operant behavior will undergo _____ if reinforcement stops.
extinction
What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with an unconditioned stimulus?
extinction
When a person studies hard for an exam to get good grades and keep a scholarship, it is an example of:
extrinsic motivation.
A local frozen yogurt shop gives its customers a card and stamps it each time the customer purchases a frozen yogurt. After seven stamps, the customer gets a free yogurt. The shop has its customers on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
With a _____ schedule of reinforcement, the reinforcer is given after a set number of responses.
fixed-ratio
Janice is a member of a book club. She received a free book after 20 purchases. What schedule of reinforcement is best illustrated in this example?
fixed-ratio schedule
When you are attempting to solve an abstract word problem you have never seen before and are given 3 minutes to find the solution, you will probably rely most on your _____ intelligence.
fluid
Mirror neurons in humans are mostly located in the _____ and _____ of the brain.
frontal lobe; parietal lobe
Dana, a 6-year-old, was recently bitten by her grandmother's poodle. Dana sees a different kind of small dog in the park a week later and begins to cry. MOST likely Dana is exhibiting:
generalization.
Peter is taking an intelligence test. What will establish the range in which Peter's intelligence may fall?
genes
Cognitive enhancers of the future are likely to manipulate genes that guide _____ development.
hippocampal
Drive-reduction theory is based on the principle of:
homeostasis.
What is an example of a drive?
hunger
Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon designed their intelligence test to:
identify children who needed remedial education in school.
In studies done on trustworthiness, when participants were told that their partner was trustworthy, they:
ignored the additional feedback they received, acting as if the partner was trustworthy.
Bandele knows that he cannot show up to class naked even if he does not know when or how he learned this type of information. That is because this type of learning is:
implicit
What is the term for learning that occurs without awareness?
implicit learning
What kind of learning takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition?
implicit learning
Joni's best friend frequently speaks Spanish around her. Joni barely knew Spanish before she met her best friend and one day realizes that she just followed a short and simple exchange between her best friend and their waiter. Joni's ability to pick up some rudimentary Spanish without consciously trying to do so is a good example of:
implicit learning.
When taking stimulants like Ritalin, working memory is:
improved.
Almost no one shovels snow for fun, but rather, as a means to an end. Performing an action for fun reflects _____ motivation, whereas performing an action as a means to an end reflects _____ motivation.
intrinsic; extrinsic
People MOST often work harder when they are:
intrinsically motivated.
People most often work harder when they are:
intrinsically motivated.
B.F. Skinner believed that behavior:
is controlled by consequences.
One characteristic of implicitly learned information is that it:
is difficult to explain to others.
The expected outcome when a behavior is followed by a reinforcer is that the behavior:
is likely to be repeated.
Joey watches his older brother using a spoon to help twirl his pasta around his fork. Joey then attempts to twirl his pasta in the same way. Joey's older brother served as a _____ for Joey.
model
Serena and Jenny are twins who developed in utero from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm. They are _____ twins.
monozygotic
Dr. Schmidt studies the internal causes of purposeful behavior. Dr. Schmidt studies:
motivation.
One of the main functions of emotions is to provide _____, which are a purpose for actions.
motivations
Contentment, says Dr. Chu, is a combination of positive valence and low arousal. Dr. Chu probably uses a technique called _____ to understand emotional experience.
multidimensional scaling
Sadness, says Dr. Tremont, is a combination of negative valence and low arousal. Dr. Tremont probably uses a technique called _____ to understand emotional experience.
multidimensional scaling
A basic unconscious motivation is a person's _____, which refers to his or her motivation to solve worthwhile problems.
need for achievement
In general, siblings who are 8 years apart in age have a greater _____ than do siblings who are 2 years apart.
nonshared environment
Scientists have _____ the role of genes in producing between-group differences.
not yet determined
Learned food aversions are generally acquired from _____ due to the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.
novel foods
Learned food aversions are generally acquired from _____; these aversions may be caused by the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.
novel foods
When a 4-year-old girl suddenly picks up her toy ironing board and plays it like it is an electric guitar, it is likely that she has seen someone playing a real electric guitar in the same manner. Thus, she has learned via:
observation
When learning takes place as a result of watching the actions of others, it is called _____ learning.
observational
Judgments of learning (JOLs) are often a result of _____ in our learning ability.
overconfidence
Learning that occurs due to _____ extinguishes slowly.
partial reinforcement
The _____ is a machine used to measure several different types of physiological activity in the body.
polygraph
What is NOT something used by everyday people to detect lying?
polygraph
Which type of stimulus following a behavior provides a reward for that behavior?
positive reinforcer
Deedra gives her dog a treat every time he urinates outside. In this example, the treat is a:
positive reinforcer.
Margaret gives her teenagers five dollars for each grade of an A on their report card. This monetary stimulus is a:
positive reinforcer.
A person's socioeconomic status has a _____ effect on intelligence
powerful
According to research, which study technique has the HIGHEST utility value?
practice testing
The __________ shows increased activation during explicit learning while the __________decreased activation during implicit learning.
prefrontal cortex; occipital lobes
Lawrence slaps his baby sister. His mother yells at Lawrence, and he stops slapping his sister. For Lawrence, being reprimanded acted as a(n):
punisher
Vanida throws her food on the floor. Vanida's mother yells at her, and she stops throwing her food on the floor. For Vanida, being reprimanded acted as a(n):
punisher
Positive and negative _____ decrease(s) the likelihood of the behavior occurring again.
punishment
Rena is a 7-year-old girl. Which intelligence quotient should be used to calculate her IQ?
ratio IQ
In operant conditioning, when a behavior is followed by a stimulus that increases that behavior, the stimulus is called a(n):
reinforcer
If a person demonstrated a stronger physiological response to _____ questions during a polygraph exam, the examiner would think that they are lying about those answers.
relevant
In one of his early studies, Pavlov repeatedly paired a new CS, a black square, with the now reliable tone. After a number of training trials, his dogs produced a salivary response to the black square even though the square itself had never been directly associated with the food. What learning principle does this illustrate?
second-order conditioning
Money starts out as a neutral conditioned stimulus that, through its association with an unconditioned stimuli, such as acquiring food or shelter, takes on a conditioned emotional element. What type of a reinforcer is money?
secondary reinforcer
Ollena is trying to teach her 3-year-old son how to dress himself. First, she has him put on his pants by himself, and she gives him some M&Ms. The next day, she has him put on his pants and his shirt, and she gives him some M&Ms. By the end of the week, her son is dressing himself completely. Ollena made use of:
shaping
Michelle always drives down Hampton Avenue to go to work. One morning, Michelle discovers that Hampton Avenue is closed at Wood Street because of construction. Michelle immediately takes a different route to work. She is able to make a quick route change because:
she has formed a cognitive map of the area.
Polygraph tests are _____ at detecting a lie.
significantly better than most people
Intelligence is best described as a(n):
social construct.
Unlike Western societies, many African and Asian societies conceive of intelligence as including:
social responsibility and cooperativeness.
The hypothesis that intelligence is a unitary factor dependent on a single general ability (g) is:
somewhat true, since intelligence is determined by an overall g factor and various subfactors.
Samantha is very good at visualizing a complex shape in a variety of different views. She might score highly on Louis Thurstone's primary mental ability of:
spatial visualization.
When the lateral hypothalamus is destroyed, an animal will:
starve itself to death.
Because of _____, a person can differentiate between the men's restroom and the women's restroom, and know which one to use.
stimulus control
People stand up and cheer at a basketball game, but not in a library, because of:
stimulus control.
According to _____ theory, one of the ways that people cope with existential terror is to develop a cultural worldview.
terror management
According to Maslow's hierarchy, the MOST pressing needs are those:
that we share with other animals, such as physiological needs.
Mia's angry boss wears a particular type of cologne. One day, Mia is at the mall when she smells the same cologne. The smell produced a momentary feeling of uneasiness in Mia. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?
the boss
Tammy is potty training her two-year-old daughter. Every time her daughter sits on the potty, Tammy gives her one cookie. What is the reinforcer?
the cookie
Every time Stacey puts the keys in her car's ignition the car begins to make a ding sound until she buckles her seat belt. What is the reinforcer?
the ding sound
Rather than struggle with his calculus homework, Arnold decides to go to his friend's apartment and play video games. By seeking pleasure and avoiding pain, Arnold illustrates:
the hedonic principle.
Thorndike developed _________ from his work with cats in a puzzle box.
the law of effect
The _____ of emotion explains why people who are required to ride an exercise bicycle in a laboratory then find attractive people more attractive, annoying people more annoying, and funny cartoons even funnier.
two-factor theory
Just over _____ of the population have an IQ between 85 and 115.
two-thirds
A/an ____________________ refers to something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism.
unconditioned stimulus (US)
In learned food aversion, spoiled or poisoned food is a powerful:
unconditioned stimulus.
People can accurately judge the facial expressions of members of other cultures, and people born blind make the same facial expressions as sighted individuals. These facts support the:
universality hypothesis.
A _____ reinforcement schedule gives the reinforcer for the first response that occurs after a varying period of time has elapsed.
variable-interval
A _____ reinforcement schedule gives the reinforcer after a varying number of responses.
variable-ratio
Charlotte meets Will, an old high school friend, at a party and is startled to learn that Will's weight has increased from 150 to 280 pounds in the year since his automobile accident. Damage to which portion of the hypothalamus might account for his weight gain?
ventromedial
The WAIS distinguishes between:
verbal and nonverbal ability.
In addition to becoming unwieldy, instinct theory became unfashionable in the 1930s because it:
was inconsistent with behaviorism.
Associative learning occurs when
we form connections among stimuli and/or behaviors
Pavlov's original aim was to discover:
what caused dogs' saliva to flow
A typical polygraph exam begins with:
a warm-up period.
What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in Watson's Little Albert study?
a white rat
In the study described in this activity, polygraph examiners identified an innocent suspect as guilty _____ of the time.
37%
Polygraph examiners are correct in their judgement of guilt or innocence based on a polygraph test _____ of the time.
2/3
In the study described in this activity, experts failed to identify a guilty suspect _____ of the time.
24%
Approximately _____ of the world's population is overweight or obese.
30%
Those who have IQs between _____ are identified as having moderate intellectual disabilities.
35 and 49
In the study described in this activity, how many actual polygraph tests were examined?
50 from those later identified as innocent and 50 from those who later admitted to committing the crime
Most people have IQs between:
85 and 115.
Habituation
A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding.
Cognitive Map
A mental representation of the physical features of the environment.
Intrinsic Motivation
A motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding.
Extrinsic Motivation
A motivation to take actions that lead to reward.
Display Rule
A norm for the appropriate expression of emotion.
Savant Syndrome
A person who has very low overall intelligence but possesses one extraordinary skill
Conditioned Stimulus
A previously neutral stimulus that produces a reliable response in an organism after being paired with a US.
Observational Learning
A process in which an organism learns by watching the actions of others.
Diffusion Chain
A process in which individuals initially learn a behavior by observing another individual perform that behavior; they themselves then become models from which other individuals learn the behavior.
Latent Learning
A process in which something is learned, but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future.
Biological Preparedness
A propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over other kinds.
Conditioned Response
A reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus.
Unconditioned Response
A reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
Heritability Coefficient
A statistic (commonly denoted as h 2 ) that describes the proportion of the difference between people's IQ scores that can be explained by differences in their genes.
Deviation IQ
A statistic obtained by dividing an adult's test score by the average adult's test score and then multiplying the quotient by 100.
Second-Order Conditioning
A type of learning in which a CS is paired with a stimulus that became associated with the US in an earlier procedure.
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response.
Which statement is NOT an example of learning?
A woman reflexively pulls back her hand from a hot burner.
Emotional intelligence
Ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions
Social Intelligence
Ability to understand and interact effectively with other people
Intelligence tests have been shown to be predictors of
Academic performance, mental health, and physical health
Intrapersonal Intelligence
Access to one's emotional life as a means of understanding oneself and others. These people can easily access their own feelings, discriminate among different emotional states, and use this knowledge to enrich and guide their own lives.
Primary Mental Abilities
According to Thurstone, name for seven specific forms of intelligence
_____ refers to a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-related behaviors.
Action tendency
In the early 1900s, two researchers named _____ developed the first recognized test of intelligence to identify schoolchildren in need of educational assistance.
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon
What part of the two-factor model of emotion has been unsupported after further research?
All emotional experiences are merely different interpretations of the same bodily state.
What type of consequence of a behavior increases the likelihood of the recurrence of that behavior in the future?
a reinforcer
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being overweight and a severe restriction of food intake.
Emotional Expression
An observable sign of an emotional state.
Variable-Interval Schedule
An operant conditioning principle whereby behavior is reinforced on the basis of an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement.
Intermittent Reinforcement
An operant conditioning principle whereby only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement.
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
An operant conditioning principle whereby reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made.
Fixed-Interval Schedule
An operant conditioning principle whereby reinforcers are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made.
Variable-Ratio Schedule
An operant conditioning principle whereby the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses.
Standard intelligence tests typically measure
Analytic intelligence
Punisher
Any stimulus or event that decreases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
Reinforcer
Any stimulus or event that increases the likelihood of the behavior that led to it.
Anna excels at understanding the meaning of words and deciphering poems. According to the U.S. psychologist _____, this does not mean that she is good at detecting visual details.
Louis Thurstone
Pretending to experience one emotion when you are really experiencing a completely different one is an example of ______.
Masking
Logical intelligence is also known as:
Math smart
Based on data reviewed in the text, on which portions of the intelligence test would one expect men to outscore women?
Men would be good at visual memory, and women would be good at fine motor skills.
_____ MOST likely play(s) a critical role in the observational learning where organisms imitate the actions of others.
Mirror neurons
Thurstone's Primary Mental Ability
Rather than one form of intelligence, there are seven specific forms of intelligence: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial visualization, number facility, associative memory, reasoning, and perceptual speed.
Gardner's Multiple Intelligences
Rather than one general form of intelligence, there are eight or nine specific intelligences, each controlled by a different part of the brain. It is based on evidence from savant syndrome.
______ is an emotion-regulation strategy that involves thinking about events in new ways.
Reappraisal
_____ questions in a polygraph exam are related directly to the issue being investigated.
Relevant
_____ is a condition in which a person of very limited overall intelligence has a single ability that is truly exceptional.
Savant syndrome
Of the theories of emotion described in the text, the _____ theory places the MOST emphasis on _____.
Schachter-Singer; cognition
Intrapersonal intelligence is also known as:
Self smart
Musical Intelligence
Sensitivity to pitch, melody, rhythm, and tone. These people can sing in tune, keep time to music, and listen to musical selections with discernment.
Spatial Intelligence
The ability to perceive the world accurately and to recreate or transform aspects of that world. These people often have acute sensitivity to visual details, can draw their ideas graphically, and can orient themselves easily in 3D space.
Logical Intelligence
The ability to see the intelligence of numbers and logic, and the ability to handle chains of reasoning and recognize patterns and order. These people think in terms of cause and effect and can create and test hypotheses.
Fluid Intelligence
The ability to solve and reason about novel problems.
Interpersonal Intelligence
The ability to understand people and relationships. These people can perceive and respond to moods, temperaments, intentions, and the desires of others.
Naturalist Intelligence
The ability to understand, categorize, and explain patterns encountered in the natural world. These people observe, interpret, and construct meaning from the natural world.
Linguistic Intelligence
The ability to use language and display sensitivity to the order of things. These people can argue, persuade, entertain, or instruct through the spoken word.
Intelligence
The ability to use one's mind to solve novel problems and learn from experience.
Kinesthetic Intelligence
The ability to use the body skillfully and handle objects adroitly. These are hands-on people with good tactile sensitivity.
Learning
The acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills, or responses that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.
Which brain structure is most directly involved in the rapid appraisal of whether a stimulus is good or bad?
The amygdala
Which part of the brain is involved in the classical conditioning of fear?
The amygdala
It is not possible to have a universally accepted definition of intelligence because intelligence is:
a social construct.
Intermittent Reinforcement Effect
The fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement.
Evolutionary Mismatch
The idea that traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment.
A group of children were administered intelligence tests at age 13 and again at age 40. What might be predicted regarding changes in test scores from the first test to the second test?
The individual scores at age 15 will be positively correlated with scores at age 40.
Motivation
The internal causes of purposeful behavior.
Avoidance Motivation
The motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes.
Approach Motivation
The motivation to experience positive outcomes.
Need for Achievement
The motivation to solve worthwhile problems.
___________ refers to circumstances in which external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior.
The overjustification effect
Acquisition
The phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together.
Law of Effect
The principle that behaviors that are followed by a "satisfying state of affairs" tend to be repeated, and those that produce an "unpleasant state of affairs" are less likely to be repeated.
Reappraisal
The process of changing one's emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus.
How would Hull explain the behavior of a rat pressing a lever for food pellets?
The rat is decreasing its hunger drive.
Metabolism
The rate at which the body uses energy.
Human Sexual Response Cycle
The stages of physiological arousal during sexual activity.
Emotion Regulation
The strategies people use to influence their own emotional experiences.
Stereotype Threat
The target's fear of confirming an observer's negative stereotypes.
Homeostasis
The tendency for a system to take action to keep itself in equilibrium.
Spontaneous Recovery
The tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.
Loss Aversion
The tendency to care more about avoiding losses than about achieving equal-size gains.
Universality Hypothesis
The theory that all emotional expressions mean the same thing to all people in all places at all times.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
The theory that emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify.
James-Lange Theory
The theory that feelings are simply the perception of one's own physiological responses to a stimulus.
Terror Management Theory
The theory that people respond to the knowledge of their own mortality by developing a cultural worldview.
Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
The theory that stimuli trigger a general state of physiological arousal which is then interpreted as a specific emotion.
In general, gifted children with high intelligence test scores demonstrate exceptional talent in:
a specialized area.
Which theory suggests that emotions are people's interpretations of their own general physiological arousal?
The two-factor theory
Taste Aversion
The types of stimuli used as conditioned and unconditioned stimuli do matter
If you are comparing two countries on the basis of economic status and overall IQ of the citizens, what would you expect to be TRUE?
The wealthier country should have a higher mean IQ.
Spearman's General Intelligence
There is one general form of intelligence that underlies all mental abilities. It is the earliest comprehensive theory of intelligence, based on evidence from factor analysis.
Intelligence tests were originally devloped
To help place children in the most appropriate classroom
Identical (Monozygotic) Twins
Twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm.
Fraternal (Dizygotic) Twins
Twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm.
What is the most widely used intelligence test?
WAIS
In 2017, obesity was a problem across the United States but was less prevalent in the:
West
Linguistic intelligence is also known as:
Word smart
You come home to find an intruder in your apartment. According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, which response would occur FIRST?
Your body reacts (increased heart rate, muscles contract, etc.).
Which person is MOST likely to develop anorexia nervosa?
a 17-year-old female
Pavlov called the dog's salivation to the metronome:
a conditioned reflex
In classical conditioning, a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus to produce
a conditioned response
Kimberly was extremely happy on the day of her wedding. What was the valence of her emotion?
a positive experience
Feelings can be described by their location on the two dimensions of
arousal and valence
Del experiences recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of consuming a large number of calories in a short time. However, he neither purges nor engages in excessive exercise. Del may have:
binge-eating disorder.
Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that some behaviors and preferences are more easily conditioned in some species because they have adaptive value. What concept does this theory best illustrate?
biological preparedness
Polygraph examiners pay less attention to which physiological measurement?
breathing rate
Which physiological response is somewhat under a person's voluntary control?
breathing rate
Zola walked into her son's bedroom and found that he had colored on the wall. Although Zola was very angry and wanted to yell at her son, she disciplined him in a firm but muted tone. This illustrates the _____ technique for the display rules of emotional expression.
deintensification
If you watch someone to learn how to perform a dance routine and then serve as a model for another student, you are part of a:
diffusion chain.
Jennifer is taking the WAIS and is currently trying to remember individual numbers. What subtest is she taking?
digit span
Jason is taking the WAIS test and is currently trying to learn a code. What subtest is he taking?
digit symbol
Research on the reward centers in the brain show that __________ plays a key role.
dopamine
The ability to predict the reward that one is likely to receive for engaging in a particular activity depends on the normal functioning of the neurotransmitter:
dopamine
Research has shown that people who have higher IQ scores are likely to:
earn higher salaries.
Xenon purchases food that tastes good to her and avoid foods that do not taste good. Her behaviors are consistent with Edward Thorndike's law of _____.
effect
Derrick was feeling depressed about the bad grade he got on his first psychology exam. Since he had another test to take that day and did not want his unhappiness to affect his later test, to brighten his mood, Derrick started thinking about all the good grades he had received this semester. This illustrates:
emotion regulation.
What was originally referred to as social intelligence?
emotional intelligence
Nonverbal cues can portray our:
emotions
Darren and Camille are monozygotic twins who live in the same household. Their intelligence test scores are not identical because:
even though they have a shared environment, not all of their experiences will be exactly the same.
After having a bad experience with a particular type of food, people can develop a lifelong aversion to that food. This suggests that conditioning has a(n) _______ aspect.
evolutionary
Which order corresponds to the human sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
Which polygraph error explains why most countries do not allow polygraph evidence in court?
false alarms
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale is NOT designed to assess an adult's ability to:
find a way through complex mazes.
A local bakery gives its customers a card and stamps it each time they purchase a loaf of bread. After seven stamps, the customer gets a free loaf of bread. The bakery has its customers on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed-ratio
Ivan Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1,000-hz tone because of its pairing with food. After this training, it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-hz tone but not to a 500-hz tone. Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of _____, and not salivating to a 500-hz tone is an example of _____.
generalization; discrimination
What is the substance produced in the stomach that signals the brain to switch on hunger?
ghrelin
If you are gambling in Las Vegas, your motivation to avoid losing is likely _____ your motivation to win.
greater than
Richard Nisbett and colleagues' (2012) conclusion about the relative contribution of genes and environment in intelligence differences between African Americans and European Americans is:
group differences in intelligence can be completely accounted for by environmental factors.
What type of traits are in the middle level of the hierarchy of abilities?
group factors
A researcher conducted a study investigating the effects of pain on blood pressure. Initially, exposure to the pain resulted in increased blood pressure. Over time, however, blood pressure decreased and was no longer affected by the pain stimulus. What process has taken place as a result of the repeated exposure?
habituation
What types of learning have been found in simple organisms like the sea slug Aplysia?
habituation and sensitization
Justin has trained his beagle to come when called and to walk next to him without a leash. One day while walking in the park, his beagle sees a rabbit, takes off, and does not listen when called. This misbehavior by Justin's dog supports the idea that Justin's beagle:
has a biological predisposition to chase rabbits and other small rodents.
Which is NOT given in the text as a way intelligence can be improved?
improving children's diet in preschool
Intelligence can be defined as:
individual differences in cognitive ability.
William James called the inherited tendency to seek a particular goal a(n):
instinct
A patient with neuropsychological issues who experiences severe problems with explicit learning is MOST likely to have _____ implicit learning.
intact
Tinka has an amazing ability to adjust to any environment, and she is very good at learning from her mistakes. According to one definition, these specific characteristics demonstrate Tinka's:
intelligence
When studying siblings to determine the environmental factors that influence _____, it is important to consider the shared and nonshared environments experienced by all relevant siblings.
intelligence
The theory-based approach to intelligence suggests that:
intelligence tests do not measure all the middle-level abilities contributing to intelligence.
It appears that, under some circumstances, people interpret rewards as information about the goodness of an activity, which means that rewards can sometimes undermine _____ motivation.
intrinsic
Penny takes college courses that interest her, and she enjoys learning for its own sake; Amber takes courses in which she is fairly certain she will do well, and studies mainly to ensure good grades. Penny's motivation is:
intrinsic
Saundra works out daily because it makes her feel good. Her friend Kelly works out daily so that men will find her attractive. Saundra is showing:
intrinsic motivation.
Haddie is a gifted child who has an extraordinary ability for language. As she grows older, statistics imply that she probably will be _____ well-adjusted compared with her peers.
just as
Some researchers are convinced that the differences in how various cultures conceptualize intelligence are due to differences in:
language
Edward Tolman's third group of rats showed a dramatic change in their maze behavior when reinforcement was given on the 11th day of their maze running. Edward Tolman called this _____ learning.
latent
What phenomenon did Tolman illustrate using three groups of rats: one group that was reinforced every day for 17 days, one group that was reinforced beginning on day 11, and one group that never received reinforcement?
latent learning
The hypothalamus is a complex structure that is composed of many parts. Research has shown that the _____ part of the hypothalamus receives the signals that turn hunger on, and the _____ hypothalamus receives signals that turn hunger off.
lateral; ventromedial
What is the substance secreted by fat cells that signals the brain to switch off hunger?
leptin
Nguyen has just accepted a dream job in a glamorous city. Pham smiles and congratulates him, even though he resents Nguyen's good fortune. In a different situation, a grisly homicide scene disgusts and angers a police officer. However, the police officer appears objective and unemotional when she describes the scene to an investigator. Pham is using the emotional display technique of _____. The police officer is using the technique of _____.
masking; neutralizing
Joella watches her older brother brush his teeth and then attempts to brush her teeth on her own. In Bandura's terms, Joella's older brother is serving as a _____ for Joella.
model
Preston came home after his curfew. His parents grounded him for a week, taking away his phone and not allowing him to go anywhere after school. In this example, the act of grounding is a:
negative punisher.
Liam can make his sister, Lily, give him her toys or candy by whistling. Because she hates the sound so much, Lily will give Liam whatever he wants to make him stop. When Liam stops whistling, it is _____ for Lily.
negative reinforcement
Marlene wants her daughter to clean her room and she knows that her daughter hates to load the dishwasher, one of her nightly chores. Marlene promises her daughter that if she cleans her room she will not have to load the dishwasher for one week. Marlene is hoping that not loading the dishwasher will serve as a __________ for her daughter's behavior.
negative reinforcer
Which type of stimulus following a behavior removes something that is unpleasant?
negative reinforcer
Jennifer has a sunburn and applies ointment cream for relief. In this example the ointment cream is a:
negative reinforcer.
Markus has put off doing his homework so that he can play video games. His mother starts nagging him to do his homework. Markus turns off the video game and does his homework to stop his mother from nagging. In this example, the nagging is a:
negative reinforcer.
A strong physiological response while answering certain questions would indicate _____, leading the examiner to think that the person is lying about the answers to those questions.
nervousness
Children in Bandura's Bobo Doll study demonstrated __________ when they showed aggressive behavior towards the Bobo Doll.
observational learning
The studies of observational learning in primates that use tools show that:
observational learning clearly results in better tool-skill acquisition in the monkeys.
Alisha suffers from claustrophobia, despite having never been stuck in an elevator or locked in a supply closet. The notion of diffusion chains suggests that Alisha may have acquired the phobia through:
observational learning.
Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a patient. Lana and her class are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of:
observational learning.
According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological reactions _____ emotional experiences.
occur simultaneously with
Habituation and sensitization are BEST considered _____ processes.
opposite
One of the most effective strategies for emotion regulation is to change the way one thinks about an event, which is called:
reappraisal
Declan, a PhD candidate, tells his department's undergraduate student organization that his dissertation research is in the area of motivation. Declan is investigating:
the internal causes of purposeful behavior.
Neta is training her dog, Panda, to bark when there is a knock on the door. She already knows that squeaking a mouse toy will make Panda bark. So, she decides to squeak the mouse and knock on the door at the same time to condition Panda to bark. What is the conditioned stimulus in this case?
the knock on the door
Genes directly determine:
the range in which our IQ may fall.
One way to understand and categorize the range of emotions possible in the human experience is to group them according to similarity in a kind of map. This is referred to as:
the two dimensions of emotion.
The data-based approach to intelligence suggests that:
there are eight mid-level abilities contributing to intelligence.
The fact that brain damage may diminish one ability but not others suggests:
there are multiple intelligences.
One reason Cannon and Bard criticized the James-Lange theory was that:
there are not enough unique patterns of autonomic activity to account for all emotions.
Consciousness has been shown to be involved in _________ conditioning but not in __________ conditioning.
trace; delay