Psychology - Hensley FINAL ( chapter 12 )

consistent with the consensus of individuals from those cultures

Anthony Terracciano found that national-character stereotypes, like egocentric Americans and industrious East-Asians, tend to be

super ego

Freud called the part of the mind that represents the internalization of human morality the

the interaction and conflict among the id, ego, and superego

Freud used the term dynamic processes to refer to

unconscious

Freud used this term to refer to the part of the mind that was totally out of the range of a person's awareness.

ego defense mechanisms

These are mechanisms used by the ego to keep threatening or anxiety-provoking material from reaching awareness.

50%

genetic studies conducted using the Big Five and Eysenck's two superordinate factors as indicators of personality show that approximately this percentage of the differences among people in these traits is due to genetic factors

ego

in Freud's view, this part of the mind contains organizational and decision-making properties and is primarily concerned with assuring the safety and functioning of the individual

latent content

in Freudian psychotherapy, dreams are analyzed primarily to reveal the

socialization system

in Judith Harris's account of peer influence on personality, this concept prompts the child to conform to the expectation of his or her peers

status systems

in Judith Harris's account of peer influence on personality, this concept prompts the developing child to compete with others in order to establish his or her unique identity and contributions

species-typical tendencies

in Kluckohn and Murray's view of personality, every person is like all other persons because to some degree, we all present

mean level stability

in a study spanning 40 years, Ravenna Helson and her colleagues found trait change at least for certain traits in groups of participants well into their 70s. that study examined

aggregated

in contrast to Walter Mischel, Seymour Epstein proposed that traits did indeed predict behavior if behaviors were examined on a number of occasions and the results were

situation-behavior profile

in order to understand your friend's individual personalities, their individual trait scores are not enough. Walter Mischel would say you must also understand each person's

ambiguous stimuli for a test-taker to interpret

in personality assessment, a projective test is one that utilizes

superordinate traits

in the Eysenck's two-factor model of personality the two trait dimensions that interact to explain personality are referred to as

genital

in this psychosexual stage, sex resumes its place of importance as libidinal energy becomes an expression of adult sexuality

bulimia nervosa

low self-esteem seems to be related to which of the following psychological disorders

`falsified

many scientists complain that Freud's theories lack specific conditions, especially about unconscious desires, under which the theories can be potentially disproved. thus many of Freud's hypothesis cannot be

organized

people are not merely a random collection of traits, meaning that people's personalities are

psychotherapeutic techniques

research on humanistic concepts has had the greatest impact on the development of modern

constructed empirically and scored by computer

tests such as the MMPI-2 are referred to as "objective" because they are

OCEAN

the "Big-Five" personality dimensions that make up the five-factor model can be expressed in this acronym

anal

the 1960's TV show The Odd Couple provided an example of the fixations that might result from trauma in this psychosexual stage

phallic

the Oedipus complex arises and must be resolved during this stage of psychosexual development

self-concept

the central aspect of personality for humanists was an intrinsic evaluation of the quality of a person's own unique existence in the world, termed

reality principle

the ego is driven by preservation of safety and functioning of the individual, termed the

parsimony

the fact that Freud's views about the mind and personality were explained in very convoluted, complex terms violates this important aspect of scientific theories

positive psychology

the humanistic movement in psychology serves as an important forbearer of this modern psychological movement

pleasure principle

the id is driven primarily by the impulse to seek pleasure and avoid pain, known as the

Freud did not explain how a girl or boy would understand the use of a penis and its meaning

the main problem with Freud's conception of the conflicts arising in the phallic stage is that

traits

the study of individual differences in personality mainly focuses on characterizing people using

sought to explain everything about personality

the term grand theory has been applied to a few old theories of personality, like Sigmund Freud's theory, because those theories

id

the term primary process is synonymous with Freud's notion of the

traits

these are relatively stable personality characteristics, attributes, and motivations that can be commonly captured in adjectives such as honest, cheerful, conscientious, etc

states

these are temporary, relatively unstable personality characteristics that are closely related to moods and emotions

oral fixation

this fixation may result from psychological trauma surrounding breastfeeding

Oedipus complex

this is Freud's term for his notion that children of the phallic stage experience a powerful desire to erotically possess the opposite-sex parent and "do away" with the same sex parent, who is a rival of sorts

five-factor model

this is currently the most widely accepted trait model of personality

Rorschach test

this is the classic example of a projective test, because it uses ambiguous inkblots for the subject to interpret

Minnesota Multi-phasic Personality Inventory

this is the first, and probably still the most frequently used, objective test of personality

trait perspective

this perspective on personality, pioneered by Gordon Allport, was the starting point for the first attempts to build truly empirical, research-based theories of personality

criterion-key method

this technique is based on the fact that people who have certain traits or are experiencing certain states tend to endorse certain statements as true about themselves while identifying others as false

congruence

this term highlights the importance that others around the growing self are truly being genuine and are not presenting a self which reflects others values and wishes rather than their own

libido

though this term has its foundations in erotic and sexual desire, it actually refers to the level of energy and drive within a person

personality can be described easily in words

to say that one's personality is organized means that

traits are stable over time

to say that personality traits are relatively enduring means that

inconsistent with the national-character stereotypes of Americans

when an American person is given the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, it is most likely that the measurement will be

super ego

when an individual is met with feelings of guilt or shame, those feelings are the effect of this entity on the ego

describe what he or she sees in each inkblot

which best illustrates what a participant must do when administered the Rorschach test

personality traits are most stable past age 50

which general statement best describes the results of researchers about personality change

genotype

which is not one of the three frequently identified sources of non-shared environmental influence on personality

the universality of the Oedipus complex

which of the following components of Freud's theories have been least supported by scientific data

increased self esteem leads to an increased school performance

which of the following does not seem to be true regarding self-esteem and performance in school

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital

which of the following represents the correct sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages of development

Oedipus complex

which of the following was not an entity that Freud included in his structural model of the mind

Sanjay has considered himself artistic ever since his best friend's mother began teaching him to paint

which presents the best example of chance influences on non-shared environment during personality development

astrological forecasts may be helpful for some people in dealing with stressful life events, negative self concepts, and general uncertainties about living

all of the following are examples of results that illustrate that astrology is a pseudoscience except

aspects of one's personality are constantly changing

all of the following are qualities of personality except

characteristic adaptations

for many people, goals, values, beliefs, social roles, and plans may change considerably over the life span. this aspect of personality has been termed

non-shared environmental influences

Almost all evidence from behavior genetics research points to this aspect of experience as the main environmental influence on adolescent and adult personality.

accurate empathy

Carl Rogers used this term to mean that those around a child during his or her formative years must truly listen and hear the child, without passing judgement

self-narrative

Dan McAdams believes that the meanings we give to our personalities and to our very identities continue to change throughout life. this is termed

the pattern of traits ( low to high ) in a single person across two personality tests

If a researcher examines rank order stability in personality traits, he or she compares

aggression and violence

Roy Baumeister and his colleagues label this aspect of high self-esteem the "dark side of self-esteem"

unconditional positive regard

This humanistic term means that the approval and love we receive from important people in our lives are freely and fully given, regardless of flaws in our own behavior or character.

introversion-extraversion

This superordinate trait dimension describes to the degree to which a person is reserved, quiet, and thoughtful, versus assertive, outgoing, and sociable.

unconscious conflicts and motivation

Though the term is sometimes used only to refer to the therapeutic techniques pioneered by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis, as a whole, is a theory of behavior that focuses on

self-esteem

a person's cognitive and emotional assessments of his or her own self-worth is commonly referred to as

repression

according to Anna Freud, this primary defense mechanism involves the removal of an unacceptable desire or thought from consciousness

characteristic adaptations

according to Dan McAdams, each of us has a unique set of characteristic goals, beliefs, social roles, self-concepts, and plans for our lives, termed

self-narratives

according to Dan McAdams, the stories we tell ourselves about ourselves reflect the way we understand the events of our lives and our place in the world, giving meaning to our unique identities. these stories are called

be overly cynical and satirical

according to Freud, the oral-sadistic personality type is a metaphor that describes people who may do this as adults

id

according to Freud, this is the only part of the mind that exists at the beginning of human life

unconscious motivations

according to Gordon Allport, Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis often mistook ordinary motivations in personality and behavior for

personality traits predict occupational success with more accuracy than IQ

according to recent studies, all of the following statements are true of the Big Five personality traits except

conditions of worth

according to the humanists, a child who does not receive unconditional positive regard from caregivers may ultimately be motivated by the desire to meet certain behavioral standards of approval called

Thematic Apperception Test

according to the proponents of this test, the test-taker, in creating the story that revolves around the picture shown, reveals important motives, drives, conflicts, emotions, and other psychological variables

person-situation controversy

according to this idea, the very concepts "traits" and "personality" are not particularly meaningful when it comes to behavior, and in fact may be little more than illusions

terror management theory

according to this theory, self-esteem acts as a psychological buffer against the pervasive general anxiety all human beings feel when faced with the knowledge of their own inevitable death

conditioning

behaviorists theories of personality were limited by the assertion that all behavior and personality development could be reduced to

valid measurements of personality

critics charge that the standards for scoring the Rorschach may cause psychologically normal people to appear to have serious psychological disturbances, thus the tests are not

a person might score very differently upon re-taking the test

critics complain that the projective tests are not reliable instruments for measuring personality because

latency

during this psychosexual stage, the child's sexual interests supposedly lessen in urgency as same-sex friendships assume a position of greater importance in the child's life

erogenous zones

each psychosexual stage highlights a specific part of the child's body that is particularly sensitive to pleasurable stimulation. collectively they are referred to as

NEO PI-R

if a researcher is interested in using a face-valid test of personality for people who do not appear to be psychologically disordered, the researcher should use the

neurosis

in Freud's view, if the psychosexual stages are not navigated properly, this crippling emotional illness and distortion of personality may result