Psychology Modules - Chapter 10

To Freud, __________ was considered sex. (a) Anything pleasurable (b) Only intercourse (c) Just physical intimacy

(a) Anything pleasurable

Our most primitive defense mechanism is called __________. (a) Denial (b) Repression (c) Displacement (d) Reaction formation

(a) Denial

__________ are parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure-giving qualities at particular stages of development. (a) Erogenous zones (b) Oedipus complexes (c) Defense mechanisms

(a) Erogenous zones

A statistical procedure that allows researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated is called which of the following? (a) Factor analysis (b) Lexical approach (c) Subjective well-being (d) Five factor model

(a) Factor analysis

Unconditional positive regard, showing empathy, and being __________ can be used to help others develop a more positive self-concept. (a) Genuine (b) Self-actualization (c) Analytical (d) Objective

(a) Genuine

__________ believed that the need for security is the primary motive in human existence. (a) Horney (b) Maslow (c) Freud (d) Adler

(a) Horney

The view of personality that stresses a person's capacity for personal growth, self-conscious freedom to choose a destiny, and positive qualities is called which of the following? (a) Humanistic psychology (b) Psychodynamic psychology (c) Individual psychology (d) Behavioral psychology

(a) Humanistic psychology

Suppose your friend is telling you that he wants to go out and drink and have fun tonight but he should stay in and study for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is represented by the urge to go out and have fun? (a) Id (b) Ego (c) Superego (d) Psychosexual

(a) Id

Which theorist coined the term collective unconscious to refer to the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past? (a) Jung (b) Adler (c) Horney (d) Freud

(a) Jung

__________ is correlated with increased health complaints, regardless of the individual's level of health. (a) Neuroticism (b) Extraversion (c) Openness (d) Agreeableness

(a) Neuroticism

A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world is called what? (a) Personality (b) Psychoanalysis (c) Cognition (d) Archetype

(a) Personality

Pushing unacceptable id impulses back into the unconscious mind is called __________. (a) Repression (b) Projection (c) Reaction formation (d) Sublimation

(a) Repression

Which theorist most strongly suggested that unconscious processes influence personality? (a) Sigmund Freud (b) B. F. Skinner (c) Abraham Maslow (d) Carl Rogers

(a) Sigmund Freud

Horney insisted that Freud's hypotheses needed to be supported with observable data and argued that __________ on the development of personality should also be considered. (a) Sociocultural influences (b) Historical context (c) Archetypes (d) Self-actualization

(a) Sociocultural influences

Expressing an unconscious wish in a way that is valued by society is called __________. (a) Sublimation (b) Projection (c) Repression (d) Displacement

(a) Sublimation

When the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one, this is the defense mechanism known as __________. (a) Sublimation (b) Denial (c) Projection (d) Rationalization

(a) Sublimation

Which of the following is true of defense mechanisms? (a) They distort reality unconsciously (b) Their use is mostly due to choice (c) We can consciously use them (d) They are unconscious when used by the superego but not when used by the ego

(a) They distort reality unconsciously

Which of the following would a humanistic psychologist propose to promote optimal functioning? (a) Unconditional positive regard (b) The resolution of an unconscious conflict (c) Observational learning (d) Modeling behavior

(a) Unconditional positive regard

The id is exclusively __________. (a) Unconscious (b) Conscious (c) Preconscious

(a) Unconscious

The use of defense mechanisms can sometimes be healthy because they can do which of the following? (Select all that apply.) (a) Reduce anxiety (b) Help us act out unconscious impulses in societally beneficial ways (c) Aid progression through Freud's stages of psychosexual development (d) Reduce schizophrenic symptoms

(a) and (b)

The Oedipus complex is typically resolved by the child __________. (Select all that apply.) (a) Being sexually attracted to the opposite sex (b) Becoming sexually interested in the same sex parent (c) Identifying as a member of one's own gender

(a) and (c)

Critics of Freudian psychoanalysis contend that it focuses too much on the __________ mind, whereas neo-Freudian analysis focuses more on the ___________ mind. (a) unconscious; conscious (b) conscious; unconscious

(a) unconscious; conscious

The humanistic approach believes that people are ___________. (a) Unable to change because genes are destiny (b) Able to change through conscious, self-motivated effort (c) Unable to change because unconscious conflicts drive behavior and are difficult to resolve (d) Able to change by modeling other people's behavior

(b) Able to change through conscious, self-motivated effort

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, toddlers' (ages 18-36 months) erogenous zones are centered around which of the following? (a) Mouth (b) Anus (c) Genitals (d) Chest

(b) Anus

A critique of the humanistic approach is that humanism's assertion that people are good __________. (a) Has been verified (b) Cannot be verified (c) Doesn't make sense (d) Is clearly incorrect

(b) Cannot be verified

When the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities, this is the defense mechanism known as __________. (a) Regression (b) Denial (c) Rationalization (d) Sublimation

(b) Denial

Directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target is known as __________. (a) Projection (b) Displacement (c) Reaction formation (d) Denial

(b) Displacement

According to psychodynamic theory, the __________ deals with reality. (a) Unconscious (b) Ego (c) Superego (d) Id

(b) Ego

When does the genital stage of psychosexual development occur, according to Freud? (a) From ages 3 to 6 or so (b) From puberty through adulthood (c) From age 6 or so until puberty (d) From infancy to 18 months of age

(b) From puberty through adulthood

Hysteria refers to physical symptoms that __________. (a) Come from a physical trauma (b) Have no physical cause (c) Are the result of childhood abuse

(b) Have no physical cause

A person who is unable to see, even with perfectly healthy eyes, or unable to walk, despite no apparent physical injury, may be suffering from which of the following? (a) A biological disorder (b) Hysteria (c) Penis envy (d) Blindness

(b) Hysteria

What are an individual's unconscious drives and reservoir of sexual energy called? (a) Psyche (b) Id (c) Superego (d) Ego

(b) Id

Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated to achieve perfection, not find pleasure. His approach is known as __________ psychology. (a) Archetype (b) Individual (c) Humanistic (d) Personological

(b) Individual

Because a girl does not have a penis and cannot experience castration anxiety, according to Freud, she instead experiences penis envy. This occurs during the __________ stage of psychosexual development. (a) Genital (b) Phallic (c) Oral (d) Anal

(b) Phallic

Also used to explain prejudice, __________ is when we see in others the impulses we most despise in ourselves. (a) Repression (b) Projection (c) Reaction formation (d) Displacement

(b) Projection

According to the humanist perspective, if how you see yourself differs from how others see you, what are you likely to experience? (a) Hate and other negative emotions (b) Psychological distress (c) Love and other positive emotions (d) Physical pain and discomfort

(b) Psychological distress

According to Freud's personality structure, the __________ is the harsh internal judge of our behavior. (a) Id (b) Superego (c) Consciousness (d) Ego

(b) Superego

You know you are about to do something your parents would not approve of. In other words, your _____ is warning you that you are about to make a mistake. (a) Defense mechanism (b) Superego (c) Ego (d) Id

(b) Superego

According to the personality structure proposed by Freud, the __________ judges whether behavior is morally right or wrong, the __________ determines what is possible, and the __________ determines what would be pleasurable.. (a) Superego; id; ego (b) Superego; ego; id (c) Id; ego; superego (d) Ego; superego; id

(b) Superego; ego; id

Monique is aware that she is both intelligent and stupid, causing her some distress. According to humanists, which of the following is likely to help her to feel better about herself? (a) Rewarding her for feeling good about herself (b) Unconditional positive regard (c) An exploration of her unconscious thoughts

(b) Unconditional positive regard

Which of the following are problems with Freud's theory, as cited by modern critics? (Select all that apply.) (a) He did not pay enough attention to the role of early childhood experiences (b) He was unduly preoccupied with sexuality (c) He underestimated the importance of conscious thought (d) He did not give sufficient attention to sociocultural factors.

(b), (c) and (d)

Which of the following demonstrate a difference between neo-Freudians and Freud? (Select all that apply.) (a) Belief that sex is the most important motivator in human life (b) Belief that anatomy is NOT destiny and that women can be morally equal to men (c) Belief that perfection, not pleasure, is the goal of human existence (d) Belief that we are born with a storehouse of memories from our ancestors

(b), (c), (d)

Which of the following are the psychosexual stages as outlined by Freud? (Select all that apply.) (a) Archetypal (b) Oral (c) Genital (d) Subliminal (e) Anal (f) Phallic

(b), (c), (e), (f)

Extraverts are happier than introverts even when they are __________. (a) Married (b) At work (c) Alone (d) In a group

(c) Alone

Which of the following of the big five traits is linked to better-quality friendships, healthy behaviors, longevity, and better work performance? (a) Neuroticism (b) Agreeableness (c) Conscientiousness (d) Extraversions

(c) Conscientiousness

__________ are used by the unconscious to reduce anxiety by distorting reality. (a) Psychoanalytic theories (b) Oedipus complexes (c) Defense mechanisms

(c) Defense mechanisms

When the ego directs feelings toward an unacceptable object to a more acceptable object, this is the defense mechanism known as __________. (a) Denial (b) Regression (c) Displacement (d) Repression

(c) Displacement

In psychoanalytic theory, the superego's job is to do which of the following? (a) Reduce anxiety (b) Help us function in the real world (c) Evaluate the morality of our behavior (d) Push us to engage in instinctive behavior

(c) Evaluate the morality of our behavior

Suppose you are starting a business and need to hire a fitness trainer who is high energy and enjoys interacting with others. Which personality trait is most relevant to that description? (a) Openness to experience (b) Neuroticism (c) Extraversion (d) Conscientiousness (e) Agreeableness

(c) Extraversion

According to Freud, to reduce the conflict of castration anxiety, a boy identifies with his __________. (a) Sister (b) Mother (c) Father (d) Brother

(c) Father

Freud felt that an individual might become stuck in a stage of psychosexual development if that person received too much or too little gratification during that stage. This is known as a(n) __________. (a) Complex (b) Defense mechanisms (c) Fixation (d) Archetype

(c) Fixation

Which of these is NOT one of the big five factors of personality? (a) Agreeableness (b) Extraversion (c) Negativity (d) Conscientiousness

(c) Negativity

During the latency period, the child focuses on which of the following? (a) His or her sexuality (b) Having sexual relationships with peers (c) Nonsexual interests (d) Gaining sexual pleasure through observation (voyeurism)

(c) Nonsexual interests

__________ is correlated to higher IQ scores, liberal values, tolerance, and creativity. (a) Extraversion (b) Conscientiousness (c) Openness to experience (d) Neuroticism

(c) Openness to experience

A boy notices that his sister does not have a penis and begins to worry that his penis will fall off. This is most likely to occur during which stage of development? (a) Latent (b) Anal (c) Phallic (d) Oral

(c) Phallic

Freud's third stage of psychosexual development, occurring from ages 3 to 6 years, is the __________ stage. (a) Genital (b) Oral (c) Phallic (d) Anal (e) Latent

(c) Phallic

According to Rogers, people have a need for which of the following? (a) Learned behavior (b) Conditions of worth (c) Positive regard (d) Dream analysis

(c) Positive regard

The reason why so many people who criticize the immorality of contemporary society are then found to engage in these same activities is due to the defense mechanism of __________. (a) Repression (b) Displacement (c) Reaction formation (d) Sublimation

(c) Reaction formation

Traits are stable characteristics that tend to manifest themselves how? (a) Occasionally, when people are relaxed (b) Repeatedly over time but always in the same situation (c) Repeatedly over time and in many different situations

(c) Repeatedly over time and in many different situations

Which of the following is the motivation to develop one's full potential as a human being? (a) Behaviorism (b) Psychodynamic perspective (c) Self-actualization (d) Humanistic perspective

(c) Self-actualization

Researchers sometimes ask people to assess their own relative levels of positive and negative affect and to make a general evaluation of their life. What are these people being asked to assess? (a) Self-concept (b) Conditions of worth (c) Subjective well-being (d) Self-actualization

(c) Subjective well-being

Your friend went out to drink last night, even though he knew he should have stayed in and studied for an exam. According to Freudian theory, what personality structure is causing the guilt he felt about it afterward? (a) Ego (b) Id (c) Superego (d) Psychosexual

(c) Superego

Which of the following is true of Freud's ideas? (a) They are widely accepted as fact, to the point that most psychologists study the unconscious (b) They are universally regarded to be useless and a reflection of the times during which they were developed (c) They are not widely accepted today (d) They are generally regarded as among the best in the discipline

(c) They are not widely accepted today

Which of the following would a humanistic psychologist propose to promote optimal functioning? (a) Observational learning (b) The resolution of an unconscious conflict (c) Unconditional positive regard (d) Modeling behavior

(c) Unconditional positive regard

Which of the following are true of the psychoanalytic phallic stage of development? (Select all that apply.) (a) It typically occurs between the ages of 6 to puberty (b) It is a period that involves the anus and urethra (c) It typically occurs between 3 and 6 years of age (d) It triggers the Oedipus complex

(c) and (d)

Around what age does the anal stage begin? (a) Puberty (b) 5-7 years (c) Birth (d) 18 months

(d) 18 months

According to Freud, a fixation occurs when what happens? (a) Defense mechanisms are used in an unhealthy manner (b) The ego is unable to mediate between the id and superego (c) A boy experiences an Oedipus complex (d) A person becomes stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development

(d) A person becomes stuck at a particular stage of psychosexual development

According to Freud, the Oedipus complex is which of the following? (a) The term used when a person becomes stuck in a particular stage of psychosexual development (b) A young boy's fear that his father will castrate him (c) A young girl's desire to have a penis (d) A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections

(d) A young boy's desire to replace his father so he can enjoy his mother's affections

Individual psychology is the view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and strive for perfection over pleasure. Who developed it? (a) Jung (b) Horney (c) Freud (d) Adler

(d) Adler

A person who is sympathetic and kind is likely high in which of the big five traits? (a) Extraversion (b) Openness to experience (c) Neuroticism (d) Conscientiousness (d) Agreeableness

(d) Agreeableness

At what age does the oral stage begin? (a) Puberty (b) 5 years (c) 2 years (d) Birth

(d) Birth

What was Jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all humans because of their common ancestral past? (a) Superego (b) Ego (c) Collective archetype (d) Collective unconscious

(d) Collective unconscious

Empathy and genuineness can be used with unconditional positive regard in a therapeutic relationship to help people repair damage that was done by poor parenting and __________. (a) Positive self-concept (b) Accepting worldview (c) Genuineness (d) Condition of worth

(d) Condition of worth

When used in moderation, __________ help to relieve anxiety over particular experiences and might help people cope. (a) Unconscious impulses (b) Unacceptable actions (c) Reaction (d) Defense mechanisms

(d) Defense mechanisms

Which personality trait is most strongly related to well-being? (a) Agreeableness (b) Conscientiousness (c) Openness to experience (d) Extraversion

(d) Extraversion

A person who is imaginative is likely high in which of the big five traits? (a) Neuroticism (b) Conscientiousness (c) Agreeableness (d) Openness to experience (e) Extraversion

(d) Openness to experience

Rogers's term for what all people need to be loved, liked, or accepted by people around us is which of the following? (a) Self-actualization (b) Archetype (c) Collective unconscious (d) Positive regard

(d) Positive regard

When the ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others, this is the defense mechanism known as __________. (a) Sublimation (b) Rationalization (c) Repression (d) Projection

(d) Projection

The idea that unconscious forces influence personality is related to which of the following? (a) Humanism (b) Behaviorism (c) The social cognitive perspective (d) Psychoanalytic theory

(d) Psychoanalytic theory

When the ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite, so that the person's conscious experience is the opposite of how they really feel, this is the defense mechanism known as __________. (a) Projection (b) Rationalization (c) Sublimation (d) Reaction formation

(d) Reaction formation

Which of the following is a critique of the humanistic approach? (a) Therapy based on this approach does not work (b) It places too much emphasis on unconscious motives for behavior (c) Carl Rogers is not a well-respected psychologist (d) The theory is too optimistic about human nature

(d) The theory is too optimistic about human nature

What is the purpose of defense mechanisms? (a) To allow the superego to mediate between the id and ego (b) To enable the superego to develop more effectively (c) To prevent fixations in Freud's stages of development (d) To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

(d) To reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

The __________ perspective views personality as a collection of broad, enduring dispositions that lead to characteristic behaviors. (a) Behaviorist (b) Psychoanalytic (c) Humanistic (d) Trait

(d) Trait

Defense mechanisms are an example of __________ processes. (a) Conscious (b) Reflexive (c) Deliberate (d) Unconscious

(d) Unconscious

Defense mechanisms are an example of __________ processes. (a) Reflexive (b) Deliberate (c) Conscious (d) Unconscious

(d) Unconscious

Which of the following is NOT one of the psychosexual stages outlined by Freud? (a) Oral (b) Genital (c) Anal (d) Unconscious

(d) Unconscious

Suppose you are starting a business and need to hire somebody to keep track of inventory. The most important thing for the job is that the person is at work on time every day. What personality trait does a candidate for this job need to be high on? (a) Neuroticism (b) Extraversion (c) Openness to experience (d) Agreeableness (e) Conscientiousness

(e) Conscientiousness

According to Freud, the __________ must balance the wishes of the id and the demands of the superego.

Ego

__________ believed that we go through universal stages of personality development and that at each stage of development, we experience pleasure in one part of the body more than others.

Freud

According to Freud, from about age 6 through puberty, children set aside interest in sexuality. Freud called this time the __________ period.

Latency

__________ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behavior that characterizes the way an individual adapts to the world.

Personality

True or false: According to the humanistic approach, psychological distress is experienced when there are discrepancies between people's experiences and their self-concepts.

True

True or false: Factor analysis identifies underlying factors that summarize data well.

True

True or false: The trait approach to personality is practical, allows us to know a person better, and is correlated to practical life and health factors.

True

Self-_________ is a state of self-fulfillment in which people realize their highest potential

actualization

The purpose of using repression is to push unacceptable __________ impulses back into the unconscious mind.

id

Which of these are part of the five-factor model of personality? (Select all that apply.) (a) Adaptability (b) Compassion (c) Neuroticism (d) Optimism (e) Openness to experience (f) Agreeableness

openness to experience, agreeableness, neuroticism

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development, beginning at birth, is the __________ stage.

oral

According to Freud, castration anxiety is to boys what __________ __________ is to girls.

penis envy