Psychology of Adjustment Test 3 Jessica Lee

proximity

(n.) nearness, closeness

triangular theory of love: components of love

1. intimacy- warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship 2. passion- intense feelings (positive or negative), experienced in sexual relationships 3. commitment- the decision and intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise

triangular theory of love: types of love

1. liking- intimacy alone (true friendships without passion or long-term commitment) 2. infatuation- passion alone (passionate, obsessive love at first sight without intimacy or commitment) 3. empty love- commitment alone (commitment to remain together without intimacy or passion)

Triangular Theory of Love: combining components

1. romantic love: intimacy + passion (lovers physically and emotionally attracted to each other but without commitment, as in a summer romance) 2. companionate love: intimacy + commitment (long-term committed friendship such as a marriage in which the passion has faded) 3. fatuous love: passion + commitment (commitment based on passion but without time for intimacy to develop- shallow relationship such as a whirlwind courtship) 4. consummate love: intimacy + passion + commitment (a complete love consisting of all three components- an ideal difficult to attain)

homosexual issues they face

1. smaller dating pool 2. social pressure to conceal sexual orientation 3. limited ways to meet partners

Which of the following statements regarding self-disclosure in online communication is accurate?

Because online communication is anonymous, people take greater risks in online self-disclosure

anxious/ambivalent adults

Feel unworthy of love, always need approval of others, and feel as if their partners do not love them

Ross is going through a painful breakup. He is ruminating about his dissatisfaction, the costs of his relationship, and his alternatives. Steve Duck would say Ross is going through which of the following?

Intrapsychic process

Cohabitation

Living together without being married

monogamy

Marriage to only one person at a time

Which of the following has been supported by research on intimate relationships among gay men and lesbians

Most gay men and lesbians desire a stable, long-term relationship

why do relationships end?

Premature commitment Ineffective communication and conflict management skills Becoming bored with the relationship Availability of a more attractive relationship Low levels of satisfaction better alternatives (CLalt) you just are not satisfied (CL)

Which of the following social trend that is undermining the traditional model of marriage?

Reduced premium on permanence in marriage

Based on trends in the data, which of the following couples has the greatest likelihood of marital success?

Ruth and Randy. who had a long courtship

Which of the following reasons for cohabitation is associated with greater relationship commitment and satisfaction?

Spending time together

comparison level

a personal standard used to evaluate rewards and costs in a social exchange

Aaron exhibits both masculine and feminine personality traits. According to gender identity theory, he would be classified as

androgyous

anxious-ambivalent attachment infant

attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns

avoidant attachment infant

attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

Jenna tends to keep her distance from others and is unconcerned about social rejection. She would be classified in which of the following attachment styles?

avoidant-dismissing

batholomew's four-style model of attachment

based on 2 dimensions -anxiety over abandonment -avoidance of intimacy

Which of the following can an individual do to reduce the likelihood of being victimized by date rape?

beware of excessive alcohol and drug use

the finding that males exhibit more cerebral specialization than females supports which of the following biologically based explanation for gender differences?

brain organization

gender schemas

cognitive structures that reflect the perceived appropriateness of male and female characteristics and behaviors

meta-analysis

combines the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of variable's effects

Tracey's personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship is termed

comparison level

Androgyny

displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

intimate partner violence

domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship

the idea that individuals can move between gender identities is referred to as

gender fluidity

Parents tend to respond negatively to _____ behavior, especially in _____.

gender inappropriate; boys

which of the following perspectives proposes that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others?

gender-role transendance

The evidence suggests that the negative effects of divorce on former spouses' physical health and mortality are

greater for men than women

A sociocultural explanation for the finding that women emphasize economic potential more than men in choosing partners is that women

have historically had less economic power than men

Polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

If a researcher fails to determine the sexual orientation of her research participants and reports her findings without any mention of homosexuals, her study suffers from

heterosexism

preoccupied adults

high on anxiety low avoidance desire closeness with others, fear rejection

avoidant/fearful adults

high on avoidance and anxiety uncomfortable being close to others but still worry about getting rejected

avoidant/dismissing adults

high on avoidance, low on anxiety prefer to maintain their distance from others and are not concerned about rejection

mere exposure effect

increase in positive feelings toward a novel stimulus (such as a person) based on frequent exposure to it

Which of the following characteristics in young children is related to maternal employment?

increased prosocial behavior

social constructionism

individuals construct their own reality based on societal expectations, conditioning, and self-socialization

Women same-gender friendships are typically based on _________, men's are based on __________.

intimacy and self disclosure; shared activities

avoidant adults

little trust of people and approach to life and love is rather cynical

parental investment theory

maintains that a species' mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest- in the way of time, energy, and survival risk- to produce and nurture offspring

expressiveness

maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family

endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category

Homogamy

marriage between people with the same social characteristics

Truc and Hiroshi have plenty of financial resources. In their marriage, arguments about money

may be common

social role theory

minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that males and females occupy

Four-year-old Rachael seems to pay particular attention to what her mother and her older sister do, and she often imitates them. What is taking place?

observational learning

comparison level for alternatives

people's expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship

Jack and Liz have been dating for two years. They are a good example of the matching hypothesis. This means that they are matched on the basis of

personality

interdependence/social exchange theory

postulates that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of the rewards and costs exchanged in interactions

matching hypothesis

proposes that people of similar levels of physical attractiveness gravitate towards each other

gender role transcendence

proposes that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others

Sara's supervisor implied that she would get a promotion if she would go out on a date with him. This is an example of

quid pro quo harassment

reciprocal liking

refers to liking those who show that they like you

battering

relationships in which one individual uses violence as a way to control and dominate his or her partner

The mere exposure effect refers to

seeing someone often

date rape

sexual intercourse that is forced on a victim by someone the victim knows

taken as a whole, gender differences in verbal abilities are

small and favor females

among the following traits, the largest gender differences are found in

spatial abilities

relationship maintenance

the actions and activities used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship

hetrosexism

the assumption that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual

androcentrism

the belief that the male is the norm

gender role identity

the gender-related aspects of the psychological self

socialization

the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture

which of the following is not a problem associated with the male role?

the marriage mandate

The transition to parenthood tends to be easier when,

the parents have realistic expectations

Instrumentality

the perceived relationship between performance and rewards

Endogamy refers to

the tendency to marry in one's own social group

self-disclosure

the voluntary act of sharing personal information about yourself with another person

investments

things that people contribute to a relationship that they can't get back if the relationship ends

secure adults

trusting and confident of the partner and his or her love