Psychology of Adjustment Test 3 Jessica Lee
proximity
(n.) nearness, closeness
triangular theory of love: components of love
1. intimacy- warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship 2. passion- intense feelings (positive or negative), experienced in sexual relationships 3. commitment- the decision and intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise
triangular theory of love: types of love
1. liking- intimacy alone (true friendships without passion or long-term commitment) 2. infatuation- passion alone (passionate, obsessive love at first sight without intimacy or commitment) 3. empty love- commitment alone (commitment to remain together without intimacy or passion)
Triangular Theory of Love: combining components
1. romantic love: intimacy + passion (lovers physically and emotionally attracted to each other but without commitment, as in a summer romance) 2. companionate love: intimacy + commitment (long-term committed friendship such as a marriage in which the passion has faded) 3. fatuous love: passion + commitment (commitment based on passion but without time for intimacy to develop- shallow relationship such as a whirlwind courtship) 4. consummate love: intimacy + passion + commitment (a complete love consisting of all three components- an ideal difficult to attain)
homosexual issues they face
1. smaller dating pool 2. social pressure to conceal sexual orientation 3. limited ways to meet partners
Which of the following statements regarding self-disclosure in online communication is accurate?
Because online communication is anonymous, people take greater risks in online self-disclosure
anxious/ambivalent adults
Feel unworthy of love, always need approval of others, and feel as if their partners do not love them
Ross is going through a painful breakup. He is ruminating about his dissatisfaction, the costs of his relationship, and his alternatives. Steve Duck would say Ross is going through which of the following?
Intrapsychic process
Cohabitation
Living together without being married
monogamy
Marriage to only one person at a time
Which of the following has been supported by research on intimate relationships among gay men and lesbians
Most gay men and lesbians desire a stable, long-term relationship
why do relationships end?
Premature commitment Ineffective communication and conflict management skills Becoming bored with the relationship Availability of a more attractive relationship Low levels of satisfaction better alternatives (CLalt) you just are not satisfied (CL)
Which of the following social trend that is undermining the traditional model of marriage?
Reduced premium on permanence in marriage
Based on trends in the data, which of the following couples has the greatest likelihood of marital success?
Ruth and Randy. who had a long courtship
Which of the following reasons for cohabitation is associated with greater relationship commitment and satisfaction?
Spending time together
comparison level
a personal standard used to evaluate rewards and costs in a social exchange
Aaron exhibits both masculine and feminine personality traits. According to gender identity theory, he would be classified as
androgyous
anxious-ambivalent attachment infant
attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns
avoidant attachment infant
attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others
Jenna tends to keep her distance from others and is unconcerned about social rejection. She would be classified in which of the following attachment styles?
avoidant-dismissing
batholomew's four-style model of attachment
based on 2 dimensions -anxiety over abandonment -avoidance of intimacy
Which of the following can an individual do to reduce the likelihood of being victimized by date rape?
beware of excessive alcohol and drug use
the finding that males exhibit more cerebral specialization than females supports which of the following biologically based explanation for gender differences?
brain organization
gender schemas
cognitive structures that reflect the perceived appropriateness of male and female characteristics and behaviors
meta-analysis
combines the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of variable's effects
Tracey's personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship is termed
comparison level
Androgyny
displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics
intimate partner violence
domestic violence or battering between two people in a close relationship
the idea that individuals can move between gender identities is referred to as
gender fluidity
Parents tend to respond negatively to _____ behavior, especially in _____.
gender inappropriate; boys
which of the following perspectives proposes that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others?
gender-role transendance
The evidence suggests that the negative effects of divorce on former spouses' physical health and mortality are
greater for men than women
A sociocultural explanation for the finding that women emphasize economic potential more than men in choosing partners is that women
have historically had less economic power than men
Polygamy
having more than one spouse at a time
If a researcher fails to determine the sexual orientation of her research participants and reports her findings without any mention of homosexuals, her study suffers from
heterosexism
preoccupied adults
high on anxiety low avoidance desire closeness with others, fear rejection
avoidant/fearful adults
high on avoidance and anxiety uncomfortable being close to others but still worry about getting rejected
avoidant/dismissing adults
high on avoidance, low on anxiety prefer to maintain their distance from others and are not concerned about rejection
mere exposure effect
increase in positive feelings toward a novel stimulus (such as a person) based on frequent exposure to it
Which of the following characteristics in young children is related to maternal employment?
increased prosocial behavior
social constructionism
individuals construct their own reality based on societal expectations, conditioning, and self-socialization
Women same-gender friendships are typically based on _________, men's are based on __________.
intimacy and self disclosure; shared activities
avoidant adults
little trust of people and approach to life and love is rather cynical
parental investment theory
maintains that a species' mating patterns depend on what each sex has to invest- in the way of time, energy, and survival risk- to produce and nurture offspring
expressiveness
maintenance of harmony and internal emotional affairs of family
endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category
Homogamy
marriage between people with the same social characteristics
Truc and Hiroshi have plenty of financial resources. In their marriage, arguments about money
may be common
social role theory
minor gender differences are exaggerated by the different social roles that males and females occupy
Four-year-old Rachael seems to pay particular attention to what her mother and her older sister do, and she often imitates them. What is taking place?
observational learning
comparison level for alternatives
people's expectations about the level of rewards and costs they would receive in an alternative relationship
Jack and Liz have been dating for two years. They are a good example of the matching hypothesis. This means that they are matched on the basis of
personality
interdependence/social exchange theory
postulates that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of the rewards and costs exchanged in interactions
matching hypothesis
proposes that people of similar levels of physical attractiveness gravitate towards each other
gender role transcendence
proposes that to be fully human, people need to move beyond gender roles as a way of organizing their perceptions of themselves and others
Sara's supervisor implied that she would get a promotion if she would go out on a date with him. This is an example of
quid pro quo harassment
reciprocal liking
refers to liking those who show that they like you
battering
relationships in which one individual uses violence as a way to control and dominate his or her partner
The mere exposure effect refers to
seeing someone often
date rape
sexual intercourse that is forced on a victim by someone the victim knows
taken as a whole, gender differences in verbal abilities are
small and favor females
among the following traits, the largest gender differences are found in
spatial abilities
relationship maintenance
the actions and activities used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship
hetrosexism
the assumption that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual
androcentrism
the belief that the male is the norm
gender role identity
the gender-related aspects of the psychological self
socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
which of the following is not a problem associated with the male role?
the marriage mandate
The transition to parenthood tends to be easier when,
the parents have realistic expectations
Instrumentality
the perceived relationship between performance and rewards
Endogamy refers to
the tendency to marry in one's own social group
self-disclosure
the voluntary act of sharing personal information about yourself with another person
investments
things that people contribute to a relationship that they can't get back if the relationship ends
secure adults
trusting and confident of the partner and his or her love