Psychology Online Class VIII
Which of the following sayings represents the idea of catharsis?
"Get it off your chest."
The prisoner/guard experiment was supposed to last two weeks but ended early due to the distress of the participants. How long did the experiement actually last?
6 days
During Stanley Milgram's shock experiment _____ of all participants administered the full range of shocks.
65%
Why do we need friends?
Answers will vary. Students should indicate that we need friends because we have learned to depend on others to satisfy our needs. Friends fulfill our needs for praise, respect, love and affection, and the sense of achievement. Friends also have reward value. Reward values include ego support, utility value, and stimulation value.
_______________drugs are prescribed to help people reduce the stress due to temporary life circumstances and to control the symptoms of anxiety disorders.
Antianxiety
____________drugs are prescribed for people suffering from major depression, panic disorders, and eating disorders.
Antidepressant
Give an example of actor-observer
Attributing the trait of rudeness to someone who is generally polite but acts uncharacteristically rude the one time he or she is observed.
Person-centered therapy was developed by
Carl Rogers
Why might children have difficulty adjusting to their parent's divorce?
Children rarely want divorce to occur. Children are unlikely to understand the reasons for the separation and divorce. Children rarely have any control over the outcome of divorce. Children do not have the emotional maturity to overcome the hurt and pain.
How is compliance related to conformity?
Compliance is a change in behavior without an accompanying change in thinking. Outwardly the person appears to be conforming.
____________________techniques pair the stimulus that causes an unwanted behavior with a new, more desirable behavior.
Counterconditioning
What are two factors that inhibit individual action within a group setting.
Diffusion of responsibility and the bystander effect inhibit individual action within a group setting. Diffusion of responsibility occurs when the presence of others lessens an individual's feelings of responsibility. When a person refrains from taking action because of the presence of others, it is know as the bystander effect.
Explain the difference between endogamy and homogamy.
Endogamy refers to the tendancy to marry someone from one's own social group. Homogamy refers to the tendancy to marry someone with similar attributes.
Which of the following friendships would best illustrate the idea of similarity?
Eric and Paul became close friends after discovering they were both adopted.
List five of the factors that increase conforming behavior in people. Give an example for one of the factors.
Factors that increase conforming behavior in people include: belonging to a group that emphasizes the role of groups as opposed to individuals; desire to be liked by other members of the group; low self-esteem; social shyness; lack of familiarity with a task; group size; and cultural influences. Students' examples will vary.
Name and describe the factors that increase cohesiveness in groups.
Factors that increase group cohesiveness are norms, ideology, and commitment. Group norms are the standards of behavior that group members accept and expect from one another. The ideology of the group is its common ideas, attitudes, and goals. Group commitment involves some kind of personal sacrifice as well as participation.
____________________ error is a common mistake in which people overestimate the influence of internal factors on a person's behavior and underestimate the influence of external factors.
Fundamental attribution
In what ways are liking and loving different?
Liking is based on similarities and respect. Love is deeper in that it involves need, intimacy, and caring.
He developed an experiment in which participants administered shocks to individuals if they did not correctly recite a list of words
Milgram
Which of the following statements is NOT true of obedience to authority?
People are more likely to obey when the authority figure is not around.
Why do people conform?
People conform to increase their sense of belonging to a group and to avoid standing out.
A healthy marriage depends on _____.
NOT whether a couple's needs are compatible
List three factors that influence perceptions of other people.
Possible answers include appearance, whether the person appears friendly or rude, clothing choices, etc.
________________is the general term for brain surgery performed to treat psychological disorders.
Psychosurgery
The findings of psychologist________ suggest that love is something you seek and create.
Rubin
The psychoanalytic approach to therapy and change are based on the theories of
Sigmund Freud
What is social loafing?
Social loafing occurs in groups when a person does not work as hard because the workload is shared with others and the individual contributions are less noticeable.
_________________ is a form of eye contact that is usually interpreted as a sign of anger; ____________________, by contrast, is a sign of friendliness.
Staring; gazing
Violent acts are often the result of aggression. What do the various theories of aggression suggest as possible ways to curb violence in our society?
The biological theory suggests that aggression results from too much serotonin in the brain. Drug treatments are available that help maintain balance, although they are used only with extremely violent patients. The cognitive theory suggests that aggression results from imitation of models. By reducing the violence that a child sees and experiences, the child will be less violent. One particular area that many theorists suggest is reducing the amount of violence on television and in video games. Other theorists suggest that accepting frustrations and not letting them build will reduce the tendency toward aggression and violence.
How does the cognitive theory explain aggression?
The cognitive theory assumes aggression is learned in childhood by observing and imitating the behavior of others.
In an emergency situation, how would the size of a crowd affect a person's feeling of responsibility to help?
The larger the crowd, the less responsibility they would feel.
Which of the following statements concerning psychotherapy is true?
The primary goal is to strengthen the patient's control over his or her life.
List the six factors associated with choosing friends. Which of these factors strongly influences the length of the friendship?
The six factors associated with choosing friends include proximity, reward values, physical appearance, approval, similarity, and complementarity. Long-lasting friendships are primarily the result of the reward values of the friendship.
Identify three factors upon which marital happiness depends.
The three facors upon which marital happiness depands are (1) whether the couple's needs are compatible (2) whether the husband's and wife's images of themselves coincide with their images of each other (3) whether they agree to what the husband's and wife's roles are in the marriage.
Name and describe one of the two processes of group decision making.
The two processes of group decision making are group polarization and groupthink. With group polarization, a group discussion will usually reinforce the majority's point of view, thus decisions will be based on what the majority believes. With groupthink, group unity is emphasized at the expense of critical thinking, and poor decisions may result.
Which of the following best describes the foot-in-the door technique?
When you get a person to agree to a relatively minor request which is really a set-up for a major request.
In the__________________ experiment, those acting as prison guards quickly became intoxicated with power.
Zimbardo
You observe a stranger acting in an aggressive manner and assume the person is aggressive due to dispositional factors. This may not be a true reflection of the strangers personality and can be explained by the _____.
actor-observer bias
A behavior that is intended to cause physical or psychological harm is __________.
aggression
According to social learning, children who witness media violence __________.
all of the above
Adjusting to divorce is usually more difficult for children than their parents because _____.
all of the above
People are more likely to be friends with someone who is physically attractive, because they are considered to be more
all of the above.
Helping a woman who is being mugged, even when there is danger of being harmed, is an example of __________.
altruism
People may seek __________ from their friends because it makes them feel better about themselves to have someone who agrees with them.
approval
Identification: Write a brief description or explanation of the following terms. complementarity
attraction that develops between opposite types of people because of the ability of one to supply what the other lacks
Explanation of other people's behavior based on dispositional or situational factors
attributtion theory
The three styles of leadership are _____.
authoritarian, laissez-faire, democratic
Your family would be an example of a(an)_____
both a & c
The tendency to assume that someone else will handle emergencies when more than one person is present is called
diffusion of responsibility.
A person experiencing___________ is releasing anger or aggression by expressing powerful negative emotions.
catharsis
In Harold Leavitt's experiment on communication patterns, the slowest at solving the problem but the happiest group was the
circle
Which of the following theories of aggression suggests that the media is responsible for teaching aggressive behavior to children?
cognitive factors theory
Love that includes friendship, liking someone, mutual trusting, and wanting to be with them
companionate love
When we give in to social pressure in our public behavior but do not change our private beliefs,______________ occurs.
compliance
Solomon Asch's experiment was designed to test_____________ to one's peers.
conformity
occurs when people lose their sense of self and follow group behaviors
deindividuation
Nazi Germany and wartime atrocities are examples of how obedience to authority can be _____.
destructive
Assuming that someone is shy because they did not talk much at a party would be a
dispositional attribution.
Identification: Write a brief description or explanation of the following terms. physical proximity
distance of one person to another person
Which of the following is NOT part of the "separation shock" during a divorce?
divorcee asks friends and family for forgiveness
A friend who gives sympathy and encouragement has
ego-support value
Friends who agree with and support us, thus making us feel better about ourselves, provide_________________________.
ego-support value
In the Robber's Cave experiment
emergencies requiring cooperation led to the groups coming together.
The tendency to marry someone who is from one's own social group is referred to as__________________.
endogamy
A good way for the group to avoid poor decision making is to insist that the group's leader make all the decisions.
false
According to the lecture, the recency effect increases only positive feelings towards another person.
false
Adjusting to divorce is like adjusting to death.
false
As a group grows in size, the less likely people are to conform.
false
Critics of using catharsis to control aggression suggest that releasing aggression is a diffusion of responsibility.
false
If someone is familiar with a task presented to them, they are more likely to conform.
false
Interacting with other human beings would be an easy habit to break.
false
Obedience to authority cannot be destructive.
false
One key to holding large groups together is direct communication among members of the group.
false
Psychological studies consistently support the popular notion that opposites attract.
false
Sternberg believed that a person going through divorce suffers from "separation shock".
false
The types of touch people use to communicate are similar across all cultures.
false
Which of the following is NOT a behavior that increases conformity?
familiarity with the group
Identification: Write a brief description or explanation of the following terms. social psychology
field of psychology that seeks to explain how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by interactions with others
Identification: Write a brief description or explanation of the following terms. social cognition
field of study that focuses on how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions
method of gaining compliance
foot-in-the-door technique
Laura is in a state of high anxiety. The anxiety will tend to produce a need
for companionship.
According to the____________________, a failure to obtain something expected leads to aggression.
frustration-aggression hypothesis
The hypothesis that the failure to obtain something leads to aggression is the
frustration-aggression hypothesis.
Refers to the tendency for members of different generations to think differently about things
generational identity
The tendancy for members of different generations to think differently about things refers to the ________________.
generational identity
_____ occurs when the majority's point of view is reinforced and an extreme view dominates.
group polarization
The study of_____________ considers the roles various members play in the group and how these roles are interrelated.
group structure
results from group emphasizing unity over critical thinking
groupthink
People obey authority because they _____.
have learned to follow orders
Jaclyn and Christopher have been happily married for six years. They make a great couple, because they are very similar (they even look alike). The success in their marriage can be attributed to _____.
homogamy
Identifies the tendancy to marry someone who has similar attributes to your own including, age, physical attractiveness, and physique
homogany
Which of the following is NOT a feature that distinguishes a group from an aggregate (nongroup)?
ideology
The three components of romantic love identified by Zick Rubin are need, caring, and____________.
intimacy
Which of the following is included in Robert Sternberg's triangular theory of love?
intimacy
A person's aggressive behavior can be influenced by__________________, such as serotonin.
neurotransmitters
Our posture and the distance we keep from others are examples of
nonverbal communication.
shared standards of behavior and attitudes
norms
Which of the following is NOT a component of love according to Rubin?
passion
The type of love that is sensual, all-consuming, and very intense is called_______________.
passionate love
Very intense, sensual, and all-consuming love
passionate love
Tendancy for people to form opinions of others on the basis of first impressions
primacy effect
The tendency of people to form opinions about others based on first impressions is known as the ____________________.
primacy effect
Ever since Jonah moved into the house next door, he has been best friends with Libby. The factor that would best explain their friendship is
proximity.
Explanation of why people change their opinions of others on the basis of recent interactions instead of holding on to first impressions
recency effect
The ____________________ explains why people change their opinions of others based on later interactions, rather than on first impressions.
recency effect
When Jerod first met Erin, he thought she was very rude. In more recent encounters he has realized that she is a very polite person. His change in perception can be attributed to_____.
recency effect
Hannah believes her scholarship interview was a great success, because she is talented and motivated. She may believe this because of the _____.
self-serving bias
An individual who is normally outgoing but quiet at a party because they do not know many people would be demonstrating a _____.
situational attribution
All of the following except __________ factors, are contributers to aggression.
social
The subfield of_____________ studies how we perceive, store, and retrieve information about social interactions.
social cognition
The study of how one perceives, stores, and retrieves information about social interaction is
social cognition.
Giving a better performance in front of a crowd may result from____________________.
social facilitation
Which of the following refers to the tendency to perform better in the presence of a group?
social facilitation
Not performing well in front of a crowd may result from _______________.
social inhibition
the tendancy to work less hard when sharing the workload with others
social loafing
The ways in which we perceive other people are known as our____________________.
social perceptions
The study of how our thoughts, feelings, perceptions, and behaviors are influenced by our interaction with others is the domain of
social psychology.
diagram that represents relationships within a group
sociogram
System of rewards used in behavior therapy
token economy
A________________ leader is charismatic, provides individualized attention to group members, and is able to enthuse and intellectually stimulate group members.
transformational
A friend who is able to give you his or her time and resources to help you acheive your goals has utility value.
true
A large part of parent-child conflict stems from adolescents own internal stuggles.
true
A person's opinion may become even more extreme if the group agrees with and reinforces that opinion.
true
According to the lecture, nonverbal communication includes how a person says and does things as well as what they are NOT saying and doing.
true
According to the lecture, the parent-child relationship can have both positive and negative effects on a child's future relationships.
true
An aggressive child tends to be an aggressive adult.
true
An attraction between opposites is called complimentary.
true
Avoiding eye contact may indicate that a person is lying.
true
By the age of 18, the average American has witnessed an estimated 200,000 acts if violence on television.
true
Experiments that have the potential to cause harm to the participants must be screened by research committees before the American Psychological Association will allow its members to conduct the experiments.
true
Groups that share task functions include construction crews, political parties, and neighborhood watches.
true
Obedience to authority can be useful.
true
One of the main reasons that many people have a difficult time adjusting to marriage is that they have unrealistic ideas about love.
true
People like to be together to reduce uncertainties about themselves.
true
Personal sacrifice is a factor that increases group commitment.
true
Solomon Asch found that people may conform to other people's ideas of the truth, even when they disagree.
true
There is no one best style for leadership; different kinds of groups require different styles of leadership.
true
In terms of reward values, the basis of friendship can be evaluated either consciously or unconsciously.
true??
He developed an experiment where participants took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The guards became intoxicated with power, and the experiment ended
zimbardo
According to the lecture, which of the following statements about the role of a therapist is true?
Assist an individual in assuming responsibility for their problems.
___ relies on medication or some other medical treatment to eliminate psychological disorders.
Biological therapy
In this type of therapy, the emotions or reasons behind the undesirable behavior is unimportant.
behavior therapy
Operant conditioning uses reinforcement to decrease the frequency of desirable behavior and withholds reinforcement to stop undesirable behavior.
false
Resistance is when a client displays sexual or aggressive behavior in an attempt to mask painful feelings.
false
Someone who has a fear of water may gradually lose that fear through the cognitive therapy technique of systematic desensitization.
false
The humanistic approach assumes that all people have a natural tendency to undermine their true potential.
false
The humanistic approach to therapy requires the client to take the back seat in therapy and to allow the therapist to discover their problems for them.
false
A type of group therapy in which family members explore the web of relationships that has led one or more members to experience emotional difficulties is__________ therapy.
family
An analyst using the technique of ____________________ asks the patient to relax and then to say whatever comes to mind.
free association
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic necessary to be considered a good therapist?
interested in conducting research
In group therapy, clients work together to resolve ___ problems with the aid of a leader.
interpersonal
Possible side effects of this type of drug therapy includes shakiness, memory impairment, and excessive thirst.
lithium
Rational-emotive behavior therapy is based on the belief that people are basically ___ in their thinking and actions.
logical
School and college counselors will use person-centered therapy to help students
make decisions.
Actual content of a dream as it is remembered by a patient
manifest content
One reason electroconvulsive therapy is a controversial form of biological therapy because it causes _________.
memory impairment
the influence that a patient's hopes and expectations have on his or her therapy's effectiveness
placebo effect
Patient's hesitancy or unwillingness to discuss issues raised during free association
resistance
Patients experiencing____________ develop a relationship to their analyst that is similar to one they had or have with an important person in their lives.
transference
Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs may cause problems in balance and coordination and produce __________.
tremors
According to behavior theorists, a client with a fear of spiders can be counterconditioned to react to spiders in a relaxed manner.
true
Aversive conditioning is useful for getting clients to cease addictive substances by replacing the positive stimulus with a negative stimulus.
true
Cognitive therapists try to help people with emotional problems change the ways they think, because people's reactions to life events are not based on the actual event but their ways of thinking about the event.
true
Providing the client with unconditional positive regard, or acceptance and support, helps the client to accept his or her true feelings.
true
Psychoanalysts help to reduce anxiety and guilt in clients by helping them become aware of their unconscious thoughts and feelings that are thought to be at the root of their problems.
true
Dream analysis, interprets the content of dreams, because they express ___ thoughts and feelings.
unconscious
Psychotherapy involves the ___ interaction between the trained professional and the client.
verbal
Self-help groups are ___ groups composed of people with similar problems.
voluntary
_______________drugs are prescribed to control the symptoms of schizophrenics.
Antipsychotic
Brief psychoanalysis differs from traditional psychoanalysis in
all of the above.
Therapy that replaces a positive response to a stimulus with a negative response
aversive conditioning
Group therapy provides clients with access to all of the following EXCEPT
awareness of unconscious desires.
Lithium is used to treat
bipolar disorder.
Aaron Beck's model of therapy falls into which category?
cognitive therapy
The task of the psychotherapist is to do all of the following EXCEPT __________.
control people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Systematic desensitization and modeling are techniques used in
counterconditioning
Psychoanalysts use ____________________ to reveal the unconscious thoughts and feelings expressed in dreams.
dream analysis
The three major biological treatments for psychological disorders are
drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery.
Antidepressants are also prescribes by physicians to treat
eating disorders.
Therapists who use a(n)__________________, choose from among many different kinds of therapy and use the one that works best with the patient.
eclectic approach
combination of various kinds of therapies
eclectic approach
The reward value we give to others when we send greeting cards is most likely____________________________.
ego-support value
Use of electric current through the brain to treat psychological disorders
electroconvulsive therapy
Unlike psychoanalysis, the key goal of cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy is to
eliminate troubling emotions or behaviors.
Which type of therapy investigates relationships and the interactions that may cause poor communication or negative experiences?
family therapy
Helping people to understand underlying causes of their problems is a ___ of psychotherapy.
function
In__________, a patient interacts with others who are struggling with similar problems.
group therapy
When faulty assumptions about situations create emotional and behavioral problems.
illogical thinking
What is the following scenario an example of? Darcy did not call Margo for 2 weeks, and now Margo assumes that Darcy is mad at her.
inference
The psychoanalytic approach helps clients deal with unconscious thoughts, urges, impulses, or fears by helping them gain
insight
The ____________________ of dreams is their hidden meaning.
latent content
The hidden meanings of the content of dreams is called
latent content.
Operant conditioning helps a person
learn desirable behaviors.
Lithium balances ___ for people suffering from bipolar disorder.
mania and depression
Most professionals will avoid referring to a patients condition as a(n) ___, because it assumes the patient has no control over the situation.
mental illness
In person-centered therapy, the therapist acts as a _______________ of the patient.
mirror
According to the lecture, ___ may be a sign that the patient is reluctant to reveal feelings, or being resistant.
missing appointments
According to the lecture, the focus of family therapy is on interaction, or ___ among family members.
modes of communication
An aspect of person-centered therapy where the therapist reflects client thoughts and feelings back to the client.
nondirective therapy
When someone makes a general conclusion from one experience they are making a(n)
overgeneralization
Psychologist Carl Rogers believed that psychological problems arise when
people stop being true to themselves and act as others expect them to act.
Psychosurgery involves cutting nerve pathways in the brain between the
prefrontal lobes and the thalamus.
Brain surgery used to treat people with severe psychological disorders
prefrontal lobotomy
Psychotherapists help people assume responsibility for their
problems
Which form of biological therapy causes distractibility, seizures, withdrawal, and overeating?
psychosurgery
treatment to help troubled individuals overcome problems
psychotherapy
Therapy that involves identifying and challenging false assumptions
rational-emotion therapy
The primary goal of humanistic therapy is to help individuals
reach their full potential.
Self-awareness and insight help patients undergoing psychoanalysis reduce their guilt and anxiety by
revealing unconscious thoughts and feelings at the root of problems.
Person-centered therapy is practiced widely by
school and college counselors.
In humanistic therapy, people can reach self-actualization by developing a positive
self-awareness and self acceptance.
Antidepressant drugs are used to increase the levels of ___ being released.
serotonin or noradrenaline
Electroconvulsive therapy is used as a treatment for _________.
severe depression
Some psychologists believe that psychoanalysis places too much emphasis onsexual and aggressive urges.
sexual and aggressive urges.
Which of the following is not something that would make a good therapist?
sharing and personal feelings
Series of behaviors that gradually become more similar to a target behavior
successive approximations
When people become dissatisfied with life, they may seek_______ to treat behavioral, bodily, or psychological disorders.
therapy
In both cognitive and behavior therapy, clients are encouraged to focus on their
thoughts and behaviors.
Psychoanalysis may be most helpful for people experiencing
anxiety
The humanistic approach ___ that people are basically good.
assumes
The psychoanalytic concept of the id, the ego, and the superego is a part of
Freud's structural model of the psyche.
Discuss the qualities of a good therapists and qualifications of therapists such as psychologists, psychiatrists, social workers, nurses, and counselors.
Good therapists are psychologically healthy, have the capacity for warmth and understanding, and have experience dealing with people. Therapists have different qualifications depending on the area in which they work. Many have earned doctorates in psychology or a related field. Some therapists, such as psychiatrists have medical degrees. Psychiatric nurses are usually registered nurses who have specialized training in psychology or psychiatry. Some therapists such as psychiatric social workers and counselors have earned master's degrees.
______ is a drug used to treat people with bipolar disorder.
Lithium
Define and discuss the purpose of self-help groups.
Self-help groups are a form of group therapy composed of people who share a particular problem. Members of these groups hold regularly scheduled meetings at which they discuss their difficulties and provide support and possible solutions for one another.
Identify and describe the three main biological treatments for psychological disorders. Explain the possible side effects of these treatments.
The three main biological treatments for psychological disorders are drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), and psychosurgery. The most widely used of the biological treatments is drug therapy, including the prescription of antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, lithium, and antipsychotics. The main side effects of anxiety drugs are feelings of fatigue and possible addiction. The potential side effects of antidepressants include escalated heart rate and excessive weight gain. Lithium may cause the side effects of shakiness, memory impairment, and excessive thirst. Prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs may cause problems in balance and coordination and may cause tremors and twitches. Electroconvulsive therapy is a controversial procedure in which electric current is passed through the patient's brain. The electric current produces convulsions. ECT disrupts memory of recent events and may even lead to permanent memory problems. Psychosurgery is brain surgery performed to treat psychological disorders. The best-known psychosurgery is prefrontal lobotomy, a controversial procedure that involves cutting nerve pathways in the brain between the prefrontal lobes and the thalamus. The procedure produces the serious side effects of distractibility, reduced learning ability, overeating, apathy, social withdrawal, seizures, reduced creativity, and occasionally even death.
Which medication relaxes the activity of the nervous system, lowers heart rate, and lowers respiration rate?
antianxiety drugs
This type of biological therapy reduces agitation, hallucinations, and delusions.
antipsychotic drugs
Which drug therapy medication is used to treat schizophrenia?
antipsychotics
Psychoanalysts make use of transference to
expose unresolved problems in the patient's earlier relationships.
One of the goals of therapy is to ___ change of dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
facilitate
A client who dreams about falling down a mountain and being unable to grab anything may be interpreted by a psychologist as having repressed feelings that his/her life is out of control; the mountain is the latent content and the repressed feelings are the manifest content.
false
