Psychology - Test 2
By _____ months, children can sit by themselves, without any help.
6
__________ is the defense mechanism associated with pushing threatening or disturbing thoughts, impulses, or feelings into the unconscious.
Repression
Which of the following is NOT a distinct process in short term memory?
Retrieving stored information for future use
What is the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg?
Zygote
Learning is
a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.
Wakefulness is the degree in which a person is ______
alert
The _____ rhythm is a 24-hour cycle that helps regulate the body.
circadian
The classification of ______ drugs means that their main function is to slow down the activity in the central nervous system.
depressant
You might be sleep _____ if you need an extra alarm clock to wake up, if you sleep longer on the weekends than weekdays, or if you fall asleep during lectures.
deprived
True or false: All sleep loss can be replenished.
false
________ is the weakening or loss of memories over time.
forgetting
The rapid and innate learning of the caregivers' characteristics is considered _____ in some animals, especially birds
imprinting
Over life span development, ____ spend the most amount of time in REM sleep.
infants
In ______ reinforcement, behavior is reinforced some but not all of the time.
intermittent
Classical conditioning modifies _____ behavior.
involuntary
During _______ adulthood, the two challenges involve sensory and physical development.
middle
______ adulthood refers to the ages of 40 and 60 or 65.
middle
______ meditation encourages attention to the details of momentary experience, such as all the thoughts, feelings, and sensations available in the moment.
mindfulness
Freud used the term Blank ______ to describe material that is potentially accessible but not currently available to awareness
preconscious
______ is a memory from a real event that was encoded, stored, but not retrieved for a long period of time until some later event brings it back to consciousness.
recovered memory
Different people will have different, unique memories of the same event because of
selective attention
________ is the process of repeatedly practicing material so that it enters long-term memory.
Rehearsal
_____ memory is a kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned.
Procedural
The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is considered
awareness
Sleeping longer on the weekends is one way to repay sleep _________ accumulated during the week
debt
True or false: Psychoactive drugs are only man-made substances, like prescription drugs.
false
True or false: The purpose of using repression is to push the ego's impulses into the unconscious.
false
One study linked meditation-related changes in brain activity with _____ performance in attentional tasks.
faster
Based on _____, will determine whether the memory is sensory, short-term or long term.
how long the memory lasts
In Erikson's model of personality development, each stage is defined by an _________ crisis or conflict
identity
_____ is commonly considered to be the most complex form of memory.
long-term
What area of the brain may be the most plastic?
medial temporal lobe
If you were interested in improving your stress level, you might try
meditation
What behavior do rats engage in while in a "Skinner box"?
perform a behavior
______ is a basic, innate disposition that emerges very early in life and affects behavior throughout childhood.
temperament
True or false: Research indicates that the brain literally grows and changes as we learn.
true
The stimulus that automatically gives rise to a response is called the __________ stimulus
unconditioned
In order to be successful, reinforcers have to be something the learner _________
wants
________ refers to the wide variety of practices that people use to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, focus attention and enhance awareness.
Meditation
_____ is the period when sexual maturation begins.
Puberty
Which of the following represents the quick movements of the eye that occur during sleep?
REM (Rapid Eye Movement)
________ is when the reactivation of a memory temporarily weakens the original memory and a new, slightly altered memory is the result.
Reconsolidation
The germinal stage begins at ______ and lasts the first two weeks.
conception
A ______ stimulus is previous neutral stimulus that one learns to associate with the UCS.
conditioned
An initially neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response (because of its pairing with a stimulus that causes that response) is called the _________
conditioned stimulus
The term _____ is a form of associative learning in which a behavior becomes more likely because the organism associates that behavior with certain events in its environment.
conditioning
Sleep _____ represents the amount of sleep our brains owe our bodies.
debt
A general term that describes a loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired, such as the ability to remember, reason, solve problems, make decisions, and use language is _______
dementia
____ is the process by which the brain attends to, takes in, and integrates new information.
encoding
The study of animal behavior is known as ______.
ethology
Divided attention and _______ interfere with the first necessary steps of memory formation.
multitasking
Water, food, and sex are all considered __________ reinforcers
primary
Identify all of the processes in working memory.
rehearsing attending storing
________ occurs when a person gets out of bed during sleep.
sleepwalking
The type of attention that requires you to stay focused on a task and to have a high degree of concentration is
sustained
When you are multitasking, you compromise the amount of _____ you can provide to each task.
sustained attention
When are full-blown dreams LESS common?
During non-REM sleep
______ identity reflects who a person identifies as, internally.
Gender
___________ is the sensory process by which organisms adapt to constant stimulation.
Habituation
Which describes a state of mind that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by focused attention and suggestibility?
Hypnosis
What is the process by which non-human newborn animals come to recognize the first moving object they see as their primary caregiver?
Imprinting
_____ waves are a pattern of brain activity when one is awake whereas _____ waves are a pattern of brain activity when one is relaxed and drowsy.
Beta; alpha
Sleep deprivation has which of the following effects on mental health?
Increased depression Increased anxiety Increased paranoia
______ is the general term for awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced.
Consciousness
_____ is a sleep difficulty characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep, as well as not feeling rested.
Insomnia
How does REM sleep change across the life span?
It declines rapidly.
In the context of human development, which of the following is true of attachment?
It is a strong emotional connection that develops early in life.
Dementia has which of the following characteristics?
Loss of mental function, problem solving, and use language Difficulty in the use of language
_____ is a hormone that plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness.
Melatonin
_____ is a heightened awareness of the present moment, whether of events in one's environment or in one's own mind.
Mindfulness
A deeper sleep, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles" is
N2
What is the deepest stage of sleep?
N3
Which of the following is the process during months 3-5 of pregnancy by which neurons move from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent home?
Neuronal migration
Dreams during _____ sleep are less detailed, less active, and more like regular thinking.
Non-REM
______ sleep is a form of sleep with few eye movements, which are slow rather than fast.
Non-REM
When a behavior is already well learned, what is the best way to reinforce it to get the behavior to continue?
Occasionally
Which of the following best summarizes what happened with Patient H. M. as he repeatedly practiced a tracing task?
Patient H. M. never remembered having done the task before, but his performance improved with practice.
______ ______ is the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.
Prenatal programming
______ of reinforcement are arranged to follow behaviors.
Schedules
______ attention is the ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others.
Selective
Which Piaget stage involves infants learning their world, from their eyes, ears, and mouth?
Sensorimotor
In the three-stage model of memory, the ______ memory holds the original information, the __________-term temporarily stores limited information, and the ________-term memory holds the most information.
Sensory; short; long
_______ ______ is the distress reaction shown by babies when they are separated from their primary caregiver (typically shown at around 9 months of age).
Separation anxiety
Which of the following is true regarding sexual orientation and gender identity?
Sexual orientation and gender identity are not related.
________ ___________ is the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response.
Spontaneous recovery
The ______ _______ procedure was designed to assess the quality of attachment between infants and their primary caregivers.
Strange situation
_______ is a problem that occurs when memories are implanted or altered based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions by another source.
Suggestibility
What part of the brain is responsible for circadian rhythms?
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
_______ begins before birth, and is the biological basis to behavior in particular ways from very early in life.
Temperament
Long-term memory has ___ distinct types and ___ distinct stages of processing.
2; 4
How many stages of non-REM sleep are there?
3
What percentage of adults in the United States suffer from sleep deprivation?
40%
Erikson's model of personality development consists of how many stages?
8
______ is memory loss due to injury or disease to the brain.
Amnesia
What is the central assumption to Thorndike's "law of effect?"
Any response that leads to a satisfying experience is more likely to be repeated
______ is the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregiver.
Attachment
When you are driving, it is not possible to type a text at the same time because we cannot pay ____ to both at the same time.
Attention
____ is the limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control.
Attention
_______ allows us to filter out distractions, focus on the task at hand and develop a plan for solving a problem.
attention
Adolescence is
the developmental stage between childhood and adulthood
What is classical conditioning?
the form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a stimulus to which the subject has an automatic, inborn response
The consequences of an action influence the frequency with which that action is displayed. This describes
the law of effect
The best way to think about positive and negative reinforcement is that
both strengthen behavior but positive reinforcement means something is added and negative reinforcement means something is removed.
Between conception and birth, what major organ(s) form(s) first?
brain
The _____ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a situation.
central executive
_____ is the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units.
chunking
An experience of a loss of consciousness by which a person is unresponsive and not woken up as if there were sleeping is called a(n)
coma
Which step of death and dying is when one experiences a sense of utter disbelief?
denial
List in order from first to last, the steps of death and dying according to Kubler-Ross.
denial -> anger -> bargaining -> depression -> acceptance
The process of how genotype becomes phenotype, and therefore, how we change and remain the same over the course of a lifetime is called human
development
The ability to differentiate between two similar stimuli, one of which is associated with a CR, the other is not, is called stimulus _______
discrimination
Most individuals _______ numerous times each night, and are loosely connected by unusual associations.
dream
Select all of the general categories of temperament in children:
easy child slow-to-warm child difficult child
We would state that ____ has occurred when a previously conditioned response decreases and eventually disappears.
extinction
True or false: When learning occurs, there is no physical evidence in the brain.
false
On a _____, reinforcement is given based on the number of responses.
fixed-ratio schedule
When two similar, but not identical, stimuli elicit the same conditioned response, stimulus ________ has occurred
generalization
According to _____ _______ theory, consciousness is a place where we temporarily attend to information at hand or information we deem important.
global workspace
A drug that is capable of producing pronounced changes in perception is a(n) _______
hallucinogen
Learning that occurs without any reinforcement and isn't apparent until the reinforcement is given is known as
latent learning.
An enduring change in behavior that happens with experience is called _______ by psychologist
learning
The rate at which learning occurs over time is called a _______ ________
learning curve
Participants with no previous meditation experience completed 8 weeks of mindfulness meditation training. At the end of the training, researchers observed significant increases in EEG activity in which region of the brains of participants?
left frontal cortex
Sleep appears to be crucial for learning, primarily because it affects
memory
_________ is the ability to encode, store and retrieve information.
memory
A coma is considered a ____ state of consciousness.
minimal
For autistic children who have a hard time imitating other people's behaviors, scientists might look to a deficit in _____ as an explanation for the difficulty.
mirror neurons
For some neurons, having the experience of watching someone do something is as if you are personally having the same experience. The neurons responsible for this information are called
mirror neurons
Kohlberg is most associated with
moral reasoning
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that does not bring about a response of interest is a(n) _______ stimulus.
neutral
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that itself does not bring about a response of interest is a(n) ____ stimulus
neutral
Implicit memory is also known as _____ memory
nondeclarative
________ conditioning has occurred when the consequences of an action influence the likelihood that the behavior will be displayed again.
operant
_________ conditioning is when you operate on your environment.
operant
A hungry animal does something that is followed by the presentation of food. This increases the likelihood of making the behavior again in the future. This best describes _____.
operant conditioning
What are the group of people who share equal standing or status and usually at the same level in terms of age, and gender?
peers
The _____ assists the central executive by providing extra storage for a number of digits or words for up to 30 seconds at a time.
phonological loop
According to research, which of the following benefits neural growth, as indicated by hippocampal neurogenesis?
physical exercise
When the retina senses light in the morning, the _____ gland decreases the amount of melatonin it releases.
pineal
_________ _______ is defined as the presentation or inclusion of a stimulus to a situation that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
positive reinforcement
_______ reinforcers are innate, whereas ______ reinforcers are learned
primary; secondary
A ______ drug is any substance that is naturally occurring or synthesized that produces a change in your conscious experience.
psychoactive
_______ is any stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behavior.
punishment
Elizabeth Loftus is a memory researcher who has systematically conducted studies examining memory distortion and which of the following topics?
recovered memories eyewitness testimony false memory
Latent learning posits that learning occurs without any ________ and is not demonstrated until later.
reinforcement
According to Thorndike's theory, _____ consequences can make a behavior more likely to occur again.
rewarding
People have different minds with different values, attitudes, beliefs, and experiences. They select different things to pay attention to, even in the same event. This is known as ______
selective attention
Information stored in ____ memory is in its basic form and is only stored there for a very brief period of time (about a half a second or less).
sensory
_____ memory is the first stage of memory and it occurs as a consequence of our interactions with the world. Information is held in this stage very briefly.
sensory
Put these in order from shortest to the longest time information is held in memory, according to the three-stage model of memory.
sensory; short; long
When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall them at the beginning and end of the list while forgetting the items in this middle. This observation is called the
serial position effect.
A type of conditioning that involves gradually reinforcing behaviors that come closer and closer to the desired target behavior describes the process of ________
shaping
Which type of memory has a capacity of about 5-9 pieces of information?
short-term
A chamber with a food dispenser and a response lever used for operant conditioning is called a _____.
skinner box
______ is a sleep difficulty characterized by activities occurring during non-REM sleep that usually occur when one is awake, such as eating.
sleepwalking
Theta waves are _______ than alpha waves
slower
Longitudinal research shows that people who are less active and have poorer cardiovascular fitness have _____ brain volume 20 years later.
smaller
Imitation and modeling plays important roles in how we learn; ________ learning theory of psychology takes into account this type of learning.
social
The classification of ____ drugs means that their main function is to increase the activity in the central nervous system.
stimulant
________ __________ is the association between a UCS and CS can be extended to include more stimuli (more stimuli related to the CS can elicit the CR).
stimulus generalization
The internal 'timekeeper' located in the hypothalamus is the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
When in a hypnotic state, people are
susceptible to suggestion.
Which of the following involves electrical stimulation of the brain?
tDCS
Pavlov coined the term _____ to describe the automatic, inborn response to a stimuli.
unconditioned response (UCR)
An unconditioned or ________ response is always produced by an unconditioned stimulus.
unlearned
The _____ briefly provides storage for visual and spatial sensations, such as images, photos, scenes, or 3-D objects.
visuospatial sketchpad
_____ waves are the pattern of brain activity during N1 sleep.
Theta
_______ direct current stimulation is electrical stimulation of the brain.
Transcranial
Research shows that sleep promotes learning in infants. (T or F)
True
True or false: Each stage of sleep is characterized by different types of brain wave patterns.
True
We pass more biological milestones before birth than we will during the rest of our lives. (T or F)
True
The hallmark of formal operations thinking is the ability to begin to ask _______ philosophical, religious, and political questions.
abstract
Stimulants ______ the nervous system.
activate
An ____ occurs when one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and the organism begins to connect the two sources of information.
association
Which of the following is the first step in moving sensory experiences into memory?
attention
_____ is the first step in moving from the earliest and most temporary sensory experiences, to processing for encoding, storage, and retrieval.
attention
By ______ months, most children start taking their first steps.
12
Emerging adulthood spans the age range of
18-25 years old.
In this stage of sleep, we are no longer responsive to the outside world and our sensory experiences drop.
1
Using a laptop to take notes in class lecture interferes with learning and grades in which way?
The laptop can be a source of distraction.