Public Speaking Final

What are ethical issues in persuasive speaking?

- fallacies -can be manipulative if no reasoning to back up your points - false fear appeals - must make sure the language they select accurately describes the ideas they are discussing - can cross the line into manipulation, exaggeration, or untruth (loaded language fallacy)

What is the purpose of a good conclusion?

- helps you sum up the message you developed in the body of your speech and leave a memorable impression in your audience members minds - use to highlight content you already presented - takes one minute or less - start with transition, summarize main pts. and finish with a clincher

How can you relate your message to your listeners values?

-values= core conceptions of what is desirable for our own life and for society - values play central role in guiding our lives, adapting an argument to audience values= most important considerations

strategies for effective group leadership:

1. address procedural needs 2. model the behavior you expect 3. facilitate discussion 4. keep members on task 5. help members avoid groupthink 6. facilitate decisions 7. help organize the groups presentation

2 strategies for speech to celebrate

1. aim for brevity 2. use humor appropriately

Guidelines for preparing audiovisual aids

1. consider the forum 2. consider your audience 3. demographics 4. prior exposure 5. make sure your aids support your points 6. keep your aids simple and clear 7. rehearse with your presentation aids

strategies for effective participation in a small group:

1. prepare for group meetings 2. treat other members courteously 3. listen interactively 4. participate don't dominate 5. participate authentically 6. fulfill your commitments

advantages/ disadvantages of working in a group:

advantages: - different ideas - split work load - group can give you feedback - assign tasks to people strengths - increase moral in lows disadvantages: - disagreements - slacking off by 1 member - conflicts b/w people - different goals of a grade -difficulty with schedule

what are the differences between denotative and connotative meaning?

denotative: its exact literal dictionary definition - try to use words that are more straight forward that don't have multiple meanings to not confuse your audience Connotative: an association that comes to mind when people hear or read the word

Why its important to demonstrate how your audience benefits:

- audience is more likely to support you when you show how they will benefit and when they feel that costs are minimal - show them that costs are low - help listeners visualize themselves experiencing the benefit they'll gain

How can you effectively evoke emotion through your speaking?

- emotional appeals - include empathy, anger, shame, fear, and pity - fear appeal- demonstrate threat to listeners well-being - more successful if listeners believe they have power to remedy the problem you're describing - effective word choice- when language connects with values and passions of audience members - must be accompanied by sound reasoning

How to avoid losing credibility

- examine language you want to use, make sure it communicates competence, trusthworthiness, and goodwill - deliver solid set of facts to prove the claims you're makning

how do speakers accomplish parts of a good intro: preview main pts

- include signposts - avoid and or other connecting words when signaling a single pt., signals speech structure

how do speakers accomplish the parts of a good introduction: Signal thesis:

- provide early on, should be specific and include signpost that makes it clear you are revealing your topic and attention getter is done

how do speakers accomplish parts of a good introduction: show what's in it for them

- provide one sentence or short paragraph that indicates why the audience should take an interest in your topic

Acknowledging listeners reservations

- use a 2 sided argument - briefly not an argument against your thesis and then use evidence and reasoning to refute that argument - people are more likely to support an idea if they know its propenent is sensitive to their concerns and understands their views

How can you relate your message to listeners needs?

- use hierarchy of needs - focus on needs that are of concern to audience members - determine which of these needs are most important to your audience and then emphasize them in your main points

what is the reflective thinking process and the steps to using it

- used to help groups make decisions 1. define the problem 2. analyze the problem 3. establish criteria for solving the problem 4. generate possible solutions 5. select the best solution

Why is pathos important to public speaking?

- when stir listeners feelings you enhance persuasive power - " the primary motivating system of all activity"= human emotions - helps you put a human face on a problem you're addressing - can be an effective, ethical component of a strong speech

Why is it important to choose respectful and unbiased language?

- your audience members remain open to your ideas and view you as trustworthy and fair - you gain immense personal credibility - avoid language that suggest you're making judgements about your listeners or someones elses race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion or mental or physical ability

Why is language and word choice important?

- your words and phrases convey your ethos (credibility) to your listeners because they say something about you as a person - your word choice defines you as a speaker

how do speakers accomplish parts of a good intro: establish credibility:

-explain how you have gained knowledge about your topic - in 1 or 2 sentences emphasize your most relevant credentials- adopt a modest, non superior tone

How can a speaker influence commitment of an audience?

-if audience already agrees with your view- try to strengthen commitment and seek to convince them to take immediate action to address the problem - if audience disagrees with you try to weaken commitment - fast food exampls

Why is working in a group effectively so important?

-small groups offer important advantages over individual efforts - important life skill for education and work force

3 steps in selecting your main points

1. Consider your purpose 2. take your audience into account 3. select an appropriate number of main points

5 parts of a good introduction

1. Gain your audiences attention 2. signal your thesis 3. show audience what's in it for them 4. establish credibility 5. preview your main points

How can you lose credibility?

1. Getting your facts wrong 2. pronouncing words incorrectly 3. failing to acknowledge potential conflicts of interest 4. stretching to find a connection with the audience

what are the differences between oral and written language?

1. Oral is more adaptive -can get immediate feedback -can observe audience members during your presentation 2. tends to be less formal - speakers want to use shorter less complicated sentences since listeners cannot go back and reread their info 3. incorporates repetition - help listeners remember your message by repeating key words and phrases throughout your presentation

4 principles for organizing supporting materials

1. Subordination: creating a hierarchy of points and their supporting materials in your speech 2. Sub-pts.: subordinate to the main pt should be atleast 2 3. Sub-sub pt: subordinate to corresponding sub-pt 4. Coordination: each main pt is coordinate with other main pts- at the same level of significance

How do speakers accomplish the parts of a good introduction: attention getter:

1. Tell a story 2. Striking statement 3. build suspense 4. let listeners know you're one of them 5. use humor 6. ask rhetorical question 7. provide quote

4 parts included in a good conclusion

1. Transition to your conclusion 2. summarize your main pts 3. finish with a memorable clincher - tie your clincher to the intro - end with striking sentence or phrase 4. highlight your thesis -conclude with an emotional message - end with a story or anecdote

4 types of organizing words and sentences

1. Transitions: sentence that indicates you are moving from one part of your speech to the next 2. Signposts: word or phrase within a sentence that helps your audience understand your speeches structure 3. Internal preview: a short list of the ideas that will follow 4. Internal summary: a quick review of what you just said in your pt.

4 strategies for speeches of presentation:

1. adopt the persona of a presenter 2. explain significance/ background of award 3. connect recipients background to award criteria 4. use appropriate presentation aids

5 guidelines for special occasion speaking:

1. appeal to audiences emotions 2. match your delivery to mood of occasion 3. adapting to audiences expectations 4. evoking shared values 5. respect time constraints

5 guidelines for choosing respectful and unbiased language:

1. avoid stereotypes 2. use gender- neutral references 3. make appropriate references to ethnic groups 4. steer clear of unnecessary references to ethnicity, religion, gender, or sexuality 5. a note on appropriate language and political correctness

4 strategies for speeches of introduction:

1. be patient 2. use attention getters 3. modulate your volume 4. be focused and brief

Why should speakers use audiovisual aids?

1. can make your speech more interesting 2. can help your audience remember your speech 3. can simplify a complex topic

elements of credibility:

1. competence (practical wisdom) 2. trustworthiness 3. goodwill (wanting whats best for listeners) - understand listeners needs/feelings - empathize with audience views -respond quickly to others communication

3 types of leaders:

1. designated: help the group move quickly forward with its mission 2. implied: someone with preexisting authority or skills well suited for the task at hand but not formally assigned the role 3. emergent: one who comes to be recognized as a leader by group members over time, assumes the role bc has the most time to commit to the group and demonstrate competence and good will

5 components of nonverbal skills

1. eye contact 2. gestures 3. physical movement 4. proxemics- use of space and distance between yourself and your audience 5. personal appearance

3 strategies for eulogy:

1. focus on celebrating persons life 2. use humor judiciously 3. don't be afraid to show emotion

4 strategies for after dinner speech:

1. focus on humorous anecdotes and narrative delivery not jokes 2. practice storytelling/ narrative delivery 3.link speech to occasions theme 4. adapt delivery to audience/ occasion

How can a speaker ensure that they are using ethical strategies?

1. help audience make an informed decision 2. research your facts 3. not any biases (practice full-disclosure) 4. attribute your research properly

what are the types of audiences a speaker may encounter and how does the speaker modify their topic

1. hostile 2. sympathetic 3. neutral - adapt to their dispositions - appeal to their needs - connect to their values - demonstrate the benefits - acknowledge their reservations - focus on peripheral beliefs

How to effectively/ properly use evidence in your speeches

1. identify sources and its qualifications 2. give listeners new evidence 3. provide precise evidence 4. look for compelling evidence 5. characterize your evidence accurately

4 guidelines for using audiovisual aids during your speech

1. make sure everyone can see and hear your aids 2. control audience interaction with your aids 3. maintain eye contact 4. remember the purpose of your aids

What are the aspects of audience analysis that merit special consideration when choosing audiovisual aids?

1. prior exposure 2. demographics

What are the benefits and drawbacks of 3 modes of delivery?

1. reading from a manuscript - helps when need to choose words carefully - manuscript is a prop- limits eye contact with audience - can sound monotone - some listeners find it dull and impersonal 2. memorizing from a manuscript - can maintain eye contact, allows you to be more natural -can come across as stale and too rehearsed - can forget the speech 3. Speaking from outline - preferred mode, best aspects of reading from manuscript and memorizing speech while avoiding their disadvantages

5 suggestions for expressing your ideas effectively:

1. repetition 2. hypothetical examples 3. personal anecdotes 4. vivid language 5. figurative language

How to build credibility:

1. share your qualifications to speak on the topic 2. present strong evidence form reputable sources 3. highlight common ground with audience 4. choose words carefully 5. show respect for conflicting opinions 6. practice your speech until your delivery is fluent

5 organizational patterns

1. spatial 2. chronological 3. causal 4. comparison 5. categorical

6 common types of special occasion speeches

1. speech of introduction (speech before the speech) 2. speech of presentation (someone presenting an award to someone else) 3. speech of acceptance (awards/honors) 4. eulogy/ memorialize 5. speech to celebrate (weddings, graduations) 6. after dinner speech (good storytelling/ humor to lighten mood of an occasion)

4 ways you can make your message clear

1. understandable language 2. Concrete words 3. proper use of words 4. concise language

3 strategies for speeches of acceptance:

1. use appropriate volume/articulation 2. show genuine humility 3. less is more

What are the components of vocal delivery skills?

1. volume 2. tone 3. rate of delivery 4. projection 5. articulation 6. pronunciation 7. pausing

3 types of member roles

1.task- oriented: enhance member participation and free flow of info 2. maintenance-oriented: help sustain and strengthen efficient and effective interpersonal relations in a group 3. self- oriented: accomplish little for group and are motivated by the selfish ends of individual members

difference between fact, value and policy claims

fact claim: asserts something is true or false value claim: attaches judgment to a subject policy claim: advocates action by organizations, institutions, or members of your audience

how can your listeners dispositions affect your approach to persuading them:

latitude of acceptance- the range of positions on a given issue that are acceptance to them latitude of rejection- range of positions that are unacceptable - more likely to persuade your listeners to change their minds if the position you take on your topic falls within their latitude of acceptance