PY 385 Test Two

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second

compared to the whole report technique the partial report procedure involves a. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set b. a smaller response set c. a smaller stimulus set d. a shorter rehearsal period

a smaller response set

Information remains in sensory memory for a. one to three minutes. b. seconds or a fraction of a second. c.15-30 seconds. d. as long as it is rehearsed.

seconds or fraction of a second

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes? a.proactive b.sensory c. variable d. conscious

sensory

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory. a.long-term b.autobiographical c.sensory d. short-term

short term

Digit span is one measure of capacity of a.long-term memory. b.short-term memory. c.sensory memory. d.long-term semantic memory

short term memory

rehearsal is important for transferring information from a. sensory memory to long term memory b. long term memory to sensory memory c. short term memory to long term memory d. sensory memory to short term memory

short term memory to long term memory

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that a. talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent. b.driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones. c.divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance. d.driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called __________. a.binding b.proximity c.contiguity d.accommodation

binding

If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following? a.scanning b. binding c.synchronizing d.sampling

binding

___ is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object a. assimilation b. integration c. equilibration d. binding

binding

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a.1492 911 1776 b.14 92 91 117 76 c.149 29111 776 d.14 929 111 776

1492 911 1776

what is the typical duration of short term memory

15 to 20 seconds

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less

given what we known about the operation of the phonological loop which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds

BIP TEK LIN MOD REY

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.

Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements a.are determined primarily by the task. b.continually scan all objects and areas of the scene. c.usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second. d.are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene.

are determined primarily by the task

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. visuospatial sketch pad b. central executive c. echoic memory d. articulatory suppression

articulatory suppression

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.

decay;interference

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. response b. stimulus presentation c. encoding d. delay

delay

a person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following a. i can see it in my mind's eye b. lets walk down memory lane c. i can remember like it was yesterday d. its right on the tip of my tongue

i can see it in my mind's eye

which of the following illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible? a. illusory conjunctions b. binding c. inattentional blindness d. change blindness

inattentional blindness

sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that

information in sensory memory fades within one to two seconds

scene schema is: a. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene b. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene c. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene d. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier a.when processing was done verbally. b.when verbal processing was prohibited by the experimenters. c.when processing was more controlled. d.once processing had become automatic.

once processing had become automatic

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention. a. dichotic b. covert c. overt d. divided

overt

How does perceptual load differ from processing capacity? a.Perceptual load is genetic and processing capacity is learned. b.Perceptual load is static and processing capacity is variable. c.Perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal. d.Perceptual load is sensory and processing capacity is cognitive.

perceptual load is individual and processing capacity is universal

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?

rehearsal in short term memory

According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a.The word "home" b.Their child's first name c.The word "money" d.The word "platypus"

the word platypus

which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory a. access b. repetition c. buffer d. time

time

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. a. activity state followed by a synaptic state b. buffering process followed by an activity process c. buffering process followed by executive process d. synaptic state followed by a buffering state

activity state followed by a synaptic state

the staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following a. episodic buffer b. articulatory rehearsal c. working memory d. central executive

central executive

what contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated? a. attenuator b. filter c. dictionary unit d. detector

dictionary unit

which of the following is most closely associated with Treisman's attenuation theory of selective attention a. dictionary unit b. recueing c. stroop experiments d. late selection

dictionary unit

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component? a.The "leaky" filter b.The filter c.The dictionary unit d.The attenuator

dictionary unti

Proponents of multitasking would note ________ to support their opinion, whereas opponents of multitasking would point to ________ to justify their perspective. a. divided attention;distraction b. selective attention;divided attention c. attentional capture;divided attention d. distraction;selective attention

divided attention;distraction

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. echoic memory b. pre-perceptual auditory memory c. primary auditory memory d. iconic memory

echoic memory

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a.pre-perceptual auditory memory. b.iconic memory. c.primary auditory memory. d.echoic memory.

echoic memory

each time you briefly pause on one face you are making___ a. stimulus salience b. saccadic eye movement c. fixation d. overt attention

fixation

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that a.all signals cause activation. b.weak signals can cause activation. c.it takes a strong signal to cause activation. d.no signals cause activation.

it takes a strong signal to cause activation

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task a. low-load b. high-load c. attenuated d. filtered

low-load

if the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in stoke's working memory concept?

machines would shut down for material resupply

the stroop effect demonstrates peoples inability to ignore the ___ of words. a.font b. color c. size d. meaning

meaning

Which of the following statements is correct? a.Objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea. b.Central vision is everything off to the side. c.Peripheral vision is the area you are looking at. d.Everything to the right is outside your vision.

objects in central vision fall on the small area called the fovea

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying

perseveration

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of

persistence of vision

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.

phonological

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the __________ stage. a.letter analysis b.focused attention c.feature analysis d.preattentive

preattentive

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a.Occipital lobe b. Amygdala c. Hippocampus d. Prefrontal cortex

prefrontal cortex

funashashi's work on monkeys during a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a. cingulate gyrus b. prefrontal cortex c. diencephalon d. nucleus accumbens

prefrontal cortex

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that a.the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units. b.the public perception that using a cell phone while driving poses a significant risk to drivers' safety is, in fact, incorrect. c.the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand. d.the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.

which of the following attention model components produces two levels of output? a. mackays dictionary unit b. treismans filter c. broadbents detector d. treismans attentuator

treismans attentuator

the stroop effect occurs when participants a. try to name colors and ignore words b are told to divide their attention between colors and shapes c. are told to shadow two messages simultaneously

try to name colors and ignore words

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. trying to remember a map of the area b. trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned c. trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory a. phonological loop b. delayed response coding c. visuospatial sketch pad d. STM recency effect

visuospatial sketch pad

working memory differs from short term memory in that a. short term memory has a central executive function b. working memory is engaged in processing infor c. short term memory consists of a number components d. working memory has unlimited capacity

working memory is engaged in processing information

Saccadic eye movement is a ______________. a.rapid, jerky movement from one fixation to the next b.shifting of attention from one place to another by moving the eyes c.brief pause on another person's face d.reaction to physical properties of stimulus

rapid jerky movement from one fixation to the next

In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important? a.precueing b.salience c.schema d.binding

schema

The cocktail party effect is a.the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. b.the equal division of attention between competing stimuli. c.the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli. d.the inability to pay attention to one stimulus in the presence of competing stimuli.

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a.the color and the name matched. b.the shape and the name matched. c.the shape and the name differed. d.the color and the name differed.

the color and name differed

broadbents model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminated the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what he or she is hearing out loud is known as a.dichotic listening. b.filter model attention. c.detector listening. d.shadowing.

dichotic listening

a bottom up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that a. fits with the observer's interests b. is familiar c. high stimulus salience d. carries meaning for the observer

high stimulus salience

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention? a.Spotlight b.Object-based c.Early selection d.Late selection

late selection

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory b. replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory

replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called___blindness a. exogenous b. covert c. endogenous d. change

change

the difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called____blindness a. exogenous b. endogenous c. change d. covert

change

which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing? a. close attention b. tasks that are well practiced c. ease in performing parallel tasks d. use of few cognitive resources

close attention

With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when a. the color and name matched b. shape and name matched c. shape and name differed d. color and name differed

color and name differed

Which of the following stimulus characteristcs most challenges the processing capacity of short term memory a. complexity b. color c. source d. frequency

complexity