Python

Invalid names

42c (doesn't start with a letter), hi there (has a space), cat$ (has a symbol other than a letter or digit), num cars, 3rd_place, and third_place! are all

equality operator

A common error is to use an identity operator in place of an

comprising substrings

A common programming task is to break a large string down into the

Code

A common word for the textual representation of a program and hence programming is also called coding.

Python interpreter

A computer program that executes code written in the Python programming language. Can load and execute code saved in files

arbitrary argument list tuple.

A function definition can include a *args parameter that collects optional positional parameters into an

Called

A function definition must be evaluated by the interpreter before the function can be

Parameter

A function input specified in a function definition. Ex: A pizza area function might have diameter as an input.

append the unit of measure, for example, instead of temperature, use temperature_celsius

A good practice when dealing with scientific or engineering names is to

use all lowercase letters and to place underscores between words

A good practice when naming variables is to

end=' '

A keyword parameter for the print() function that causes the function to NOT add a newline at the end of the string.

def

A keyword used to create new functions.

Dynamically Typed

A language is blank if the type is associated with run-time values, and not names variables/fields/etc.

Bug

A logic error

Function

A named series of statements.

variables to a specific scope

A namespace is how the Python interpreter restricts

newline

A new output line starts after each print statement. A print statement's default behavior is to automatically end with a

Unpacking

A process that performs multiple assignments at once.

Interpreter

A program that executes computer code. A programmer can write Python code in a file, and then provide that file to the

the user-defined function that gets input is not completed.

A program that requires user input should not execute if

Python interpreter

A program that runs on a computer, just like an Internet browser or a text editor

locals() and globals()

A programmer can examine the names in the current local and global namespace by using these built in functions

passing a copy of the object to a function.

A programmer can protect mutable arguments from unwanted changes by

tabs and spaces

A programmer should never mix

whether or not calling the unwritten function is a valid operation.

A programmer writing a function stub should consider

Line

A row of text

Line

A row of text.

String

A sequence of characters, like the text MARY, that can be stored in a variable.

Code block

A series of statements that are grouped together.

Digit

A space character is not a

String literal

A string value specified in the source code of a program. A programmer creates a string literal by surrounding text with single or double quotes, such as 'MARY' or "MARY".

Boolean

A type that has just two values: True or False.

Sequence type

A type that specifies a collection of objects ordered from left to right

Identity

A unique identifier that describes the object

Argument

A value provided to a function's parameter during a function call. Ex: A pizza area function might be called as print_pizza_area(12.0) or as print_pizza_area(16.0).

Global variable

A variable defined outside of a function. Its scope extends from assignment to the end of the file and can be accessed inside of functions.

write that variable

A variable must be marked as global only if the function needs to

Scope

A variable or function object is only visible to part of a program, known as the object's

\a

ASCII Bell -may cause receiving device to emit a bell or warning of some kind

crash

Abrupt and unintended termination of a program is often called a

a dictionary containing "extra" arguments not defined in the function definition

Adding a final function parameter of **kwargs creates

the same dictionary object

Adding an element to a dictionary argument in a function might affect variables outside the function that reference

set1.update(set2)

Adds the elements in set2 to set1.

set.add(value)

Adds value into the set.

Keyword arguments or Named arguments

Allow arguments to map to parameters by name, instead of implicitly by position in the argument list.

Keyword arguments

Allow arguments to map to parameters by name, instead of implicitly by position in the argument list. Provide a bit of clarity to potentially confusing function calls

Identifier

Also called a name, a sequence of letters (a-z, A-Z), underscores (_), and digits (0-9), and must start with a letter or an underscore

logic error

An error in the algorithm used to solve a problem.

syntax error

An error that occurs when one violates a programming language's rules on how symbols can be combined to create a program.

line

An example of a syntax error is to put multiple prints on the same

ValueError

An invalid value is used - can occur if giving letters to int().

Function call

An invocation of the function's name, causing the function's statements to execute.

changes

An object's type never

TypeError

An operation uses incorrect types - can occur if adding an integer to a string.

Set

An unordered collection of unique elements

Static-typed languages

Analyze the source code when compiled to find errors.

leaving the original argument object unchanged.

Any modification to an immutable object results in the creation of a new object in the function's local scope, thus

any other variables in the program that reference the same object.

Any operation like adding elements to a container or sorting a list that is performed within a function will also affect

whitespace

Any space, tab, or newline is called

list.append(obj)

Appends object obj to list

list.extend(seq)

Appends the contents of seq to list

the likelihood of introducing bugs because the user entered an unexpected string value

Applying transformations immediately limits

Python programs

Are developed by writing code in files.

Function return statements

Are limited to returning only one value.

Commas, spaces, and periods

Are not cased

False

Are the following expressions true or false? '1 2 3 4 5'.isdigit() 'HTTPS://google.com'.isalnum()

True

Are the following expressions true or false? 'HTTPS://google.com'.startswith('HTTP') '\n \n'.isspace() 'LINCOLN, ABRAHAM'.isupper()

Objects

Are used to represent everything in a Python program, including integers, strings, functions, lists, etc

find() and rfind()

Are useful only for cases where a programmer needs to know the exact location of the character or substring in the string.

Pass-by-assignment

Arguments to functions are passed by object reference, a concept known in Python as

mistakes

As soon as a person begins trying to program, that person will make

local namespace

Assignments in a function only affect the

\\

Backslash. Used to print a backslash character

Static typing

C, C++, and Java use this. Requires the programmer to define the type of every variable and every function parameter in a program's source code.

help() function

Can aid a programmer by providing them with all the documentation associated with an object.

Error messages

Can be confusing, or not particularly helpful

Mutable argument objects

Can be modified in-place inside a function, and those changes will affect any variable that references the same object

Multi-line docstrings

Can be used for more complicated functions to describe the function arguments, and should use consistent indentation for each line, separating the ending triple-quotes by a blank line

A large program

Can contain many functions with a wide variety of uses.

Variable names

Can obtain only numbers, letters, and an underscore. Cannot start with a number.

better-organized code, reduced development time, and even to code with fewer bugs.

Capturing high-level behavior first may lead to

\r

Carriage return. Position the screen cursor to the beginning of the current line; do not advance to the next line.

cannot be used as names

Certain words like "and" or "True"

conditional execution

Check for certain conditions and execute the appropriate code.

Dynamic-typed languages

Check for errors as the program executes.

Relational operator

Checks how one operand's value relates to another, like being greater than.

Compiler

Checks the types of variables when the code is compiled to find invalid operations.

set.clear()

Clears all elements from the set.

Copying-and-pasting code

Common error that can lead to common errors if all necessary changes are not made to the pasted code.

If-elseif-else branches

Commonly used when a programmer wishes to take one of multiple (three or more) branches

Function definition

Consists of the new function's name and a block of statements. Ex: def print_pizza_area():. An indented block of statements follows the definition.

Global scope

Contains all globally defined names outside of any functions

Built-in scope

Contains all of the built-in names of Python, such as int(), str(), list(), range(), etc

describe an item's purpose

Create meaningful names that

The interpreter

Creates and manipulates objects as needed to run the Python code

A function call

Creates new local variables that reference the existing argument objects

garbage collection

Deleting unused objects helps to keep the memory of the computer less utilized and is an automatic process called

'#'

Denote comments, which are optional but can be used to explain portions of code to a human reader.

type

Determines how a value can behave. Examples include strings and integers.

Dynamic typing

Determines the type of objects as a program executes

output

Display data on the screen or send data to a file or other device.

Interactive interpreter

Displays a prompt (">>>") that indicates the interpreter is ready to accept code. A powerful calculator. A program that allows the user to execute one line of code at a time. Useful for simple operations or programs consisting of only a few lines.

print()

Displays variables or expression values.

Programmers

Do not explicitly create objects

No

Does reading a global variable require a global statement?

No, as 'Jo' is a substring of 'Kay, Jo', but 'Kay, Jo' is not a substring of 'Jo'

Does reversing the arguments work?

\"

Double quote. Used to print a double quote character.

value, type, and identity

Each Python object has three defining properties

Number

Each element of a sequence is assigned a

new line

Each print statement will output on a

unwieldy for any program spanning more than a few lines.

Entering code line-by-line into the interpreter quickly becomes

\n

Escape character for new line

\t

Escape character for tab. Horizontal tab. Moves the screen cursor to the next tab stop

Function object

Evaluating the function definition binds the function name to a new

Python 3 reserved keywords

False, class, finally, is, raise, None, continue, for, lambda, return, True, def, from, nonlocal, try, and, del, global

sum(list)

Find the sum of all elements of a list (numbers only)

len(set)

Finds the length (number of elements) of the set.

print("Dogs: ", num_dogs)

Fix the following code. print("Dogs: " num_dogs)

print('Woof!')

Fix the following code. print('Woof!")

print('Woof!')

Fix the following code. print(Woof!)

print(num_dogs)

Fix the following code. print(num_dogs).

user-input

For easy comparison, trip(), lower(), and upper() standardize

Common error

Forgetting to return a value from a function is a

Function stubs

Function definitions whose statements haven't been written yet. assist with the incremental development process

input

Get data from the keyboard, a file, or some other device.

Programmers

Give names to various items, such as variables and also functions

help(value)

Gives information about what you can do with a value.

comparing values

Good practice is to always use the equality operator== when

reading in data (such as input), as opposed to later in the program

Good practice when reading user-entered strings is to apply transformations when

If-else structure

Has two branches: The first branch is taken if an expression is true, else the other branch is taken

Scopes and namespaces

Help explain how multiple variables can share the same name, yet have different values

that name is visible and a programmer can use it in an expression

If a namespace contains a name at a specific location in the code, then

'Bog'

If my_str is 'Boggle', then my_str[0:3] yields string

the shorter string is considered less than the longer string.

If one string is shorter than the other with all corresponding characters equal, then

a character or substring is contained in the string

If the exact position is not important, than the in membership operator should be used to check if

the interpreter generates a NameError

If the name cannot be found in any namespace,

limited to inside the function

If the object is immutable, such as a string or integer, then the modification is

outside the scope of the function

If the object is mutable, then in-place modification of the object can be seen

empty string for each such occurrence.

If the split string starts or ends with the separator, or if two consecutive separators exist, then the resulting list will contain an

after the first assignment of the variable until the end of the function.

In fact, because a variable's name does not exist until bound to an object, the variable's scope is actually limited to

NotImplementedError

Indicates that the function is not implemented and causes the program to stop execution.

mutability

Indicates whether the object's value is allowed to be changed. The type of an object also determines the object's

6th character in the string.

Indices start at 0, so index 5 is a reference to the

Prompt

Informs the programmer that the interpreter is ready to accept commands.

list.insert(index, obj)

Inserts object obj into list at ann offset index

Python programs

Instead of displaying a web page or creating a document, the purpose of the interpreter is to run

immutable

Integers and strings are

IDLE

Integrated Development Environment. Built into python. Can run python statements and programs. Very primitive. Likely to crash.

Invalid

Is the following assignment statement valid or invalid? x + y = y + x

Valid

Is the following assignment statement valid or invalid? x = 1

Valid

Is the following assignment statement valid or invalid? x = y

Invalid

Is the following assignment statement valid or invalid? x + 1 = 3

Valid

Is the following assignment statement valid or invalid? x = y + 2

A keyword argument

Is used for any function containing more than approximately 4 arguments, and can be mixed with positional arguments, provided that the keyword arguments come last.

Correct

Just because the program loads and executes does not mean that the program is

Variables

Location in memory where value can be stored. Can be integers, strings, or doubles

Function stubs

Mainly help a programmer capture correct high-level behavior before getting distracted by low-level details, and may lead to better organized programs, and may shorten development time too.

various words' roles

Many code editors color certain words, as in the below program, to assist a human reader in understanding

Namespace

Maps names to objects, and is used by the python interpreter to track all of the objects in a program.

Functions

May cause slightly slower execution, but offer improved readability.

Case sensitive

Means upper- and lowercase letters differ

List

Most flexible data type available in Python, which can be written as a list of comma-separated values (items) between square brackets. Items in a list need not all have the same type.

Slice notation

Multiple consecutive characters can be read using

Global statement

Must be used to change the value of a global variable inside of a function. Reading a global variable does not require a

Python has special usages for double underscore names

Names that start and end with double underscores (for example, __init__) are allowed but should be avoided because

make scope work

Namespaces are used to

colon

New code blocks may only begin after a statement that ends with a

Comments

Often ignored and not required in a program, but still helpful in explaining code to a reader of the program.

whitespace, including newlines and spaces.

Omitting the arguments to split() splits on every

pass a copy of the object as the argument instead

One method to avoid unwanted changes is to

identifier

Only one object at any time may have a particular

indexing, slicing, adding, multiplying, and checking for membership

Operations you can do with all sequence types include

the original object from being modified.

Passing a copy prevents

the readability of code

Passing functions as arguments can sometimes improve

Computation

Perform basic arithmetic operations like addition and multiplication.

repetition

Perform some action repeatedly, usually with some variation.

Pass keyword

Performs no operation except to act as a placeholder for a required statement.

Dynamically Typed Languages

Perl, Ruby, Python, PHP

print('Halt!', end=' ') print('No access!')

Prints output on the same line

Incremental development

Process by which programs are typically written. When a small amount of code is written and tested, then a small amount more (an incremental amount) is written and tested, and so on.

Statement

Program instruction

OverflowError

Raised when a calculation exceeds maximum limit for a numeric type.

String

Reading from input always results in this type

name = input().strip().lower()

Reads in the user input, strips all whitespace, and changes all the characters to lowercase.

Polymorphism

Refers to how an operation depends on the involved object types. Used by C, C++, and Java

Redundancy

Refers to writing the same code in multiple places.

set.pop()

Removes a random element from the set.

list.pop(obj=list[-1])

Removes and returns last object or obj from list

list.remove(obj)

Removes object obj from list

set.remove(value)

Removes value from the set. Raises KeyError if value is not found.

Objects

Represent a value and is automatically created by the interpreter when executing a line of code

Static typing

Requires the programmer to define the type of every variable and every function parameter in a program's source code. Allows for more flexibility in terms of the code that a programmer can write, but at the expense of potentially introducing more bugs, since there is no compilation process by which types can be checked

isupper()

Return True if all cased characters are uppercase letters.

isspace()

Return True if all characters are whitespace.

endswith(x)

Return True if the string ends with x.

startswith(x)

Return True if the string starts with x.

islower()

Returns True if all cased characters are lowercase letters.

isdigit()

Returns True if all characters are the numbers 0-9.

isalnum()

Returns True if all characters in the string are lowercase or uppercase letters, or the numbers 0-9.

title()

Returns a copy of the string as a title, with first letters of words capitalized.

lower()

Returns a copy of the string with all characters lowercased.

upper()

Returns a copy of the string with all characters uppercased.

replace(old, new)

Returns a copy of the string with all occurrences of the substring old replaced by the string new. The old and new arguments may be string variables or string literals.

strip()

Returns a copy of the string with leading and trailing whitespace removed.

capitalize()

Returns a copy of the string with the first character capitalized and the rest lowercased.

Locals()

Returns a dictionary of the names found in the local namespace.

set.union(set_a, set_b, set_c...)

Returns a new set containing all of the unique elements in all sets.

set.intersection(set_a, set_b, set_c...)

Returns a new set containing only the elements in common between set and all provided sets.

set_a.symmetric_difference(set_b)

Returns a set containing only elements that appear in exactly one of set_a or set_b

set.difference(set_a, set_b, set_c...)

Returns a set containing only the elements of set that are not found in any of the provided sets.

list.index(obj)

Returns the lowest index in list that obj appears

len()

Returns the number of elements in the list.

count(x)

Returns the number of times x occurs in the string.

find(x)

Returns the position of the first occurrence of item x in the string, else returns -1. x may be a string variable or string literal.

list.reverse()

Reverses objects of list in place

int()

Rounds a value down to the nearest whole integer.

rfind(x)

Same as find(x) but searches the string in reverse, returning the last occurrence in the string.

find(x, start)

Same as find(x), but begins the search at position start:

find(x, start, end)

Same as find(x, start), but stops the search at position end:

Floating-point types

Should be used to represent quantities that are measured, such as distances, temperatures, volumes, and weights.

Good variable names

Should describe the purpose of the variable, such as "temperature" or "age," rather than just "t" or "A."

early in the development of a larger program.

Simply doing nothing and returning nothing may be acceptable

my_str[start:end]

Slice notation has this form which creates a new string whose value mirrors the characters of my_str from indices start to end - 1

Stride

Slice notation provides for a third argument, which determines how much to increment the index after reading each element.

list.sort([func])

Sorts objects of list, use compare func if given

A docstring

Starts and ends with three consecutive quotation marks and is kept of a simple function as a single line, including the quotes.

Variables

Store values for later use. Used to refer to values saved in memory by the interpreter.

string literal

Text enclosed in quotes is known as a

slice

The Python interpreter creates a new string object for the

the name object

The Python interpreter creates a new string object from the string literal on the right, and compares the identity of the new object to

Duck typing

The act of determining if an object is of the correct type by simply checking if it has attributes or methods of the right names.

the existence of the argument on the left

The argument to the right of the operator is examined for

type

The built-in function type() prints the object's

Polymorphism

The function's behavior of being able to add together different types. It is an inherent part of the Python language.

def print_face()

The interpreter creates a new function object when this definition is evaluated.

syntax error

The interpreter will generate a message when encountering a

IndentationError

The lines of the program are not properly indented.

the function returns

The local namespace is removed when

Sequence

The most basic data structure in Python.

Interpreter

The names wage, hours, weeks, and salary are variables, which are named references to values stored by the

Precedence rules

The order in which operators are evaluated in an expression is known as

print()

The primary way to print output is to use this built-in function

Scope resolution

The process of searching for a name in the available namespaces is called

SyntaxError

The program contains invalid code that cannot be understood.

NameError

The program tries to use a variable that does not exist.

modifying an argument that is referenced elsewhere in the program may cause side effects outside of the function scope

The semantics of passing object references as arguments is important because

string argument

The separator can be changed by calling split() with a

a list of tokens

The split() string method splits a string into

4

The standard number of spaces to use for indentation is

joining a list of strings together to create a single string.

The string method join() performs the inverse operation of split() by

Code

The text that represents a computer program

behavior

The type of an object determines the object's supported

Type

The type of the object, such as integer or string

execute the code

The user types a line of Python code and presses the enter key to instruct the interpreter to

None

The value returned from a function without a return statement is always

Three

There are at least how many nested scopes active at any point in a program's execution?

Docstring

There should be no blank lines before or after a .

is, is not

These identity operators determine whether the two arguments are bound to the same object.

in, not in

These membership operators provide a simple method for detecting whether a specific substring exists in the string.

is not

This inverse identity operator gives the negated value of 'is'.

PEP 8

This lowercase and underscore convention for naming variables originates from the Python style guide,

split()

This method creates a new list, ordered from left to right, containing a new string for each sequence of characters located between '/' separators.

changed

Tupples' elements cannot be

Tuples

Typically surrounded with parentheses and behaves similar to a list

more complicated text or text that contains single quotes

Use double quotes for

shorter strings

Use single quotes for

Identity operator

Used to check whether two operands are bound to a single object.

Comparison

Uses the encoded values of characters ASCII/Unicode. May not behave intuitively for some situations.

split() and join()

Using these two methods together allows one to change the separators in a string.

Local scope

Usually refers to scope within the currently executing function, but is the same as global scope if no function is executing

Local variables

Variables declared within a function or procedure and so can be accessed only by the code within that function or procedure

Bytecode

What are functions compiled into when the function definition is evaluated by the interpreter?

Built-in, global, and local

What are the three nested scopes that are active at any point in a program's execution?

It removes the first element whose value is v.

What does list.remove(v): do?

7

What does my_str.find('!') return if my_str is 'Boo Hoo!'?

0

What does my_str.find('Boo') return if my_str is 'Boo Hoo!'?

1 (first occurrence only)

What does my_str.find('oo') return if my_str is 'Boo Hoo!'?

5

What does my_str.find('oo', 2) return if my_str is 'Boo Hoo!'?

-1 (not found)

What does my_str.find('oo', 2, 4) return if my_str is 'Boo Hoo!'?

It allows high-level behavior of the program to be captured before diving into details of each function

What is a benefit of a function stub?

Built in

What kind of function is str()?

Sequence, supporting len(), indexing, and other sequence type functions.

What type is touple?

binding the names in the parameter list to the passed arguments.

When a function is called, new local variables are created in the function's local namespace by

mutability of the argument object.

When a function modifies a parameter, whether or not that modification is seen outside the scope of the function depends on the

The local scope's namespace

When a name is referenced in code, what is the first scope checked?

Global

When a name is referenced in code, what is the second scope checked?

Built-in

When a name is referenced in code, what is the third scope checked?

Runtime error

When a program's syntax is correct but the program attempts an impossible operation, such as dividing by zero or multiplying strings together (like 'Hello' * 'ABC')

inside that function

When a variable is created inside a function, the variable's scope is limited to

Space

When split() is called with no argument, what character does the delimiter defaults to?

created for that function.

Whenever a function is called, a local namespace is

A user-defined function

Will likely be located in the global namespace.

input()

Will return the next string read from input.

Common errors

With practice a programmer becomes familiar with

append()

You can add to elements in a list with this method.

Separator

a character or sequence of characters that indicates where to split the string into tokens.

Printing of output to a screen

a common programming task.

float

a data type for floating-point numbers.

Python Enhancement Proposal

a document that outlines the basics of how to write Python code neatly and consistently

variable

a named item, such as x or num_people, used to hold a value.

floating-point number

a real number, like 98.6, 0.0001, or -666.667.

Token

a substring that forms a part of a larger string.

pass or print statements

allow a program to continue. The statement raise NotImplementedError causes the program to halt

Default argument

an argument that is passed automatically to a parameter if the argument is missing on the function call

Index

an integer matching to a specific position in a string's sequence of characters

or

and has precedence over

whitespace

any blank space or newline

Strings

are a sequence type, having characters ordered by index from left to right

Comparisons

are case-sensitive, so 'Apple' does not equal 'apple'.

NotImplementedError and the "raise" keyword

are explored elsewhere in material focusing on exceptions.

Syntax errors

are found before the program is ever run by the interpreter

User-defined functions

are in the global scope

assignment statement

assigns a variable with a value, such as x = 5.

The interpreter

assigns an object to a location somewhere in memory automatically

Any assignment statement

automatically creates (or modifies) a name in the local namespace only, even if the same name exists in a higher global or built-in scope by default.

Interpreter

begins by executing the first line of code at the top of the file, and continues until the end is reached.

join()

builds a new string from the list elements, adding the '.' separator between each pair of elements.

Valid names

c, cat, Cat, n1m1, short1, and _hello, numCars, num_cars1,_num_cars,___numcars2, third_place, output, and print_copy are all

String literal

can be surrounded by matching single or double quotes: 'Python rocks!' or "Python rocks!".

Set literal

can be written using curly braces { } with commas separating set elements.

Multiple namespaces

can each have the same name, and those names can even reference different objects.

Objects

can have more than one name bound to it, and every name is always bound to exactly one objects

A function

can only return a single object.

create new strings

capitalize(), lower(), upper(), strip(), and title() are methods to

equality operator

checks whether two operands' values are the same (==) or different (!=)

Expressions

code that return a value when evaluated; for example, the code wage * hours * weeks is an expression that computes a number.

Sparingly

global variables should be used

runtime error

halts the execution of the program

Each scope, such as global scope or a local function scope

has its own namespace

A namescape

is a normal Python dictionary whose keys are the names and whose values are the objects.

The Python interpreter

is able to detect syntax errors when the program is initially loaded, prior to actually executing any of the statements in the code

A new variable

is created by performing an assignment using the = symbol, such as salary = wage * hours * weeks, which creates a new variable called salary.

All code

is eventually compiled into bytecode before being executed

Code

is read more often than written, so having a consistent variable naming scheme helps to ensure that programmers can understand each other's code.

The scope

is the area of code where a name is visible

*

is used for multiplication.

Scientific notation

is useful for representing floating-point numbers that are much greater than or much less than 0, such as 6.02x1023.

floating-point literal

is written with the fractional part even if that fraction is 0, as in 1.0, 0.0, or 99.0

Frequent testing

leads to catching errors earlier, before multiple errors begin to interact with one another in strange ways.

Text in string literals

may have letters, numbers, spaces, or symbols like @ or #.

Incremental development

may involve more frequent testing, but ultimately leads to faster development of a program.

experienced programmers

may write more lines of code before testing

non-cased characters

methods islower() and isupper() ignore

Program

mostly consists of a series of statements, and each statement usually appears on its own line.

whitespace

newlines and spaces count as

Identity

normally refers to the memory address where the object is stored

Python 3 reserved keywords

not, while, as, elif, if, or, with, assert, else, import, pass, yield, break, except, in, print

Meaningful names

num_students_UCLA, diagonal_tv_size_inches, pi, num_guessed_jelly_beans, and user_guess_jelly_beans.

Overflow

occurs when a value is too large to be stored in the memory allocated by the interpreter

Name binding

occurs whenever an assignment statement is executed, as demonstrated below

Python

provides a built-in function id() that gives the value of an object's identity.

An individual character

read using an index surrounded by brackets

my_var = input()

reads a user-entered string into variable my_var without a prompt.

num_cars = input()

reads a user-entered string into variable num_cars?

Polymorphism

refers to how an operation depends on the involved object types

floating-point

refers to the decimal point being able to appear anywhere ("float") in the number.

list.count(obj)

returns count of how many times obj occurs in list

max()

returns the elements from the list with maximum value.

min()

returns the elements from the list with minimum value.

kwargs

short for keyword arguments. The keys of the dictionary are the parameter names specified in the function call.

Abbreviations

should only be used if widely understandable, as in tv_model or ios_app

e

stands for exponent.

most programmers

still run and test their syntax frequently.

Most coding activities

strictly require a student program's output to exactly match the expected output, including whitespace.

strings, lists and tuples

support slice notation.

Name binding

the process of associating names with interpreter objects

While loops

while (expression): statement

Language editors

will automatically color a program's reserved words

The error message

will report the number of the offending line, allowing the programmer to go back and fix the problem

Reserved words, or keywords, are

words that are part of the language, and thus, cannot be used as a programmer-defined name