Overview & Ch. 1

The _____ principle is that written symbols (letters) correspond to sounds.

alphabetic

decoding

Another word for "sounding out" words is

Bottom-up

The code-first perspective is an updating of the ____ approach.

A theory is a set of facts

false

Dr. Johnson's lecture is about two theoretical perspectives: the whole word approach and the whole language approach

false

The information only flows from top to bottom in the reading system.

false

The processing strategies operate consciously most of the time, because of our attention to something we perceive.

false

whole language teachers use the whole-word approach for all direct instruction.

false

The first letters that Douglass learned to write were A, B, C, and D.

false (abc's)

syntactic

grammar and word order

An exclusively top-down approach to reading instruction (according to Dr. Johnson) is a _____ approach that involves memorization of the appearance of words without decoding.

look-say or whole-word

Semantic

meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

not a cueing system

pictures and images

phonological

sounds

cueing

there are three ______ systems for identifying words

A key lesson from the story of how Frederick Douglass learned to read and write is that personal motivation is crucial.

true

According to Douglass' master, teaching a slave to read would make him unfit for slave duties and therefore less valuable

true

An unconscious process like reading seems simple, but, in fact, it involves a lot of precise knowledge which must be acquired or learned, and many processing strategies which must be practiced until they are automatic.

true

At first, Douglass' mistress started teaching him the abcs.

true

Chall's third stage is Stage 2, readers begin to read automatically, fluently, and unconsciously.

true

Douglass "tricked" the boys he knew in the street into teaching how to write more letters.

true

Douglass got the idea of how to learn to write in a ship‐yard because he saw the ship carpenters wrote the name of a part of the ship on the wood.

true

Douglass wanted to escape but he wanted to learn to write first so that he could write his own pass

true

Douglass wrote on fence boards, brick walls and the pavement with a piece of chalk.

true

Dr. Johnson suggests that there are 2 basic theoretical perspectives on the best way to teach reading.

true

Dr. Johnson's lecture is about two theoretical perspectives: the code-first perspective and the meaning-first perspective

true

In Douglass' time, it was illegal and dangerous for masters to teach their slaves to read and write.

true

Low level letter and word identification skills should be taught within a context of authentic reading tasks.

true

Meaning-first approaches to reading are consistent with the idea that reading is creating meaning or ideas from textual cues, not sounding out words.

true

One lesson to be taken from the story of Frederick Douglass and how her learned to write is that reading and writing are key skills that make people free

true

Processing strategies may be consciously or unconsciously applied to mediate between text and the knowledge base in order to read successfully.

true

Transfer from the first language may interfere with or facilitate learning to read a second language.

true

reading involves higher-level cognitive processing and lower-level letter identification skills

true