Quantitative Reasoning Final Exam - Quiz Questions

A professor wonders if sending students a "welcome to class" email a few days before the start of the semester will improve student engagement. She randomly assigns students from her class roster to receive the email or not receive the email, and then sends the email accordingly. At midterms, she gives students a scale to assess their level of engagement. What is the IV? "welcome to class" email the assigned group (receiving an email or not receiving an email) level of engagement There is no IV as this is a correlational design.

"welcome to class" email

Rima is examining whether parenthood (yes-no) is related to willingness to support a bond for schools (yes-maybe-no). He could present the data in a ______ contingency table. 1 x 6 2 x 2 2 x 3 6 x 1

2 x 3

A one-way ANOVA is used to test the means of ____ or more independent groups.

3

A 95% confidence interval of 2.68 < µ1- µ2 < 5.79 tells us that we can be ______. A) 95% confident that the mean difference from the study represents a population of mean differences falling between 2.68 and 5.79 B) 5% confident that the mean difference from the study represents a sample of mean differences falling between 2.68 and 5.79 C) 95% confident that the mean difference from the study represents a population of mean differences falling outside of 2.68 and 5.79 D) we can only be confident of the confidence interval if our means fall between 2.68 and 5.79

A) 95% confident that the mean difference from the study represents a population of mean differences falling between 2.68 and 5.79

______ is when participants are randomly assigned to all possible sequences of conditions in an experiment. A) Complete counterbalancing B) Partial counterbalancing C) Latin Square counterbalancing D) Randomized partial counterbalancing

A) Complete counterbalancing

If tobt = -1.98 and tcrit= 2.16, we would ______. A) retain the null hypothesis B) reject the null hypothesis C) retain the alternative hypothesis D) reject both the alternative and null hypotheses

A) retain the null hypothesis

The results of an ANOVA are typically presented as below in a ______, which in this case shows ______. df=3 F=1.650 Sig.=.192 A) summary table; no difference between four groups on cognitive awareness B) summary table; a significant difference between three groups on cognitive awareness C) summary matrix; a significant difference between three groups on cognitive awareness D) summary matrix; 19.2% of the variability in cognitive awareness is accounted for by the IV

A) summary table; no difference between four groups on cognitive awareness

Levene's test tells us if ______. A) we have violated our assumption of homogeneity of variance B) our means are significantly different C) our IV has a significant effect on the DV D) the effect size is strong

A) we have violated our assumption of homogeneity of variance

Dependent-groups designs allow you to ensure that relevant personal characteristics are equalized across groups at the beginning of a study. A) True B) False

A) True

The assumptions of an independent-samples t test include normally distributed variables, an IV that is dichotomous variable and a DV that is interval or ratio, A) True B) False

A) True

The regression equation includes the slope and Y-intercept values which allow one to graph the line. A) True B) False

A) True

In the regression equation, a = ______. A) Y-intercept B) slope C) regression coefficient D) correlation

A) Y-intercept

Correlational designs can have greater external validity than experiments because correlational designs ______. A) better represent the everyday world where we do not manipulate or control events B) study true relationships while experiments only manipulate relationships C) are more attractive to participants D) easier to conduct

A) better represent the everyday world where we do not manipulate or control events

For the results of a one-sample t test to be significant, the computed t value must be ______. A) greater than the critical t value listed in the table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value B) less than the critical t value listed in the table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value C) equal to the critical t value listed in the table for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value D) greater than the critical t value for the degrees of freedom (df) for our population

A) greater than the critical t value listed in the ttable for our degrees of freedom (df) and p value

A regression equation allows you to ______. A) more closely estimate the value of Y for a given X value B) make predictions of Y that match the actual values of y C) predict only the whole number values D) eliminate any error in the prediction of Y values

A) more closely estimate the value of Y for a given X value

In the regression equation, b = ______. A) slope B) Y-intercept C) correlation D) ordinal variable

A) slope

One reason to use a correlational design is ______. A) when an experimental study would be unethical B) when it is possible to manipulate the variable(s) of interest C) to examine causality D) to increase internal validity

A) when an experimental study would be unethical

The value of F will _____ Always be positive Always be negative More likely to be positive than negative More likely to be negative than positive

Always be positive

The assumptions of an independent-samples t test include normally distributed variables, an IV that is dichotomous variable and a DV that is ordinal or nominal. A) True B) False

B) False

Which of the following is true about practical significance in dependent-samples designs? A) There is a precise value you can measure to determine if you have practical significance. B) It is an interpretation of the impact of the effect in daily life. C) There is a critical value that you can use for comparison purposes to determine if you have practical significance. D) Practical significance isn't relevant with dependent-samples designs.

B) It is an interpretation of the impact of the effect in daily life.

You want to find out whether a significantly greater percentage of students at your university binge watch television series than the national percentage for binge watching. Can you compute a one-sample ttest on these data? A) Yes, you have sample data and a national value for comparison. B) No, the data are a nominal scale and a t test requires interval or ratio data. C) No, students cannot be legitimately compared to a national sample of all television viewers. D) You do not have enough information to make a decision.

B) No, the data are a nominal scale and a t test requires interval or ratio data.

Having participants take part in different conditions in different orders is known as ______. A) order effects B) counterbalancing C) power D) matching

B) counterbalancing

The type of study that best supports the goal of beginning with similar participant characteristics in our groups is the ______. A) correlational design B) dependent-groups design C) experimental design D) quasi-experimental design

B) dependent-groups design

In the Results section for a study, comparing a sample of scores to a population value, we would include the ______. A) type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, effect size, and practical significance B) descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size C) descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, effect size, and practical significance D) type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size

B) descriptive statistics of our measurement, type of statistical test computed, computed value of the test, its df and significance level, and effect size

The strength of the relationship is evident from ______ and the direction of the relationship is evident from ______ in a correlation coefficient. A) how close the correlation coefficient is to +1.0; the sign of the coefficient B) how close the correlation coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.0; the sign of the coefficient C) whether the correlation coefficient is positive or negative; the scatterplot D) the scatterplot; the combination of the variables' predicted values

B) how close the correlation coefficient is to the absolute value of 1.0; the sign of the coefficient

Anne and Jack are examining variables related to self-control. Anne finds r = +.40 between percentage of salary saved and self-control while Jack finds r = -.60 between impulsivity and self-control. Which variable is more strongly related to self-control? A) percentage of salary saved B) impulsivity C) neither variable is significantly related to self-control D) you cannot tell from the information provided

B) impulsivity

A correlational design ______. A) describes the relationship between two variables B) is a type of study that tests the hypothesis that variables are related C) determines causation between variables D) examines causal relationships between three or more variables

B) is a type of study that tests the hypothesis that variables are related

To compute a one-sample t test we must ______. A) collect data from a sample of at least 100 B) measure our variable on an interval or ratio scale C) randomly select our sample D) compute the expected frequency of our sample

B) measure our variable on an interval or ratio scale

When two variables move in opposite directions (one increases while the other decreases), they are ______. A) positively correlated B) negatively correlated C) not correlated D) perfectly correlated

B) negatively correlated

Which of the following involves participants serving as their own control by participating in every condition of the experiment? A) matched pairs design B) repeated-measured design C) independent-groups design D) quasi-experimental design

B) repeated-measured design

The scatterplot below shows a ______. / / // // / / / / / / A) weak positive relationship B) strong positive relationship C) weak negative relationship D) strong negative relationship

B) strong positive relationship

The average difference between the scores of matched pairs or the scores for the same participants across two conditions is known as ______. A) the variance B) the mean difference C) the standard deviation D) the standard error of the mean difference

B) the mean difference

In examining test scores from the Beery VMI of children at the local elementary school compared with a national sample, the OT finds t(19) = 4.26, p < .01. She can infer that ______. A) the sample scored 4.26 points above the population B) the sample consisted of 20 participants C) the critical t value is greater than 4.26 D) the scores of less than 1% of the sample matched the population value

B) the sample consisted of 20 participants

If we want to find whether the first year class at our college has different scores on the SAT writing test than the national average for the test, our nondirectional alternative hypothesis (Ha)might state ______. A) there will be no difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average B) there will be a difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average C) the SAT writing scores for our first year class will equal the national average for the test D) our first year class will score higher than the national average for the SAT writing test

B) there will be a difference in SAT writing scores between our first year class and the national average

The one-way ANOVA compares ______. A) within-group variance for each group to within-variance for the total group B) error variance for each group to error variance for the total group C) between-groups variance and within-groups variance D) error and within-groups variance

C) between-groups variance and within-groups variance

Researchers try to ______ between-groups variance and ______ within-groups variance. A) minimize; minimize B) minimize; maximize C) maximize; minimize D) maximize; maximize

C) maximize; minimize

The value of Pearson's r ranges between ______. A) 0.0 and +1.0 B) -1.0 and 0.0 C) -1.0 and +1.0 D) 0.0 and 10.0

C) -1.0 and +1.0

Shawn examines the relationship between creativity and academic honesty and finds the coefficient of determination equals .33 or r2= -.33. This means that ______. A) he has found a moderate correlation between the two variables B) he has found a strong correlation between the two variables C) 33% of the variability in academic honesty is accounted for by knowing its relationship with creativity D) 67% of the variability in academic honesty is accounted for by knowing its relationship with creativity

C) 33% of the variability in academic honesty is accounted for by knowing its relationship with creativity

As his class project Reggie asks 30 undergraduates to select their preference for class format (face-to-face or online). He analyses the data and finds t(28) = 5.73, p < .05, d = .40. How should he interpret his results? A) His results were significant with a weak effect size and he needs to report whether more students preferred face-to-face or online classes. B) His results were significant with 40% of the variability in preference for class type accounted for. C) He should analyze the data again by computing a different statistical test because the data are nominal. D) He should analyze the data again by computing the 95% confidence interval.

C) He should analyze the data again by computing a different statistical test because the data are nominal.

The statistic used to determine whether a linear relationship exists between two interval/ratio variables is the ______. A) Cohen's d B) Y¢determined by a regression equation C) Pearson's r D) multiple r

C) Pearson's r

If we want to find whether the first year class at our college has higher scores on the SAT writing test than the national average for the test, we would compute ______. A) the effect size B) practical significance C) a one-sample t test D) an alternative hypothesis

C) a one-sample t test

Overall dependent-groups designs ______. A) decrease power of a study because you maximize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores B) increase power of a study because you minimize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores C) increase power of a study because you maximize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores D) increase power of a study because you minimize the difference between groups and maximize the error variability in scores

C) increase power of a study because you maximize the difference between groups and minimize the error variability in scores

The average error between predicted Y values and the actual Y values is called ______. A) line of best fit B) standard error of the correlation C) standard error of the estimate D) estimated standard error of the estimate

C) standard error of the estimate

The line of best fit represents ______. A) predictions of all the nominal variable values B) the best values for the measures C) the predicted Y values (Y¢) for each X value in the sample range D) the actual X and Y values for your sample

C) the predicted Y values (Y¢) for each X value in the sample range

Correlation is the statistic used to assess ______. A) causation between two interval/ratio variables B) relationships between two ordinal/ratio variables C) the validity and reliability of measures D) the lack of significant results

C) the validity and reliability of measures

We should not compute a regression equation if we do not find a significant correlation between two variables because ______. A) we need to correct errors in our data B) we can only compute regression equations when variables are causally related C) there will be too much error in our predicted values D) the slope of the regression equation would be flat

C) there will be too much error in our predicted values

The critical t value for p < .05 represents the ______. A) maximum t value possible for a specific df B) value that defines the middle 95% of the distribution if the alternative hypothesis is false C) value that defines the extreme 5% of the distribution defined by the null hypothesis D) value that must exceed the obtained t value in order to find statistical significance

C) value that defines the extreme 5% of the distribution defined by the null hypothesis

The Indepedent Sample t-test results below suggest there is a probability of ______. t=2.7 Df=22 Sig. (two-tailed) = .013 MD= 3.25000 Std. Error Difference = 1.20369 A) a Type II error B) 5% for Type I error C) neither a Type I nor a Type II error D) 1.3% for a Type I error

D) 1.3% for a Type I error

If the impact of the treatment or measurement lasts longer than the time between different conditions, this is known as ______. A) boredom B) practice C) fatigue D) carryover

D) carryover

Jesse is studying the effect of daily exercise on happiness. His directional alternative hypothesis might state ______. A) there will be no effect of daily exercise on happiness B) there will be an effect of daily exercise on happiness C) daily exercise will not affect happiness D) daily exercise will increase happiness

D) daily exercise will increase happiness

Assumption for a one-way independent samples ANOVA include ______. A) at least one IV with three or more levels B) DV is ordinal scale C) variability in each sample significantly differs D) groups are independent

D) groups are independent

Typically we compute the ______ confidence interval. A) 10% B) 50% C) 75% D) 95%

D) 95%

The regression equation is always represented by the formula ______. A) X¢ = Yb + X B) X¢ = bX + Y C) Y¢ = a - bX D) Y¢ = bX + a

D) Y¢ = bX + a

The statistic that describes the proportion of variability that is accounted for by knowing the relationship between two variables is the ______. A) coefficient of prediction B) standard error of the estimate C) estimated standard error of the means D) coefficient of determination

D) coefficient of determination

Where does the power of the dependent-groups design come from? A) the large sample size B) the stronger manipulation C) the more sensitive dependent variable D) the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics

D) the decrease in random error that is created by participant characteristics

Which of the following represents the effect size for one-way ANOVA? Levene's test for homogeneity Eta-squared Sum of squares Coefficient of determination

Eta-squared

Which of the following would be most suitable for a chi-square Is outpatient vs. subacute rehabilitation more likely associated with days of OT service. Is there a difference between nursing and OT students in height? Do OT undergraduate students study more hours than OT graduate students? Is family status (e.g. one-parent vs. two-parent household) associated with whether a student drops out of high school.

Is family status (e.g. one-parent vs. two-parent household) associated with whether a student drops out of high school.

Nonparametric tests are less powerful than parametric tests. True False

True

A single N design is a) a quantitative design used to examine a cause and effect relationship within a single case. b) a qualitative design used to examine a case in its entirety. c) an experiment. d) a correlational study.

a) a quantitative design used to examine a cause and effect relationship within a single case.

Nonparametric statistics are used when we a) have ordinal or nominal data. b) have normally distributed variables. c) have homogeneity of variance. d) need a more powerful test.

a) have ordinal or nominal data.

A stable baseline is important in order to a) predict future behavior. b) describe past behavior. c) demonstrate the effectiveness of the baseline phase. d) All of the above

a) predict future behavior.

Repeated assessment is used in a single N design in order to a) rule out alternative explanations for causality. b) provide a holistic sense of the case. c) develop rapport with the participant. d) None of the above

a) rule out alternative explanations for causality.

Chi-square goodness of fit assumes an expected frequency of at least 5 in each category. a) True b) False

a) True

The single N design is best grouped with quasi-experiments. a) True b) False

a) True

We may be able to extrapolate results from a sample to a population, but we cannot necessarily extrapolate results from a sample to an individual. a) True b) False

a) True

This graph illustrates a(n) __________design. Baseline: | Treatment: a) multiple baseline b) AB c) BA d) ABA

b) AB

The simplest single N design possible is a) BA. b) AB. c) ABA. d) BAB.

b) AB.

Data for a chi-square test for independence are presented in a a) bar graph. b) contingency table. c) sampling distribution. d) frequency distribution.

b) contingency table.

The null hypothesis for a chi-square test for independence predicts that the two variables are a) related. b) independent. c) causally related. d) interactive.

b) independent.

The expected frequency for red jellybeans in a jar of colored jellybeans is the actual number of red jellybeans. a) True b) False

b) False

Dr. Welthe examines whether the number of those with a college degree and those who have not earned a degree who are members of an investment club differs. She finds that χ2 obt= 6.54 and χ2crit = 3.84, and can conclude: a) Education causes more interest in building wealth. b) Education level significantly affected interest in investment. c) Education level is related to membership in the investment club. d) There is no relationship between education level and membership in an investment club.

c) Education level is related to membership in the investment club.

The analysis of a single N design typically involves a) identifying discrepancies and determining how the multiple measures and sources converge. b) a series of independent-samples t tests. c) graphing data and determining patterns using visual inspection. d) inferential statistics.

c) graphing data and determining patterns using visual inspection.

A method to build a theory from case study data is a) small N designs. b) descriptive research. c) grounded theory. d) correlational research

c) grounded theory.

Adding additional phases in a single N design a) is never ethical. b) helps to ensure a stable baseline. c) helps to clarify the relationship between the manipulation and the dependent variable. d) helps to stabilize the relationship between the manipulation and the dependent variable

c) helps to clarify the relationship between the manipulation and the dependent variable.

The chi-square test compares a) observed observations with obtained observations. b) sum of the observations with obtained observations. c) observed frequencies with expected frequencies. d) predicted observations with the expected frequencies.

c) observed frequencies with expected frequencies.

Suppose we find in a study comparing student retention in an online (M=7.08), SD=1) vs. in-person (M=7.92, SD=1.56) lecture with 24 students paired on their GPA tobt =2.41, Retention was measured using a 10-point multiple choice test. df= ____ Do the lecture presentation modes result in significant differences in student retention? The Cohen's d for this analysis is .58. Is this effect small, moderate or large?

df= 11 yes moderate

Dependent-groups designs are _______________(more/less) powerful than independent groups designs because they ______________(increase/decrease) random error created by participant characteristics.

more, decrease

A chi-square goodness of fit compares _______ frequencies with ________frequencies

observed, expected

An alternative name for dependent t-test is a _______________ t-test.

paired samples

When a one-way ANOVA is significant, you must then determine how each group differs from every other group by computing ______. practical significance correlations effect size post hoc test

post hoc test

We compute a Spearman rho when we want to correlate ______. two groups with nominal data two variables of ordinal data two variables of interval/ratio data one variable with interval/ratio data and one dichotomous variable

two variables of ordinal data

Which of the following variables would be appropriate for a Chi-square: body mass index how many cigarettes a person smoke per day number of siblings in the family with previous stroke whether the client has a had a previous stroke

whether the client has a had a previous stroke