Quiz 1-13, Intro to Psychology

social-cultural

A focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. After she suffered a brain injury, Kira had difficulty walking in a smooth, coordinated manner. It is likely that she suffered damage to her:

Stress hormones increase glucose activity, which then fuels brain activity.

A long time ago, Leslie was stuck in an elevator for over three hours. Although generally not claustrophobic, she felt like the elevator walls were closing in on her after two hours. Now, 10 years later, she still vividly recalls the details of the emotionally traumatic experience. What is most likely causing her long-lasting robust memory of this event?

linear perspective

A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance. Julio, who is working on a series of landscape paintings, wants to create a realistic depiction of the English countryside. To turn the flat surface of the canvas into a three-dimensional painting, he would use techniques like:

intimacy and generativity

According to Erik Erikson, the two fundamental themes that dominate adult development are:

generativity-versus-stagnation stage

According to Erikson, a period in middle adulthood during which we take stock of our contributions to family and society. Erik Erikson proposed that at this stage of life people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work; oppositely, they may feel a lack of purpose.

see an oncoming car; heart pounds and, at the same time, experience fear

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, which of the following is the correct sequence of events when a car drives directly toward us and we experience emotion?

Repression

Adults who have trouble remembering incidents of childhood sexual abuse have sometimes been led by therapists to believe that their memory difficulties result from: In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

she may have a higher-than-average set point for body weight.

Although Cara has been obese for as long as she can remember, she is determined to lose excess body weight with a low-calorie diet. When dieting, Cara is most likely to have difficulty becoming and staying thin because:

All of these examples demonstrate that fear can be an adaptive response.Fear prepares our bodies to flee from danger.Fear can bind people together as families, nations, etc.Fear of injury can protect us from harm and fear of punishment can constrain us from harming one another.

Although fear can have negative consequences, it can also be adaptive. Which of the following is an example of an adaptive fear response?

manifest

Angela remembers a dream in which she boarded a train that entered a dark tunnel. According to Sigmund Freud's theory, the dream images that Angela remembers, such as the train and the tunnel, are called the _____ content.

natural selection

Ants that become less sensitive to the repellants that are sprayed on them and are able to multiply are an example of:

60

As John was leaving the hip-hop concert, he was unable to hear his friend next to him who was talking in a normal conversational tone of ________ decibels, since the show was well over 130 decibels.

external consequences

B. F. Skinner's critics have claimed that he overemphasized the importance of. According to Kohlberg, moral decisions at the preconventional level are based on

Cliff will ignore all of these other needs until he satisfies his most basic needs for food and shelter.

Cliff is homeless, hungry, and desperate for food and shelter. He will do almost anything to satisfy these needs. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Cliff will ignore his other needs, which are:

slower to arrive and longer lasting

Compared to messages delivered by the nervous system, messages delivered by the endocrine system are

emotion-focused coping

Confiding in your hair stylist about all of the problems at work is an example of:attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

attitude

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. The presence of this ____________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

Signal theory detection

Dennis, a nurse, notes that some parents of asthmatic children respond to very small changes in their children's breathing and seek care accordingly. However, other parents might not notice the same small changes. This difference in reaction to the same stimuli is best explained by:

operational definitions for both shyness and short stature.

Dr. Aba is conducting a study about the relationship between short stature and shyness. The study begins with an interview, and Dr. Aba is aware that some college students may just seem shy in an interview setting even if they are not usually shy. Before conducting this study, Dr. Aba needs to develop:

Genuiness

Dr. Burns sees his own therapist to help him be at his emotional best for his patients. He is open with his feelings and self-disclosing in his own therapy. Carl Rogers referred to this attitude as:

Physcodynamic

Dr. Livingston maintains that unconscious mental processes and early childhood experiences are critical in the formation of personality. Dr. Livingston's beliefs reflect the _____ perspective of personality.

All of these things can be cited as criticisms of the evolutionary perspective on mating.

Dr. Winslow, who generally is not very supportive of the theory that men and women have different mating preferences, was discussing the evolutionary perspective with an introductory psychology class last week. Which of the following might be a reason for her objection to the evolutionary viewpoint?

rely on sensory and motor skills to acquire practical knowledge about the world.

During the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development, children

Preconscious

Even though Marie isn't currently thinking about the events surrounding the day when she graduated from high school, she can easily bring those memories to conscious awareness. In terms of Freud's theory of personality, Marie's memories are stored at the _____ level of awareness.

conscious

Explicit associations are typically ________.

antisocial and aggressive behavior.

Following massive damage to his frontal lobes, Phineas Gage was most strikingly debilitated by:

spacial ability

Given what we know about stereotype threat, it seems like it would be most likely to depress female students' performance on a difficult ____________ test. capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space

father care

High rates of violence are most common among those who experience minimal levels of:

verbal and spatial

Identical twins' brains are virtually the same in areas associated with _________________ intelligence.

male

If asked to imagine an angry face, most identify it as

have content validity

If course exams assess a student's mastery of a representative sample of course material, they are said to

mood-congruent memory

If you learn a list of chemistry terms while you are in a great mood, you have a better chance of recalling that list if you are in the same kind of mood when you take the exam. This is known as:the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood

facial feedback effect

If you mimic another person's facial expressions, you probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is best explained in terms of the: the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness

GRIT

In 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced that the United States would discontinue all atmospheric nuclear tests. The positive response to this conciliatory gesture illustrated the potential value of:

65

In a follow-up obedience experiment, Milgram used 40 new "teachers" and a learner with a "slight heart condition" to determine if participants might have obeyed as much as they did simply because the earlier learners' protests were not convincing. Once again, however, the new teachers complied fully ________ percent of the time

those who had expressed happiness, love, and other positive feelings in their autobiographies

In a high school senior writing seminar, students were asked to write a brief autobiography. Sixty years later, if a researcher were to analyze these autobiographies and divided the students into two main groups, which group would be most likely to live an average of 7 years longer?

This perspective focuses too much on the situation and fails to appreciate a person's inner traits.

In a psychology class debate on the social-cognitive perspective, you need to take the opposing view and rebut its positive aspects. Which of the following is a criticism of the social-cognitive perspective?

dependent variable

In an experiment that examines the effect of sleep deprivation on mental alertness, mental alertness is the:

conditioned response (CR)

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the: in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS).

Theory

In everyday conversation, a mere hunch may be called a __________, but science has a more precise and detailed definition of the word.

mirror-image perceptions

In many ethnically diverse schools, ethnic groups segregate themselves in the lunchrooms. People in each group often think they would welcome more contact with the other group, but they assume that the other group does not reciprocate the wish. This pattern of thinking best illustrates:

she should not worry; children do not model television violence

Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to the violence on television. You tell Jackie all of the following EXCEPT:

Prolactin

Jayda and Thomas, who have been happily married for 5 years, both experience feelings of satisfaction and contentment after sex. Studies have found that unlike couples who hook up for one night, Jayda and Thomas experience a surge of the hormone _____, which accounts for this feeling of satisfaction and contentment.

tend and befriend stress response

Mandisa is under an extreme amount of stress. She is fighting with her ex-husband about money and their children. During this stressful time, she turns to her friends for support and spends as much time with her children as possible. Taylor and colleagues would say that she is responding to stress according to which of the following models?

Brenda's sudden change in driving

Manuela is riding in a car with her friend Brenda. Brenda suddenly begins swerving across the lanes on the road and driving fast. Manuela begins to feel scared and nervous. Her heart rate increases and she begins to sweat. In this example, what is the stressor?

Mutation

Martha's child was born with an extra chromosome, resulting in Down syndrome. This is an example of:

possible selves

Medical students earn higher grades if they have a clear vision of themselves as successful doctors. This best illustrates the motivational significance of:

Counseling

Natalie and Ray are seeing Dr. Becker for their marital issues. Neither one of them has a psychological disorder, but they are interested in strengthening their relationship. Dr. Becker is most likely a _________________ psychologist.

effortful processing

One fear about false memories of childhood traumas is that:encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

sexual orientation

Our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, the other sex, or both sexes, is called our:

late adulthood

People differ the most in their learning and memory abilities during:

mirror nueron

People watching their team lose important games often make faces, yell at the screen, and demonstrate general agitation. Although they aren't playing the game themselves, they may be able to experience the frustration felt by the players because of ________________ activity in the brain.

The main difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories of development is that:

Piaget stressed the child's independent discoveries, whereas Vygotsky stressed that supportive interactions with parents and others played a key role in cognitive development.

botulin

Poison that can form in improperly canned food; causes paralysis by blocking ACh release. While shopping at the local supermarket, you notice the "reduced for quick sale" table, which has discontinued items as well as dented cans. You buy some of the discontinued items but avoid the dented cans because you know that improperly canned food can form:

experimental method

Professor Garcia would like to study parental spanking and aggressive behavior in children. Which research method would NOT be feasible because of ethical problems associated with trying to manipulate the spanking variable?

helps us to understand how memory works.

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

so many predictions that occasionally one is correct.

Psychics working with police departments often provide police with:

episodic memory

Rebecca is remembering what took place when her friends threw her a surprise birthday party. What type of memory is she using? the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

recently widowed

Research indicates that people who _______________ are more vulnerable to disease

throughout the world, men are more likely than women to commit violent crimes.

Research on gender and aggression indicates that:

predictibility

Research on the role of cognitive processes in learning indicates that the strength of a conditioned response depends primarily on the ________ of the CS-US association.

unconditioned stimulus (US)

Researchers conditioned a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with an electric shock. The electric shock is a(n): in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

200 words

Rico was a border collie that had a ___________ vocabulary for objects. He seemed to be able to infer that an unfamiliar sound referred to a new object he'd never seen before.

are in an exclusive sexual relationship involving open communication.

Sexually active teens are more likely to use contraceptives if they:

become more depressed from the stress of the exercise program.

Shane's doctor suggests that he begin an aerobic exercise program in addition to the psychotherapy he is receiving for his depression. As a result, Shane will likely experience all of the following EXCEPT that he will:

infintile amnesia

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of being taken to the hospital when she was 2 years old. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona only "remembers" what they have told her. Her inability to remember this event is known as:-no explicit memories lower than about age 3 -hippocampus is later developing

Introspection

Structuralists introduced which research method to identify basic elements of the human mind?

Creative Problem Solving

Students who have spent time living abroad and experiencing other cultures are more adept at generating solutions that are both unusual and useful

effortful processing

Studying for your psychology test requires _______________. This means making attentive and conscious effort, but it pays off with lasting and accessible memories

explore

The arousal theory of motivation would be most useful for explaining an infant's urge to:

the efforts of management and labor to produce a fuel-efficient automobile that will outsell any car on the market.

The concept of a superordinate goal is best illustrated by:

reduce stress and tension.

The consumption of carbohydrates is most likely to:!

perceived control

The director of an assisted-living housing complex was puzzled by the following situation. When she let the residents choose their own dinnertime, as well as what they wanted to eat, she realized there were far fewer health problems and deaths. To what might she attribute this?

men in nearly all cultures.

The finding that men are more likely than women to initiate sexual activity applies to:

adulthood

The intelligence scores of adopted children are LEAST likely to be positively correlated with the scores of their adoptive siblings during:

arousal

The sympathetic nervous system is to ____________ as the parasympathetic nervous system is to calming.

babbling

The vocal sounds NOT included in one's native language first begin to disappear from a child's vocalizations toward the end of the ____________ stage of language development.stage of language development at about 4 months when an infant spontaneously utters nonsense sounds

operant conditioning

There is a vending machine at work that you've discovered gives extra candy bars when you select either the "A" or "B" choices. You continue to frequent this machine regularly. Your action best illustrates: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher

cross-sectional study

These are studies in which people of different ages are compared with one anothera study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

short-term memory

This activated memory holds a few items—for example, the seven digits of a phone number—briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten

social isolation

This association with the risk of death is equivalent to smoking.

genetically influenced

Those who trace the origins of social bonding to its survival value are most likely to agree that the need to belong is:

the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

To assess the extent to which a person is faking it, ____________ include(s) a lie scale that flags socially desirable answers given to make a good impression.

Phsychological

Unconscious thought processes constitute a _____ influence on personality.

operant behavior

Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called: behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

Amplitude

We perceive intense colors as those with a greater:

Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects.

What happened after Little Albert was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

via text message

When people communicate _____, they are often less focused on others' reactions and less inhibited in their self-disclosures.

fustration-aggression principle

When temperatures go up in summer, the rates of violent crimes increase. This is best explained in terms of:

intrinsic motivation

Whenever Arlo told himself that his musical skills could earn him fame and fortune, he found that he became less creative in his musical performance. This best illustrates the idea that creativity may be inhibited by:the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake, rather than for some external reason, and to be effective

The Trait perspective

Which approach to personality focuses primarily on describing individual personality characteristics?

seratonin levels

Which of the following do NOT influence taste preferences in humans?

expectation

Which of the following influences women's perceptions and the emotional impact of menopause?

waiting to test and study the information until the night before the exam so it's fresh

Which of the following is NOT a study tip that will improve your learning of information in the text and in class?

Stanly Milgram

Which of the following researcher's experiments on obedience at Yale University are some of the most famous and involved deception?

William James

Who said, "If we remembered everything, we should on most occasions be as ill off as if we remembered nothing?"1842-1910; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth

A daily hassle

You are taking a public speaking class and have to give a speech to your class today. You are extremely uneasy and nervous. Which type of stressor are you experiencing?Any distressing day-to-day annoyance (microstressor)

social exchange theory

You decide that your free time over the weekend, which you're thinking of giving up so you can volunteer at the Special Olympics, is not as important to you as the good feelings and the joy you will receive from giving back to the community. This decision can be explained by the:

A group of adult males

You have a limited budget for your research, so you need to focus on a small sample of individuals who are most likely to develop an alcohol use disorder and to develop an antisocial personality disorder. Given what we know about gender differences, which of the following groups would you choose?

the sensation of tickling involves the brain, which is more sensitive to the tickle stimulation of another person

You have probably noticed that you can't really tickle yourself. This is because:

your retinal cells are extremely responsive, and the pressure from your hand triggers them.

You stayed up way too late last night and your eyes are tired. You close and rub them, but as you rub you notice a white light. This is because

variable interval

Your roommate asks, "Why are you studying so much?" You reply, "Because we could have a pop quiz any time during class, so I have to study constantly!" Your study habits are the result of your ________________ quiz schedule. a response at unpredictable time intervals

identical twins

_____ raised apart have less similar personalities than identical twins raised together and more similar personalities than fraternal twins raised apart.

phsychiatrist

_____________ are medical doctors who can provide medical treatment and psychological therapy.

gender role

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females.Brad has noticed that the girls he goes out with still expect him to pick up the check even though they may have asked him out in the first place. These expectations are called

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

an imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain by measuring changes in the blood's oxygen levels. This technique reveals blood flow and brain functioning as well as brain structure through a special application of a neuro imaging technique.

cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division. Older adults are more susceptible to _____________ than when they were younger.

left cerebral hemisphere

controls the majority of functions on the right side of the body, Research with split-brain patients led Dr. Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____________ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.

identity versus role confusion

fifth stage of personality development in which the adolescent must find a consistent sense of self. Sixteen-year-old Jeremy is trying out different clothes and hairstyles. His father is confused and sometimes shocked by his combinations of shirts and pants, earrings, chains, and hair colors. His mother, on the other hand, just laughs. Jeremy is in the stage of development called:

cognitive

having to do with an organism's thinking and understanding

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness. Kari is a fan of heavy metal music. Her mother is concerned about her listening to it at full blast because she knows that prolonged exposure to ear-splitting music can cause:

top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution

secondary sex characteristics

nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.

fetal alcohol syndrome

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. Denise has just given birth to a 6-pound baby girl. Her infant's head is small and slightly mis-proportioned. Denise did drink alcohol while she was pregnant, although it is not clear how much or how often she drank. It is possible that her infant has:

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.___________________ are those aspects of the body that make sexual reproduction possible.

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Suzanna asked her roommate to turn down the radio because she was trying to study. Her roommate had increased the volume from a volume level of 14 to 15. This was just enough for Suzanna to detect the increase and subsequent decrease. Suzanna's detection of the increase and decrease of volume is an example of:

autonomic nervous system

the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. In terms of your heartbeat, digestion, and glandular functioning, your body is pretty much a well-oiled machine that works even when you are asleep. This occurs due to your: