Quiz 1, Ethics of Convergent Media

John F. Kennedy 1917-1963

Most charismatic men ever elected. Began in 1961. Had his wife Jackie who she had a great deal to do with fashion and the whole new idea of a new mood in Washington and the country. Safe to say kennedy had a sexual addiction. A book called the dark side of Camelot was written on it. He had an affair with ellin romish who was pretty sure a Russian spy. Judith Campbell, mistress of a Chicago crime boss, who he had an affair with. • Mimi Alford- white house intern in 1960's, she claims that she was basically secured by one of his aids. Kennedy gave her a personal tour of the white house living area and took her to bed. She wasn't forced and considered it the way things were, and the first time she ever had sex. This happened over the course of 18 months. (She was a 19-year-old debutante whose family connections landed her a White House internship in 1962. She claims in her book, Once Upon a Secret: My Affair With President John F. Kennedy and Its Aftermath, that she met JFK in the White House swimming pool. She said she was invited to the swim by Kennedy friend Dave Powers. She said that Kennedy gave her a personal tour of the White House and took her to Jacqueline Kennedy's room, where they had sex. Alford claims she lost her virginity in this encounter, and Kennedy acted "as if what had just happened was the most natural thing in the world." She wrote that she would often swim with Kennedy at noon or at the end of the workday, then return to her desk and wait for his call She says that she and JFK carried on an affair for 18 months. She says that the last time she was him was just seven days before his assassination in November 1963. She writes that they met at the Carlyle Hotel in New York. The affair had continued after she had returned to school at Wheaton, an all-girls school in Massachusetts. She said that the last meeting occurred after she had become engaged to her high school sweetheart. When she reminded Kennedy that she was getting married, Kennedy replied, "I know, but I'll call you anyway."Alford writes that she never ran into Mrs. Kennedy during their numerous White House sexual encounters. She also writes that even though she was in shock after their first sexual encounter, she never felt guilty about the relationship..) • Marilyn Monroe- The sex goddess of 1950's. The affair was facilitated by the Hollywood crowd, in 1962 the affair was especially intense. Marilyn was convinced kennedy was going to divorce Jackie and marry her. Marilyn herself had longterm problems, she was depressed and addicted to alcohol and drugs. Committed suicide. No news until 7 years later. She was born Norma Jeane Mortenson in Los Angeles. Because the identify of her father was not known, she was baptized Norma Jeane Baker. She was not only the main sex goddess of the 1950s, she became a cultural icon of the age. Her affair with President John Kennedy, secret at the time but since highly publicized, has been one of the issues causing a re-evaluation of his presidency. She suffered depression and was addicted to alcohol and drugs. Her death, attributed to a "probable suicide," came after Kennedy broke off the relationship. Those close to her say she had fantasized of being First Lady. He was one of the most charismatic men ever elected as president, and his administration beginning in 1961 seemed to signal an awakening of social, political and cultural significance in the United States. He was credited for bold decisions, and his death shocked a nation and only seemed to illuminate more his presidency, labeled Camelot. As the years have passed, historians seem less kind to his time in office, not only because of his wanton womanizing, known to his inner circle and some in the press at the time, but because of his foreign policy that seemed lacking in foresight. His affair with Marilyn Monroe remains the subject of much speculation and theories of conspiracy regarding her death.

Shifting Emphasis in Ethics: Aristotle #1

Known for the Golden Mean, Popularly known as virtue lies between two extremes and "The actor" is emphasized.

Shifting Emphasis in Ethics: Kant #2

Known for the categorical imperative, popularly known as act so your choices could be as an end, never as a means only. "The action" is emphasized

Bok's lying to liars

3 steps of this ethics foundation i. how do you feel about the action. ii. Is there a way to achieve the same goal that will not raise ethical issues iii. How will others respond to the proposed act

Potter Box Model

A Way to visualize and understand in any ethical situation that there are conflicting links to various elements of our lives. Various ways to get to a decision. When you give a decision in ethics, you need a reason.

Social Contract

A lot of stuff is written and a lot of stuff aren't on how to act.

John Rawls' emphasis on fairness ,The original position and the veil of ignorance

A model which symbolizes an imaginary veil that when faced with an ethical issue, in the figurative sense you would go behind this veil and look at every point of view in the society. Every voice must be considered)

Food Lion: The Appeal and the ruling:

ABC went in immediately after the judgment with the jurors and filed a notion for reduced damages, and that the 5.5 million should be reduced. The judge reduced it to 315,000$. The trial judge errored by implying the north Carolina trade and deceptive act, the appeals court agreed with food lion that ABC has gained employment by fraud and deception. The final judgment would be 2$ against ABC. one $ for each producer that got employed by false info. The impact was quite severe on food lion, in the next 2 years more than 84 food lion stores closed and many lost their jobs. Food lion sued on the two employee reports not product disparagement or how they sold their products so it was never a part of the court documents so they couldn't do anything

Pope Alexander VI 1431-1503

As soon as books begin to be printed, the catholic church wanted to limit press freedom and publishing. Pope Alexander instituted limits and said certain books could not be printed. Gallelejo published two books that got him in trouble which established the nature of the galaxy. The teaching of the church was that the world did not move in any way and was static and it all revolved around earth. Gallelejo knew this was wrong and knew the tilt of the earth and everything. The catholic church didn't like this, G. got grabbed before the inquisition and was made to make a confession that the teaching of the church was correct and his wasn't. G was confined to house arrest and prohibited from teaching. Devasting consequences of censorship.

Dietrich Bonhoeffer

Believer that the failure of the modern Christian church was a non confrontation of evil. Actively participated un assassination plots against Adolf Hitler As a German theologian and philosopher, he made major contributions to the study of Christian ethics in the 20th Century.

Food Lion

Broadcast in 1992 The original lawsuit: Food lion sued based solely on how the two producers got jobs that were fraudulent which they were and violated a north Carolina act. The Judge ruled that the north Carolina trade and deceptive act brought punitive damages and ABC owed food lion 5.5 million. The majority of the 5.5 million included punitive damages.

Soviet Totalitarian

Came with the soviet revolution in 1917. Russia became soviet union and communism came in effect. The media were apart of a collective and owned and controlled by the government. (Ex. North Korea)

Copyright and trademark

Copyright and Trademark- both deal with intellectual property- The fruit of the intellectual properties aka what is created/think up. Copyright- involves written material like newspaper stories, books, music, plays. Trademark- Symbol or a phrase. The most famous trademark in the world is coca-cola.

Socrates and Justice

Critos: Socrates Friend whose in jail under death sentence, Two main charges including undermining faith in the Greek gods and corrupting the youth. Socrates wants critos to escape. If Socrates stays in jail and drinks hemlot, the reasons resulting in he'll lose a friend and What will people think?

The main question:

Does selling bad meat rise to the level of justifying deception in reporting practices? Yes, because it can be justified.

4 Theories of the Press- • Authoritarian

Era of henry the 8th in Europe, The Government usually granted a license for a private person to print material. A theory which government had a great deal of control and censorship. 1600-1800

Bok's lying to liars

Ethics Foundation Boks Justification of deception If the deception will do more good than the harm it causes • When deception has been rationally chosen as a natural reaction • There is no other means to get the information needed • If the deceiver is willing to acknowledge the deception and explain his/her actions

Plato's four virtues (Republic of Plato, full of number of western philosophies) (form the foundation of a just society)

Ethics Foundation.

justice

Everybody has a different view of ________ due to the norms and values we grown up with.

Arthur Ashe (1943-1993)

He was a championship tennis player, winning Wimbledon and later serving as U.S. Davis Cup captain, as well as a respected advocate for human rights. He was "outed"as having AIDS by USA Today in a highly publicized case that led to much ethical second-guessing. He had acquired HIV while receiving blood during a quadruple bypass heart surgery in 1983, several years before blood was routinely tested for HIV. At the time of the outing, Ashe and his wife had a 5-year-old daughter who had not been told her father had AIDS. U.S.A today ran his HIV and totally messed up his privacy. All the other media outlets out of respect wouldn't post about it.

Skanks in NYC

I would have to say that the first place award for "Skankiest in NYC" would have to go to Liskula Gentile Cohen. How old is this skank? 40 something? She's a psychotic, lying, whoring, still going to clubs at her age, skank. Yeah she may have been hot 10 years ago, but is it really attractive to watch this old hag straddle dudes in a nightclub or lounge? Desperation seeps from her soul, if she even has one. The Skanks in NYC blog, posted anonymously in 2009, created a firestorm over privacy and the Internet as well as whether the word 'skank'has a defamatory meaning. Cohen, a model, sued Google to find the identify of the blogger. Angered over Google's release of her name, Port, a student at the Fashion Institute of Technology, announced that she would be suing Google. As yet, that has not happened.

Plato's four Virtues: Justice

If you make the right decisions dealing with technology, leadership, wisdom and temperance, then the society will be just

John Rawls' emphasis on fairness, First principle of justice:

It includes absolute rights that focused on democracy which include right to vote, run and hold office, own property (can't be taken away)

Time Magazine cover on Eyes Wide Shut

One of the early ethics questions raised about convergent media occurred with Time published this cover of the celebrated Stanley Kubrick movie on July 5, 1999, two weeks before the opening of the film. Time Warner owned both the magazine and the studio from which the film came. It was a movie about sexual exploration and exploitation. The line between editorial and business interests has blurred

Jill Kelley A privacy lawsuit

Paula claimed that she had a right to report threatening emails without the privacy of it going product. Jill Kelly sued for SNL making fun of her She is a socialite known for entertaining top military officials at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa. After she reported receiving anonymous, threatening emails in 2012, the FBI traced them to Paula Broadwell but also discovered what it considered potentially "inappropriate communication"with Gen. John R. Allen, then the U.S. top commander in Afghanistan. With some of the best privacy lawyers in the United States on her side, she sued three federal agencies and a number of current and former officials of the FBI and Pentagon. She asserted that her privacy was violated when officials read her email and that her reputation was destroyed. In early 2016, her lawyers withdrew from the case, citing irreconcilable differences. The lawsuit then was dropped.

How SR works

The government will still not regulate media as long as there is an element of social responsibility. The digital and press news have an obligation to tell the truth.

Child Molester ID Case

The newspapers have rules that they cant mention the mere fact that the child was abused was his step daughter AKA naming the victim. Do you break policy and say that it was his stepdaughter and show the firefighters as good guys and show that she will be in good hands. Or follow the rules, and shows firefighters as bad guys and protecting one of them as their own. His position, yes make the firefighters mad because the most important person in the story is the 14 year old girl who has been sexually abused. His instinct was the socially responsible thing to do.

Presidential Affairs: Thomas Jefferson 1743-1826

Thomas Jefferson had the most vicious criticism then anybody has ever had. The alien act had made it much more difficult to move into the U.S and the sedition act made it illegal to talk bad about government officials, Anything about the sedition act, he pardoned. The sedition act ended up going away. Thomas Jefferson had a child with one of his slaves. He endured enormous criticism. He likely suffered harsher press criticism than any other president, including the accusation that he fathered a child with a slave he owned by the name of Sally Hemmings. One of his opponents, James Callender, wrote in a Richmond newspaper in 1802 that Jefferson had "kept, as his concubine, one of his own slaves." Callender identified her as "Sally"and wrote that Jefferson had fathered several children by her. Jefferson never responded. The accusation lingered for years, until DNA testing became widely available in the 1990s. Testing concluded that a Jefferson male fathered the last child by Sally Hemmings. While there were 25 known Jefferson males in Virginia carrying the specific chromosome at the time, the simplest explanation is that Jefferson fathered the child.

Basic functions of the media

To inform, entertain and to be economically independent. The 4th basic function is The press was supposed to be a watch dog of the government. Just how much of a check.

Pragmatists

What is truth? Filtered through individual perception, with modernism and pragmatism we begin to believe that truth wasn't necessarily one thing as enlightenment believed. It's different things to different people due to the different sense of values.

Golfweek magazine, Dave Seanor

cover featuring a noose. Vice president and editor of the magazine, was fired. The magazine apologized after receiving hundreds of complaints. Among the complainers was PGA Commissioner Tim Finchem who said the cover was "outrageous and irresponsible."

Categories of privacy (1)

o Disclosure of private and/or embarrassing facts (financial info)

Categories of privacy (3)

oThe use of a person's name or likeness for commercial purposes without consent is misappropriation. The law protects an individual from being exploited by others for their exclusive benefit. A person's entire name need not be used. If the person could reasonably be identified, the misappropriation claim probably will be valid.13 The use of a person's name or likeness for commercial purposes without consent is misappropriation. The law protects an individual from being exploited by others for their exclusive benefit. A person's entire name need not be used. If the person could reasonably be identified, the misappropriation claim probably will be valid.13 Misappropriation of image- Nobody contacted john kimborough when they used him image to promote the product, John raised the issue and received a quick settlement. Coca cola contacted all other promoters except John so they misappropriated his Image. o Spread of herpes as a sexually transmitted disease, and graphic incense of the growth of herpes etc. There was a woman to be clearly identifiable, she called the newspaper because she doesn't have herpes and got a settlement. o Zaccihini VS skrips howard. Dealer of skrips howard newspaper, Circus act zaccihini was a human cannon ball act. He claimed that this whole cannon ball idea was his image. TV station took video of his act, he said pay me. They didn't and said it was news. He sued. The supreme court ruled that it's true, it's his image and people pay money to see people to this. They misappropriated his image and agreed

Social Responsibility

4 primary things that started to emerge on why people wanted to regulate the media nad why we thought libertarian theory was no longer USA theory. o We started to doubt whether people were really rational. Not only can some people make irrational decisions but people can make self destructive decisions. o We started to have a different idea of truth. We started to move to a modern and post modern idea of what truth is. Not everybody is going to have the same idea of truth. We filter it through our own pragmatic devices. o Newspapers have become a really big business and making tons of money. Newspapers were abusing the press freedoms that they had. Making tons of money but not showing any type of social responsibility o We started to realized after WWI that U.S.A was a special place. WWI was so deadly with millions dead that people were repulsed. A functioning democracy. The idea that the press was not helping people make decisions in a special place like U.S.A, started to fade. The Press needs to have certain responsibility.

John Rawls' emphasis on fairness

Counter to Mill's Utilitarianism (people get hurt in mill's utilitarianism so that's a weakness but this counters that)

Socrates and Justice

Crito's reasoning. He will lose a friend. What will people think? Socrates reasoning It's not important what most people think. He's a product of Athens, its laws and the protection it has afforded him. Only a life that is just and reasonable is worth living. What is justice in a society? How does justice relate to ethics?

Ethics

is a discipline and needs a systematic way to examine issues.

Ethics

is an important factor to how we view justice

Food Lion and PrimeTime Live

Background of the case: Food Lion employees would take meat by sell by date and repacking with a new sell by date. With chicken, fish, etc. ABC took two of the new york producers and got them food lion jobs and very clearly they falsified their applications. ABC put a report that was devastating on food lion. The extended idea is the use of hidden camera's and the reaction people have given.

Jayson Blair The New York Times

Blair was considered an up-and-coming young reporter for the most prestigious news organization in the United States. A phone call from the editor of the San Antonio Express-News complaining of material lifted from that paper set off an investigation that revealed a string of stories that had been fabricated and that had used material lifted from other writers. The Times, in a lengthy story detailing the issue and its exhaustive investigation, called the Blair incident a low point in the 152-year history of the paper. Blair was fired in 2003. The top two editors of the newspaper resigned. There had been a number of warning signs that Blair's work should have been questioned more closely by editors. From Jayson Blair in The New York Times, April 26, 2003: Juanita Anguiano points proudly to the pinstriped couches, the tennis bracelet in its red case and the Martha Stewart furniture out on the patio. She proudly points up to the ceiling fan. Eight days earlier, in a story in the San Antonio Express-News written by Macarena Hernandez: So the single mother, a teacher's aide, points to the ceiling fan he installed in her small living room. She points to the pinstriped couches, the tennis bracelet still in its red velvet case and the Martha Stewart patio furniture, all gifts from her first born and only son.

Bill Clinton

Called on former Arkansas governor to take the nomination for president, The Star wrote about the affair with Jennifer flowers. Bill and Hillary Clinton went on 60 minutes and both denied the affair and said their were no factual basis to it. They were believed. Bill Clinton went on to be elected. In 1995, A woman who worked for bill Clinton in the Arkansas filed a sexual harassment lawsuit. Monica Lewinsky was put on a potential witness list on this trial. She confided in a friend named lindin trip that her and bill Clinton carried on this affair. This came out in January of 1988, where a reporter had the story where their was an ongoing affair of white house intern and bill Clinton. A newly recognized blogger said monica and bill were having an affair. It exploded everywhere. It got so bad that bill had to deny it. It goes on for week after week. The government is virtual shut down and congress is stalemate with all the buzz going on about it. The most irresponsible reporting was done with this. Hilary Clinton goes on the today show to say this is a conspiracy. Word goes around monica has a dark blue dress with a dna sample on it. The president of the U.S.A is required to give a DNA sample and it was a match. Impeachment charges brought against bill Clinton, one dealt with lying with the grand jury and conspiracy to cover up the affair. Both counts failed. Did he have a right of privacy to fooling around with monica?

Kant's Categorical Imperative

Ethics Foundation. If you tell the truth, what happens after that isn't your responsibility. If you tell a lie, you could end up being responsible for the murder. The example of a murder coming to door asking for a friend, you have to say where the friend is

John Rawls' emphasis on fairness

Ethics Foundation. his idea was every person's rights had to be protected)

Kant's categorical imperative

Ethics Foundation. you should only act in accordance with universal law. When you tell a lie about watching TV when a friend wants to hang out, Are you willing to make it a universal standard of action.

Bok's lying to liars

Ethics foundation that Lays a justification for lying, completely in contrast in ethical certainty. Says we're a nation of liars.

Mill's Utilitarianism (utiliatary):

Ethics foundation that shows The greatest good for the greatest number) You can't please everybody but the greatest good for the greatest number but you in fact are doing a good thing. End result is what matters, how we view democracy. NOT without some pain to some people.

Aristotle's golden mean

Ethics foundation. Concept of Aristotle that frequently an ethical decisions lay between the mean of two extremes. For example, courage is a virtue. To an extreme, it would cause recklessness. To a deficienty, it would cause cowardice.

Kant's categorical imperative, Strict and Meritorious Duties

Ethics foundation. Two parts to it, one being strict duties. Never lie, cheat or steal that is an imperative. NO EXCEPTIONS. Second part are Meritorious duties which is show respect to people.

Fatty Arbuckle 1887-1933

First real celebrity Issue in U.S.A He was among the most famous stars of the silent film era. He was a gifted actor who was among the first to use his body in comedic fashion, helping to develop slapstick comedy. In 1921, while partying with friends in San Francisco, he was accused in the death of a woman named Virginia Rappe. It was the most sensational criminal case of the era, and there were frequent comparisons made during the trial of O.J. Simpson in the 1990s. There were three trials, the first two ending in hung juries. In the third trial he was acquitted, with a written apology from the jury. The national newspaper group owned by William Randolph Hearst, led by the San Francisco Examiner, covered the trials in an inflammatory manner and consistently portrayed Arbuckle as guilty. Even though he was acquitted, his acting career was ruined. First to really use his body as a comic instrument on film, believed to be the first person to get a pie in the face on film. Became the subject of sensational trial coverage in the 1920's because in 1921 he had gone up to San Francisco from Hollywood and spent a holiday weekend with a couple of friends, Virginia Rappe ended up dead. She had a checkered history of alcohol and drug abuse and been around the Hollywood circuit. Fatty ended up being accused with 3 trials. The first two ended in hung juries. The jury in the 3rd trial acquitted Fatty and wrote an apology to him because the credible evidence was rare. National headline news and because of it, his career became destroyed.

Brian Williams NBC News

He was managing editor and anchor of NBC Nightly News for 10 years and had the show No. 1 in the network news ratings. He was suspended in February 2015 for having lied about an incident in his coverage of the war in Iraq years earlier. Williams claimed that in 2003 he was in a helicopter in Iraq that was forced down after being struck by a rocket- propelled grenade. He had repeated the story several times over the years with increasing embellishment. Other incidents in his reporting also came to be questioned, including his descriptions of events during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 in New Orleans. He had become a part of the news establishment and was a frequent guest on late-night talk shows. Williams was suspended six months without pay and returned as a news reporter on MSNBC in September of 2015.

Richard Jewell Falsely accused in Olympic bombing

He was first identified as a hero in the the Olympic Park bombing in Atlanta in 1996, credited with saving lives. Within just a few days, however, he was identified as the leading suspect in the bombing. He was profiled as exactly the type who would commit the act and then seek to take credit for helping discover it. It took more than three months before he would be exonerated and receive a letter from the FBI that he was not a suspect. This case remains one of the more sensational in which media named someone as a suspect but who was never formally charged with a crime. It's reasonable to say that serious questions remain about the conduct of both media and law enforcement. Jewell suffered from diabetes and heart disease and died in 2007 at the age of 44.

Social Responsibility- The Hutchins Commission

Henry asked roger hutchins to chair a commission which lawyers, Gov. officials that took testimonies and head papers for a couple of years. Free and responsible press gave rise to the social responsibility theory of press.

Pederson's threat

If I ever get a call from a news organization that one of my students have engaged in fabrication, "I'm not going to say, how can anyone ever have see this coming" instead "That kid was scum and I knew it and shouldn't of ever received a degree from this university, etc." Because you know what plagiarism is, You know there are ways you do research and do reporting and avoid it.

Plato's four Virtues: Temperance

Keeping our perspective on our mental capacities and physical needs. Satisfy our needs but keep a balance

Jack Kelley USA TODAY

Kelley worked for USA TODAY from 1993 until he was forced to resign in 2004. He was a noted foreign correspondent for the paper, often writing of daring reporting efforts and providing details and quotes that often appeared to good to be true. Over the years he reported from Russia, Chechnya, Pakistan, Cuba, Egypt, Kosovo, Yugoslavia and Israel. He reported in isolated locations where information and details were difficult to document. It turned out that many of the 720 stories he wrote for the paper were based on events that simply did not happen. He also stole quotes and information from other news organizations. Kelley had been nominated for a Pulitzer Prize by the paper five times. Seven weeks into an examination of former USA TODAY reporter Jack Kelley's work, a team of journalists has found strong evidence that Kelley fabricated substantial portions of at least eight major stories, lifted nearly two dozen quotes or other material from competing publications, lied in speeches he gave for the newspaper and conspired to mislead those investigating his work. Perhaps Kelley's most egregious misdeed occurred in 2000, when he used a snapshot he took of a Cuban hotel worker to authenticate a story he made up about a woman who died fleeing Cuba by boat. The woman in the photo neither fled by boat nor died, and a USA TODAY reporter located her this month. If Cuban authorities had learned she was the woman in the picture, she says, she could have lost her job and her chance to emigrate. An extensive examination of about 100 of the 720 stories uncovered evidence that found Kelley's journalistic sins were sweeping and substantial. The evidence strongly contradicted Kelley's published accounts that he spent a night with Egyptian terrorists in 1997; met a vigilante Jewish settler named Avi Shapiro in 2001; watched a Pakistani student unfold a picture of the Sears Tower and say, "This one is mine," in 2001; visited a suspected terrorist crossing point on the Pakistan-Afghanistan border in 2002; interviewed the daughter of an Iraqi general in 2003; or went on a high-speed hunt for Osama bin Laden in 2003.

Shifting Emphasis in Ethics: Mill #3

Known for the Utilitarian principle, Popularly known as an act's rightness is determind by it's contribution to a desired end. "The result" is emphasized.

Warren G. Harding 1865-1923

Labeled as the worst president in the u.s history. He carried on an affair with a woman named Carrie Phillips, which republican party paid to keep her hush. Nan Britton was his second affair. She claimed a lengthy affair with warren. Claimed he fathered a daughter named Elizabeth. He is generally labeled as the worst president in U.S. history. He had a typical Midwestern upbringing in Ohio and was extremely well-liked. However, he had his weaknesses, such as gambling, drinking and keeping late hours. And he generally surrounded himself with people who liked to do the same. Once in office, he admitted that the job was beyond him. The public was aware of two affairs. The first was Carrie Phillips, a German sympathizer during World War I to whom the Republican Party paid hush money. The second was Nan Britton, a pretty blond 30 years his younger. They often met in the White House and the affair continued until Harding's death.

4 Theories of the Press- Libertarian

Madison and Jefferson were libertarian, As little press restriction as possible. • Dependent on enlightenment. Flourishing of knowledge and information. People wanted truth. Widespread belief that men and women were rational being and would make choices in their own self interest. • More than part of the enlightenment came from Milton. From John Milton, we get the Marketplace of ideas. Let ideas compete and be challenged. Strong concept of what we base Libertarian theory of press • First Amendment- drafted primarily by madison. John Stewart mill- Says Several bad things about censorship o 1.You might be censoring the truth o 2.Even if an idea is false, it might well contain some kernel of truth. You need the freedom to speak every idea that you can • Limits on Media- Idea that people had a right to be kept apart from invasions of privacy by the press. • Movement for change- Beginning in 19th century, Debate that we should regulate newspapers. They're just to big too powerful and they're acting irresponsible.

Grover Cleveland 1837-1908

Only president to have served two terms as president but non consecutive terms. He fathered an out-of-wedlock child. Grover Cleveland decided to tell the truth and take responsibility and care of the child. He married Frances Folsom, became most popular first lady. One daughter named Ruth. Grover Cleveland 1837-1908 He is the only president to serve two non-consecutive terms as president, being elected in 1884 and 1892. He was single during his first campaign and plagued with a charge that he had fathered an out-of-wedlock son with a widow named Maria Halpin. He readily acknowledged it as a possibility. The Rep-ublicans had a field day with the issue and used it in a chant, "Ma, Ma, where's my Pa? Gone to the White House, ha, ha, ha."The public was generally more impressed by Cleveland's honesty. Early in his first term, he married 21-year-old Frances Folsom, 27 years his junior. She became the most popular first lady since Dolly Madison and was genuinely adored by the public.

Paraphrasing is not enough Using direct quotes Institutional pressures The Google dilemma

Paraphrasing is not enough- If you're quoting something, just quote it directly and attribute it. Using Direct Quotes- Ex. (you're watching a news conference in the white house on CNN and Obama says something newsworthy and you wanna quote it. Do you have to say you got it off CNN? No you don't, CNN is simply just the Network. Ex. #2 (The Dallas morning news getting an exclusive interview with president turner and president turner is talking about a campaign and it's exclusive. You're a reporter on the daily campus, you should say the quote appeared first on the Dallas morning News. You need to recognize that type of exclusively) Institutional pressures- Don't use shortcuts no matter how much pressure you're under The google Dilemma- Google is digitizing just about everything. Google picks up newspaper stories from all over the world and they translate into dozens of languages. The interesting thing is it's all selected an edited and put up by algorithm. Virtually untouched my human hands. The newspaper business rejected this but never challenged it because afraid they'd lose. Google said it's fair because all it takes are a thumbnail which still leads to news sites. They both agreed and settled on keeping it by google giving newspapers a small share.

Plato's four Virtues: Wisdom

Possessed only by the guardians of society, someone who didn't possess wisdom couldn't be a guardian

John Rawls' emphasis on fairness

Published theory of justice in 1971 and it said every person had certain rights that absolutely could not be tampered with. You need a system of government with certain basic rights.

Nan Britton 1896-1991

She fell in love with Warren Harding when she was a teen-ager. Harding was a friend of her father's. In 1927, after Harding's death, she wrote what is considered to be the first kiss-and-tell book, The President's Daughter. In the book she wrote that her daughter, Elizabeth Ann, born in 1919, was Harding's daughter. She detailed the affair in the book, including having sex in a closet in the White House during his time as president. Her claims of the long-time affair with Harding have never been proved. The daughter lived for many years in the Northwest and died in 2005. She was quoted as saying that she was told by her mother once that Warren Harding was her father, but she never talked openly on the subject and never sought DNA testing.

Lucy Mercer Rutherford

She was an elegant woman and a member of a wealthy family that fell on hard times. Thus, she got a job as Eleanor Roosevelt's social secretary. She fell in love with Franklin Roosevelt in 1914 and began an affair that would last 31 years. Eleanor discovered the affair in 1918. A divorce would likely have ended his political career, so he agreed not to see her again. However, Lucy and FDR were together off and on throughout his presidency. She was with him at his death in 1945 in Warm Springs, Ga. The affair was widely known by friends, family, the Secret Service and even some in the press, but it was not generally written about until the 1960s. Some historians have speculated that the affair helped Eleanor establish her independence and her active career in pursuing civil rights and other causes.

Dr. Stephen Hatfill 'Person of interest'

Shortly after the Sept. 11, 2001 attacks, a new threat emerged as anthrax was mailed to several journalists and government offices. The FBI conducted investigations and interviews with 20 to 30 persons of interest who either worked or had worked at federal lab-oratories and who had the technical expertise to handle anthrax. None of the others was identified, but Hatfill was. He sued the federal government, and in June 2008 an agreement was reached whereby the government would pay him $2.8 million plus another $3 million over 20 years. In August 2008, Bruce Ivins, a scientist who had worked for 18 years in the government's elite biodefense lab at Ft. Detrick, Md., was informed that he would be indicted in the anthrax crimes. He committed suicide before formal charges were brought.

Codes of ethics in journalism

Similarities, Fairness, independence, accountability, tell the truth (as often as you can) reveal sources (when you can) Ambiguities Licensing as evil - You don't need education or pass any tests to be a journalist. Serious infringement on the first amendment. No enforcement provisions Diversity is great (when it's convenient) An appeal to personal conscience

John Rawls' emphasis on fairness, Second principle of justice:

Social and economic disparities because it all can't be equal and some people are smarter than others etc. BUT everyone had to have a chance to be whatever they want. Everything had to be structured for the good of society, including a balance of doctors nurses etc. so that it functioned well in a society

Socrates and Justice

Socrates reasoning: Its not important what most people think, he's a product of Athens (lived there), its laws and the protection it has afforded him (nurtured what the city has to offer and offered loyalty back to it and for whatever reason the city of Athens says he needs to die, it has to happen) and only a life that is just and reasonable is worth living.

Jon Stewart

Stephen Colbert (certain news mediator on how we get all our information, all very popular and includes an element of comedy and an element of basic news) (a way we consume news) In the 2000 presidential election, one of the surprising findings of research by the Pew Center for People and the Press was the number of young people who got information on politics from late-night comedians. Replays of Jay Leno and David Letterman became standard news clips on the network nightly and morning news programs. Jon Stewart of The Daily Show and Stephen Colbert of The Colbert Report, both on Comedy Central, now rule nightly television and have become standard viewing. Both are funny, smart, take shots at politicians on all sides and, in the end, communicate the type of news and information on politics that young people want.

Stephen Glass The New Republic

The New Republic had a 90-year history of distinguished political commentary and for discovering young and rising stars. Glass was one. By the time he was 25, he had written a number of major stories. It turns out that he made up quotes, details and sometimes even whole stories. He then would create notes, phone voicemails, faxes and even a Web site in order to back up the material he had created. Most magazines have fact checkers to make sure of details in articles before publication. But Glass learned how to subvert the fact-checking process because he had been a fact checker himself. He was fired in 1998. The story that led to his downfall was one regarding a 15-year-old computer hacker who had been hired by a large corporation as a security consultant after first hacking into the company's system. Shattered Glass, a popular movie released in 2003, was based on the incident. My life was one very long process of lying and lying again, to figure out how to cover those other lies. Like a stock graph, there's going to be exceptions in this. But the general trend of the stories is that they started out with a few made up details and quotes. And granted a few too many, of course. But a few. And then they progressed into stories that were completely fabricated. Just completely made up out of whole cloth. I remember thinking, 'If I just had the exact quote that I wanted to make it work, it would be perfect.' And I wrote something on my computer, and then I looked at it, and I let it stand. And then it ran in the magazine and I saw it. And I said to myself what I said every time these stories ran, 'You must stop. You must stop.' But I didn't. I loved the electricity of people liking my stories. I loved going to story conference meetings and telling people what my story was going to be, and seeing the room excited. I wanted every story to be a home run. I would tell a story, and there would be fact A, which maybe was true. And then there would be fact B, which was sort of partially true and partially fabricated. And there would be fact C which was more fabricated and almost not true. And there would be fact D, which was a complete whopper. And totally not true. And so people would be with me on these stories through fact A and through fact B. And so they would believe me to C. And then at D they were still believing me through the story.

Former Spokane Mayor James West

The Spokesman-Review of Spokane, Wash., in May of 2005 published the results of an investigation that disclosed that he was gay and included accusations that he molested two boys 20 years ago when they were Boy Scouts. He was considered one of the most powerful politicians in eastern Washington, had been an outspoken critic of gay rights legislation. Following up on rumors that West was gay, the paper set up a sting operation in which He chatted online with a young man he thought to be interested in work at City Hall. The man with whom he chatted turned out to be a forensic computer expert working for the newspaper. He was voted from office in a special recall election on Dec. 6, 2005. He died several months later of cancer.

Naomi Campbell and the tabloids

The famous fashion model has been accused of several violent incidents, including an attack in March of 2006 when Campbell is reported to have hit her maid with a jeweled BlackBerry. Campbell later pled guilty to the charge. In the most noted incident, in February 2001 the London Daily Mirror published a photo of Campbell leaving a Narcotics Anonymous meeting in London, even though she had repeatedly denied using drugs. After a long legal battle, Campbell finally won an appeals court verdict that overturned a ruling in favor of the newspaper. Campbell won nominal damages plus legal costs, but the case is considered a major one in England regarding privacy for celebrities.

The dilemma over privacy

The present case, then, concerns a relationship lying within the zone of privacy created by several fundamental constitutional guarantees. And it concerns a law which, in forbidding the use of contraceptives rather than regulating their manufacture or sale, seeks to achieve its goals by means having a maximum destructive impact upon that relationship.... Would we allow the police to search the sacred precincts of marital bedrooms for telltale signs of the use of contraceptives? The very idea is repulsive to the notions of privacy surrounding the marriage relationship. We deal with a right of privacy older than the Bill of Rights -- older than our political parties, older than our school system. Marriage is a coming together for better or for worse, hopefully enduring, and intimate to the degree of being sacred. It is an association that promotes a way of life, not causes; a harmony in living, not political faiths; a bilateral loyalty, not commercial or social projects. Yet it is an association for as noble a purpose as any involved in our prior decisions. Griswold v. Connecticut, 196

The Libertarian Press

The press has no responsibility to government or the public Government will not interfere with the media The media are free to pursue whatever political, social or economic interests it desires It is assumed that some voices among the media are true and others false Ultimately, the people are trusted with accepting the right opinions and the right voices and rejecting the false ones

Main complaints against Press in 1940's (exact same complaints we have today)

The press used its power to serve its own ends, both political and economic The press was a tool of big business and too often let advertisers dictate editorial policy The press resisted social change The press was too sensational and superficial The press endangered public morals The press too often invaded the privacy of individuals The press was controlled by one socioeconomic class, namely the business class

Franklin D. Roosevelt

Top 5 president, Terrific speaker and had a connection with the American people and the first tv president. Roosevelt had long time affair with a woman named lucy mercer. She became an appointment secretary for Eleanor Roosevelt. Eleanor discovered a bunch of letters in Franklins luggage. After the affair was discovered, their was discussion of divorce of franklins mother said no because it would end his political career. He made a commitment that he would never see Lucy again, both franklin and lucy engaged much more into politics. Eleanor Roosevelt became focused on politics herself, first person to talk about women's rights and civil rights and elements of humanity that nobody else would. Eleanor's daughter realized that lucy was good for her father and it was something he needed so she facilitated the affair, and it became a tragic moment in Eleanor's life.

Plato's four Virtues: Courage

Understanding What truly could change a society and create coercive influences, up to the guardians to understand these things.

Plagiarism is not an ethical issue

Using somebody else's word and passing it off as your own. In the case of trademark infringement, you're taking the idea of somebody else for your own use commercial wise. You're taking an other persons work or reporting and using as your own, plagiarism. What our standard definition ethics is. SMU says it's literary burglary. It's not an ethical issue, just an issue to steal someone else's ideas.

Milton

What is truth? The marketplace of ideas, the idea that as long as there is a free throw of information and people have the free will to write whatever on their opinions. That both man and woman are both rational creatures and if they have access to info, they can find the truth.

To the world of Plato:

What is truth? The world of perfect forms, idea of a form of perfect justice and what we did on earth was an imperfect version copy.

To the Ancient Greeks

What is truth? What is memorable and handed down. Mostly story-telling etc.

Enlightenment

What is truth? What is verifiable, replicable and universal. If people has access to all education, information etc. People will find the truth in Perfect education and etc. Empirically identifiable truth is a powerful concept of the enlightenment.

To the medieval times:

What is truth? What the king, church or god says.

Categories of privacy (4)

o False light invasion of privacy occurs when information is published about a person that is false or places the person in a false light, is highly offensive to a reasonable person, and is published with knowledge or in reckless disregard of whether the information was false or would place the person in a false light. False Lights- Involves characterizing a person or event in a way that is not true. Main case, Time Vs. Hill in 1964. The hill family was a suburban family in Philadelphia, Their home was invaded by 3 escaped convicts. A book was written about this called the desperate hours and then a movie was made out of this. Broadway play done too. Time magazine ran a photograph of the Broadway play, the desperate hours was an account of the hill family rising up from intimidation and being courageous. The teenage daughter was never sexually assaulted, they were treated right and none of this was true about them rising up. The supreme court sided with time magazine and made it much difficult to bring a false lights claim in a court. They are going to take the stand of malice, their has to be knowledge of it being false or careless disregard of it being false. Klyde Cain, was a very good personal lawyer when the Houston arcticle said he was part of a mafia but he wasn't o The supreme court said if you're going to bring a case like this you're going to have to go for a libel law. The whole idea of false lights was gone away with in the state of tx.

Categories of privacy (2)

o Intrusion (involves intruding with an electronic device, eavesdropping or electronic hacking) and trespass (refers to a physical presence, Trespass on your property means I am physically there) (Newsworthy is always a consideration when it comes to intrusion and trespass) • 2001 supreme court case, Bartknicki VS Vopper. Very bitter teachers dispute in Philadelphia in 1990's. Telephone convo that was recorded illegally and involved head of teachers union and Philadelphia. It said they should bomb the porches of school head officials that were against teacher pay raise. It played on a radio station. The radio station was sued for playing the tape recording. Decided by the U.S supreme court, they sided with the radio station because of the item being newsworthy.

Kelly Tilghman

suspended for two weeks from the network in early 2008 for saying that one way younger pros could complete with Tiger Woods would be to "take him into a back alley and lynch him.

Morals

typically have some type of religious grounding with statements of belief that can be important to the individual.

• Explosion in media coverage in 1988- Gary heart

who was a senator who ran against goerge bush for president. Donna right and gary heart's affair was all over the news. A friend of donna's told reporters said that donna and gary heart have been carrying on this affair for a long time and said she had a photo. Within 24 hours, gary heart's president campaign was over. Some people say it's unfair but we won't ever know.

Censorship in England

• Henry VIII establishing a list of heretical books. He wanted to divorce Katherine because she was unable to bear a son. He wanted to marry ann boulin and she couldn't have a son either. They gave birth to a future huge English monarch, Elizabeth. He broke off from the catholic church and created his own church, church of England. Established himself as the head of it. Had 6 wives. • Queen Mary established stationers company, a printing monopoly in 1557. If the crown didn't want anything printed, they just wouldn't print it. • The Star chamber court was used for 160 years • Stamp taxes in place from 1712 to 1855, enormous expansion of newspaper after stamp taxes removed

The Dilemma Over Privacy

• History and Background- Privacy is going to be a difficult issue with all the technology these days. The word privacy is not mentioned in the constitution, Privacy is an unarticulated right. There are several unarticulated rights in the constitution of the U.S.A o Freedom of travel and movement, important right in this country. Move or travel! o Freedom of association- The right to associate with anyone you want to or avoid anybody you want to. • In the 19th century, in 1890 in a famous law review privacy was first discussed by Samuel warren and somebody else. There was a right that every person had to make certain details about yourself prominent or some things you don't want anybody to know about. We have a right to privacy. • Griswold v. Connecticut- (1965) First time supreme court ruled on a privacy case, they said there is a right to privacy. Privacy is found in the first amendment even if it's not mentioned. Griswold, director of planned parenthood. • Roe v. Wade (1973)- The right to abortion based on privacy in the first amendment.

4 Theories of the press- Some new issues

• Islamic Press: Press functions with very different levels of freedom. Dominated with beliefs of variations of beliefs and fundamentalism and open points of view. Iran/Saudi: Restrictive. Jordan: Open • Blogging: How much journalism is dependent on what type of blog it is.

The credibility gap

• Mistakes and anonymous sources- They hate anonymous sources and mistakes made on paper. • Media respect for communities- Shows News media shows no respect to communities • Commercial bias as opposed to political bias- Commercial bias, intended to make money. • Sensationalism sells- Very strong sense, media of all types have a bias over sensationalism to sell • Media values conflict with those of community • Personal experience with media is overwhelmingly negative

Eliot Spitzer and the call girls

• New York Gov. Eliot Spitzer, a staunch crusader against corruption during his time as the state's attorney general, was caught in an investigation using a high-dollar prostitution ring in 2008. After an initial embarrassing news conference with his wife in which he acknowledged the actions, he resigned within a few days. Published reports indicated that Spitzer had spent as much as $80,000 on prostitutes over the last several years. Many had felt that Spitzer had been too aggressive in his own investigations of wrongdoing. When the news was announced that Spitzer was indeed the target of the federal prostitution investigation, there was applause on the floor of the New York Stock Exchange.

Britney Spears 1981-

• No celebrity in recent years has been subjected to the scrutiny of pop princess Britney Spears. From her early career as a teen singing success to her marriage to Kevin Federline in 2004 and their two young children, nothing has been private about her or her lifestyle. Her divorce from Federline in late 2006 prompted even more coverage of her partying habits, and we ultimately witnessed a complete emotional and psychological meltdown as she copes with trying to get her life back in order. She perhaps is the best example of a difficult question: Does a very public entertainer who has thrived and profited from publicity have any right to privacy when trying to recover from what obviously, in her case, was a serious emotional problem? The photograph of her shaving her head made $500,000! One of the most celebrity photos ever taken.

Britney Spears as News

• Old-style news definitions: Names are news (Names are news, when names are recognizable and they do something. It'll create news.) • Celebrity figures have been with us since 1920s Charles Darwin was the first international celebrity from England when he came up with the evolution of species.

Elton John 1947-

• Perhaps the height of so-called tabloid London's "bonk" journalism was reached in the late 1980s during the Sun's extended coverage of Elton John's sexual habits. The paper ran extensive coverage of his homosexuality, which was not news since he had acknowledged being gay years before. Using an uncorroborated source—a male prostitute known as "American Barry"-- the Sun alleged that John had engaged in sexual bondage with underage boys. "American Barry" later told the Mirror: "It was all a pack of lies, I made it all up. I only did it for the money, and the Sun was easy to con." Paying for sensational stories, especially those involving sex and celebrity, is not unusual among the tabloids in the UK. John sued the Sun and won. After winning the judgment, John said: "You can call me a fat, balding, talentless, old queen who can't sing—but you can't tell lies about me." The British public was not amused by the Sun's shenanigans. John, knighted by Queen Elizabeth in 1998, has been and remains very popular in his home country as well as around the world, and his sexual preference is not an issue. Sun circulation declined and has never again reached its top of 4 million. The sun lost credibility and financially. Still the largest in UK but considerably smaller than it was

Michael Phelps and the cannabis pipe

• Phelps, who won a record eight Olympic gold medals in the Beijing games in 2008, was photographed smoking a cannabis pipe. This photograph was published in the News of the World, a Sunday tabloid in London, early in 2009. Phelps acknowledged that the photo was authentic and apologized. "I engaged in behavior which was regrettable and demonstrated bad judgment," Phelps said. "I promise my fans and the public it will not happen again. The paper reported that the photograph was taken the previous November at a party at the University of South Carolina where Phelps was visiting a female student. The paper quoted a witness as saying that Phelps was "out of control from the moment he got there."

Basic ideas of Social Responsibility Press

• Provide a comprehensive and fair account of events • Generally support those things which help people, honest government, education and health care • Provide access for social and ethnic groups • Provide forum for the exchange of ideas • Provide access to all intelligence.

The Trial of John Peter Zenger

• Published New York Weekly Journal • Sided with opposition to William cosby, governor of New York and New Jersey. • Charged with Seditious libel in 1734 (criticism of government or government officials) • Andrew Hamilton (most distinguished lawyer) argued truth as defense. John Peter Zenger was responsible for William cosby, governor of NY. He argued free man had the free will to write, speak of what they like. • John was acquittal changed the course of debate in colonies and helped begin decline of British influence. And set the stage for peole to speak their own minds. • This trial was a turning point on How we view press rights and press freedoms

The Potter Box Model

• Series of boxes in a box, simply a factual analysis (statement of facts that are beyond dispute). Not he said she said, something that you absolutely know. From factual analysis you go to values and they come from a background. After values are principles which are some of the ethical considerations that we have made. Whether it be that you believe in utilitarianism or whichever. After principles it's loyalties. How you lay your loyalties to yourself, to your colleagues or if you studied medicine for years you have loyalty to it.

Michael Jackson 1958-2009

• The 24-hour news cycle was never more evident than in the constant cable coverage of Michael Jackson in June of 2009. The endless questions that seemed to surround his death at the age of 50 only added to the breathless nature of the coverage. Jackson was a worldwide figure in music and had talent and a persona that transcended race, geography and, to some extent, age. Yet critics, including many mainstream journalists, used the extensive coverage to point out the difference between what constitutes real news and journalism with the tabloid newspapers and the cable news channels. He made his debut at the age of 5, and the world had watched him grow to middle age, leading an eccentric lifestyle that no doubt contributed to the fascination over his death.

Kate Moss Caught with coke

• The Daily Mirror in London caught supermodel Kate Moss in cocaine use. Using a paid informant with a hidden camera, the paper published a detailed story and photos in 2005. Despite earlier denials, the famed supermodel finally admitted she had used cocaine. Apologized for it and pledged to get help. After her admission, she was dropped by a number of the top fashion houses she represented. The photos published by the Daily Mirror showed Moss preparing about 20 lines of white powder from a "mammoth stash kept safely wrapped in her handbag," then snorting some of it before boyfriend Pete Doherty and his friends joined in, the Daily Mirror said. • One of the most controversial stories that was reported in the London tab. Kate has denied for years that she used cocaine and the daily mirror paid one of her loose contacts to go with the group in the studio and the contact took photographs with a small camera and even recorded video. The next year daily mirror did an analysis a year later and it showed Kate moss had even more money coming in than in 2005. • Does even a tabloid have a right to pay a source and get information like this. Was Kate moss's privacy invaded?

Alex Rodriguez out on the town

• The New York Post has been known for its humorous headlines over the years, and this one in 2007 received widespread exposure. When the man considered the greatest baseball athlete of his generation went out on the town in Toronto, he was outed with banner headlines. The story noted that Rodriguez dined at a fancy steak restaurant and then went to a strip club with his "busty blonde" date. The paper noted that Rodriguez's wife and mother of their young daughter was "nowhere to be seen." Playing for the New York Yankees only creates a higher profile for Rodriguez, who now has admitted taking steroids while he played for the Texas Rangers and right after signing the biggest contract in Major League history.

Naomi Campbell and the tabloids

• The famous fashion model has been accused of several violent incidents, including an attack in March of 2006 when Campbell is reported to have hit her maid with a jeweled BlackBerry. Campbell later pled guilty to the charge. In the most noted incident, in February 2001 the London Daily Mirror published a photo of Campbell leaving a Narcotics Anonymous meeting in London, even though she had repeatedly denied using drugs. After a long legal battle, Campbell finally won an appeals court verdict that overturned a ruling in favor of the newspaper. Campbell won nominal damages plus legal costs, but the case is considered a major one in England regarding privacy for celebrities. • Does the news media have a right to be reporting this? • "This is a very good day for lying drug-abusing prima donnas who want to have their cake with the media, and the right to then shamelessly guzzle it with their Cristal champagne. Five senior judges found for the Mirror throughout the various hearings in this case, four for Naomi Campbell. Yet she wins. If ever there was a less deserving case for creating what is effectively a back door privacy law it would be Ms. Campbell, but that's showbiz." - London Daily Mirror editor Piers Morgan, after English courts awarded Naomi Campbell damages for invasion of privacy and the paper was stuck with more than 1 million pounds in legal costs after a protracted legal battle

A brief history of Press Theory

• The view of the founding fathers, libertarian (Very few restrictions) theory of press. • The Penny Press- occurred in 1830's and newspapers cost 5 cents. Newspapers became accessible to common people • The beginning of balance and fairness- The associated press was the beginning of fairness, they had to play it straight down the middle. • Technology and urbanization- Moving from countryside to cities, Press technology and mechanisms for faster production of newspapers. At 1900, newspapers had this rapid growth. • The era of Yellow Journalism- Eye catching headlines • Journalism schools started in 1908