Quiz 3

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PERT weighted average formula

(optimistic time + 4 X most likely time + pessimistic time) / 6

what attributes relate to stakeholder requirements?

- A description of the problem and its context • Results that stakeholders want from the system • Do not define the solution, other than for environment • Quality of results • Owned by stakeholders or their representatives (e.g. marketing)

arrow diagramming method (ADM) / Activity on Arrow (AOA)

- Activities are represented by arrows - Nodes or circles are the starting and ending points of activities - Can only show finish-to-start dependencies

precedence diagramming method (PDM)

- Activities are represented by boxes - Arrows show relationships between activities - More popular than ADM method and used by project management software - Better at showing different types of dependencies

how do you calculate the critical path?

- First develop a good network diagram - Add the duration estimates for all activities on each path through the network diagram - The longest path is the critical path

what are some reality checks to do for scheduling?

- First review the draft schedule or estimated completion date in the project charter - Prepare a more detailed schedule with the project team - Make sure the schedule is realistic and followed - Alert top management well in advance if there are schedule problems

what are the goals of scope control?

- Influence the factors that cause scope changes - Assure changes are processed according to procedures developed as part of integrated change control - Manage changes when they occur

what are some things to be cautious of when using project management software?

- Many people misuse project management software because they don't understand important concepts and have not had training - You must enter dependencies to have dates adjust automatically and to determine the critical path - You must enter actual schedule information to compare planned and actual progress

what are three-point estimates needed for?

- PERT - Monte Carlo simulations

what are some scheduling control suggestions?

- Perform reality checks on schedules - Allow for contingencies - Don't plan for everyone to work at 100% capacity all the time - Hold progress meetings with stakeholders and be clear and honest in communicating schedule issues

what are the three main techniques for shortening schedules?

- Shortening durations of critical activities/tasks by adding more resources or changing their scope - crashing - fast tracking

how can software assist in time management?

- Software for facilitating communications helps people exchange schedule-related information - Decision support models help analyze trade-offs that can be made - Project management software can help in various time management areas

what are the approaches to developing a WBS?

- analogy approach - top-down approach - bottom-up approach - mind-mapping - using guidelines

what documents for the scope baseline?

- approved project scope - WBS - WBS dictionary

what are some examples of stakeholder requirements?

- capabilities - performance - constraints

what are the project scope management processes?

- collecting requirements - defining scope - creating the WBS - verifying the scope - controlling scope

what are the project time management processes?

- defining activities - sequencing activities - estimating activity resources - estimating activity durations - developing the schedule - controlling the schedule

what are some activity duration estimating methods?

- duration - effort

what should project managers use when there are working with people issues?

- empowerment - incentives - discipline - negotiation

what are some examples of system requirements?

- functions - performance - constraints

what do milestones emphasize?

- important events - accomplishments on projects

what are the best practices for avoiding scope practices?

- keep the scope realistic - involve users in project scope management - use off-the-shelf hardware and software whenever possible - follow good project management processes

what are the three types of dependencies?

- mandatory dependencies - discretionary dependencies - external dependencies

what are some examples of milestones?

- obtaining customer sign-off on key documents - completion of specific products

what are the key inputs for preparing the project scope statement?

- project charter - requirements documentation - organizational process assets such as policies and procedures related to scope statements - project files/lessons learned

what are milestones useful for?

- setting schedule goals - monitoring progress

what activities should be included on a project schedule?

- the activity name - an activity identifier or number - a brief description of the activity

what are the two main formats for network diagrams?

- the arrow and precedence diagramming methods

what is the process for creating AOA diagrams

1. Find all of the activities that start at node 1. Draw their finish nodes and draw arrows between node 1 and those finish nodes. Put the activity letter or name and duration estimate on the associated arrow. 2. Continue drawing the network diagram, working from left to right. Look for bursts and merges. Burstsoccur when a single node is followed by two or more activities. A mergeoccurs when two or more nodes precede a single node. 3. Continue drawing the project network diagram until all activities are included on the diagram that have dependencies. 4. As a rule of thumb, all arrowheads should face toward the right, and no arrows should cross on an AOA network diagram.

critical chain scheduling

A method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date

__________________ is often achieved by a customer inspection and then sign-off on key deliverables

Acceptance

three-point estimate

An estimate that includes an optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimate, such as three weeks for the optimistic, four weeks for the most likely, and five weeks for the pessimistic estimate

buffers and PERT estimations

Buffer adds to pessimistic time

CPM

CPM is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration

how can communication software like email help assist in project scope management?

Communication software like e-mail and the Web help clarify and communicate scope information

probabilistic time estimates

Duration estimates based on using optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimates of activity durations, or a three-point estimate

T/F a WBS item is the responsibility of several individuals

F It is the responsibility of only one individual, even though many people may be working on it

T/F the critical path is not able to change or be modified

F The critical path can change as the project progresses

T/F there can only be one critical path

F There can be more than one critical path if the lengths of two or more paths are the same

T/F requirement documents often only include text

F they can include text, images, diagrams, videos, etc.

T/F Project members do NOT need to be involved in developing the WBS

F they should be involved to ensure consistency and buy-in

T/F people doing the work should not create activity duration estimates, an expert should do this

F they should help, and experts should review them

what are the important tools and techniques for developing a schedule?

Gantt charts, critical path analysis, and critical chain scheduling, and PERT analysis

T/F A unit of work should appear at only one place in the WBS

T

T/F As time progresses, the scope of a project should become more clear and specific

T

T/F Each WBS item must be documented in a WBS dictionary to ensure accurate understanding of the scope of work included and not included in that item

T

T/F Effort does not normally equal duration

T

T/F In traditional estimates, people often add a buffer to each task and use it if it's needed or not

T

T/F It often takes several activities and a lot of work to complete a milestone

T

T/F Iterative approach to defining requirements will be required when requirements are unclear

T

T/F Many WBS tasks are vague and must be explained more

T

T/F The WBS must be a flexible tool to accommodate inevitable changes while properly maintaining control of the work content in the project according to the scope statement

T

T/F The critical path is notthe one with all the critical activities; it only accounts for time

T

T/F The work content of a WBS item is the sum of the WBS items below it

T

T/F when developing a schedule you use the results of other time management processes to determine the start and end date of the project

T

T/F The WBS must be consistent with the way in which work is actually going to be performed

T it should serve the project team first and other purposes only if practical

finish to finish dependency

This type of dependency includes one task that continues only as long as another task is in progress.

start-to-start dependency

This type of dependency indicates that the start of one task triggers the start of the second task.

multitasking

When a resource works on more than one task at a time

____________ is a network diagramming technique used to predict total project duration.

a) PERT b) A Gantt chart c) critical path method d) crashing

You cannot start editing a technical report until someone else completes the first draft. What type of dependency does this represent? a) finish-to-start b) start-to-start c) finish-to-finish d) start-to-finish

a) finish-to-start

Which tool or technique for collecting requirements is often the most expensive and time consuming? a) interviews b) focus groups c) surveys d) observation

a) interviews

Which of the following processes involves determining the policies, procedures, and documentation that will be used for planning, executing, and controlling the project schedule? a) planning schedule management b) defining activities c) estimating activity resources d) activity sequencing

a) planning schedule management

fast tracking

activities by doing them in parallel or overlapping them

crashing

activities by obtaining the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost

feeding buffers

additional time added before tasks on the critical path

developing the schedule

analyzing activity sequences, activity resource estimates, and activity duration estimates to create the project schedule

resources

are people, equipment, and materials

A _____________ is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines its total scope. a) scope statement b) WBS c) WBS dictionary d) work package

b) WBS

Which of the following statements is false? a) a resource breakdown structure is a hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type b) duration and effort are synonymous terms c) a three-point estimate includes an optimistic, most likely, and pessimistic estimate d) A Gantt chart is a common tool for displaying project schedule information

b) duration and effort are synonymous terms

Scope ________________ is often achieved by a customer inspection and then sign-off on key deliverables. a) acceptance b) validation c) completion d) close-out

b) validation

critical chain scheduling scheduling removes...

buffers from individual tasks and creates project buffers or feeding buffers

how would you create a milestone on a Gantt chart?

by entering tasks with a zero duration, or you can mark any task as a milestone

Assume that you have a project with major categories called planning, analysis, design, and testing. What level of the WBS would these items fall under? a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

c) 2

Project management software helps you develop a _________________ , which serves as a basis for creating Gantt charts, assigning resources, and allocating costs. a) project plan b) schedule c) WBS d) deliverable

c) WBS

What type of diagram shows planned and actual project schedule information? a) a network diagram b) a Gantt chart c) a Tracking Gantt chart d) a milestone chart

c) a Tracking Gantt chart

As the project manager for a software development project, you are helping to develop the project schedule. You decide that writing code for a system should not start until users sign off on the analysis work. What type of dependency is this? a) technical b) mandatory c) discretionary d) external

c) discretionary

__________________refer(s) to all the work involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them. a) deliverables b) milestones c) scope d) product development

c) scope

Gantt charts

charts provide a standard format for displaying project schedule information by listing project activities and their corresponding start and finish dates in a calendar format

what is a system requirement?

condition that must be met or possessed by a system, product, service, result, or component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formal document

finish-to-start dependency

control and chronology work in the same direction in this dependency. After the predecessor task finishes, the successor task starts.

controlling the schedule

controlling and managing changes to the project schedule

controlling scope

controlling changes to project scope throughout the life of the project

what does scope control involve?

controlling changes to the project scope

what is the longest path with the least amount of slack/float through the network diagram called?

critical path

What symbol on a Gantt chart represents a slipped milestone? a) a black arrow b) a white arrow c) a black diamond d) a white diamond

d) a white diamond

Predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions are all examples of ______________ a) items in an activity list b) items on a Gantt chart c) milestone attributes d) activity attributes

d) activity attributes

___________________ is a method of scheduling that considers limited resources when creating a project schedule and includes buffers to protect the project completion date. a) parkinson's law b) scrum c) critical path analysis d) critical chain scheduling

d) critical chain scheduling

Which of the following is not a best practice that can help in avoiding scope problems on IT projects? a) Keep the scope realistic b) Use off-the-shelf hardware and software whenever possible c) follow good project management processes d) don't involve too many users in scope management

d) don't involve too many users in scope management

Which of the following statements is false? a) growing grass was on the critical path for a large theme park project b) the critical path is the series of activities that determine the earliest time by which a project can be completed c) a forward pass through a project network diagram determines the early start and early finish dates for each activity d) fast tracking is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost

d) fast tracking is a technique for making cost and schedule trade-offs to obtain the greatest amount of schedule compression for the least incremental cost

What approach to developing a WBS involves writing down or drawing ideas in a nonlinear format? a) top-down b) bottom-up c) analogy d) mind mapping

d) mind mapping

Which of the following is not a suggestion for improving user input? a) develop a good project selection process for IT projects b) have users on the project team c) co-locate users with developers d) only have meetings as needed, not on a regular basis

d) only have meetings as needed, not on a regular basis

discretionary dependencies

defined by the project team; sometimes referred to as soft logic and should be used with care since they may limit later scheduling options

collecting requirements

defining and documenting the features and functions of the products produced during the project as well as the processes used for creating them

Managers often cite _________________ as one of their biggest challenges

delivering projects on time

Gantt chart symbol means: arrows

dependencies between tasks

requirements management plan

describes how project requirements will be analyzed, documented, and managed

backward pass

determines the late start and finish dates

what does activity definition involve?

developing a more detailed WBS and supporting explanations to understand all the work to be done so you can develop realistic cost and duration estimates

It is very _________________ to create a good scope statement and WBS for a project

difficult

for large IT projects it is helpful to _______________ development into categories called elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation

divide requirements

Gantt chart symbol means: lighter horizontal bars

durations of tasks

estimating activity resources

estimating how many resources a project team should use to perform project activities

estimating activity durations

estimating the number of work periods that are needed to complete individual activities

what is the most common dependency?

finish to start

verifying scope

formalizing acceptance of the project deliverables

before estimating activity durations, you must _______

have a good idea of the quantity and type of resources that will be assigned to each activity

how can spreadsheets help assist in project scope planning?

help to perform financial calculations and weighted scoring models and to develop charts and graphs

how can word processing software help assist in project scope management?

helps create several scope-related documents

how can project management software help in project scope management

helps in creating a WBS, the basis for tasks on a Gantt chart

sequencing activities

identifying and documenting the relationships between project activities

defining activities

identifying the specific activities that the project team members and stakeholders must perform to produce the project deliverables

duration

includes the actual amount of time worked on an activity pluselapsed time

mandatory dependencies

inherent in the nature of the work being performed on a project, sometimes referred to as hard logic

external dependencies

involve relationships between project and non-project activities

scope verification

involves formal acceptance of the completed project scope by the stakeholders

WBS

is a deliverable-oriented grouping of the work involved in a project that defines the total scope of the project

WBS dictionary

is a document that describes detailed information about each WBS item

resource breakdown structure

is a hierarchical structure that identifies the project's resources by category and type

PERT

is a network analysis technique used to estimate project duration when there is a high degree of uncertainty about the individual activity duration estimates

network diagram

is a schematic display of the logical relationships among, or sequencing of, project activities

requirements traceability matrix (RTM)

is a table that lists requirements, various attributes of each requirement, and the status of the requirements to ensure that all requirements are addressed

activity list

is a tabulation of activities to be included on a project schedule

work package

is a task at the lowest level of the WBS

mind-mapping approach

is a technique that uses branches radiating out from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas

buffer

is additional time to complete a task

activity/task

is an element of work normally found on the work breakdown structure (WBS) that has an expected duration, a cost, and resource requirements

deliverable

is produced as part of a project (both product and processes), such as hardware or software, planning documents, or meeting minutes

decomposition

is subdividing project deliverables into smaller pieces

free slack/free float

is the amount of time an activity can be delayed without delaying the early start of any immediately following activities

total slack / total float

is the amount of time an activity may be delayed from its early start without delaying the planned project finish date

slack/float

is the amount of time an activity may be delayed without delaying a succeeding activity or the project finish date

variance

is the difference between planned and actual performance

effort

is the number of workdays or work hours required to complete a task

dependency/relationship

is the sequencing of project activities or tasks

scope baseline

is used to measure performance in meeting project scope goals

what are controlling the schedule goals?

know the status of the schedule, influence factors that cause schedule changes, determine that the schedule has changed, and manage changes when they occur

milestone

milestone is a significant event that normally has no duration

Gantt chart symbol means: black diamonds

milestones

Many people like to focus on meeting _______________, especially for large projects

milestones

what does critical chain scheduling attempt to minimize?

multi-tasking

You __________ determine dependencies in order to use critical path analysis

must

project buffers

or additional time added before the project's due date

critical path

path for a project is the series of activities that determines the earliest time by which the project can be completed

WBS is a foundation document that provides the basis for . . .

planning and managing project schedules, costs, resources, and changes

PERT uses _____________________________ time estimates

probabilistic

activity attributes

provide more information such as predecessors, successors, logical relationships, leads and lags, resource requirements, constraints, imposed dates, and assumptions related to the activity

scope

refers to all the work involved and not involved in creating the products of the project and the processes used to create them

what determines the scope?

requirements

analogy approach

review WBSs of similar projects and tailor to your project

what does sequencing activities include?

reviewing activities and determining dependencies

defining scope

reviewing the project charter and requirements documents to create a scope statement

what is one of the main reasons for conflicts on projects especially during the second half of the project?

schedule issues

network diagrams are the preferred technique for _______

showing activity sequencing

what is the most confusing dependency?

start to finish

a lag time between tasks is often used with what kind of dependency?

start to start

top-down approach

start with the largest items of the project and break them down

bottom-up approach

start with the specific tasks and roll them up

Murphy's Law

states that if something can go wrong, it will

Parkinson's Law

states that work expands to fill the time allowed

____________________ helps projects succeed more than good PERT charts

strong leadership

creating the wbs

subdividing the major project deliverables into smaller, more manageable components

Gantt chart symbol means: thick black bars

summary tasks

what do we translate stakeholder requirements into?

system requirements

start to finish dependency

the predecessor occurs after the successor. And the start of the predecessor controls the finish of the successor.

system requirements are often worded as...

the system shall do...

stakeholder requirements are often worded as...

the user shall be able to ...

what happens if one or more of the activities on the critical path takes longer than planned?

the whole project schedule will slip unless the project manager takes corrective action

forward pass

through the network diagram determines the early start and finish dates

what triple constraint has the least amount of flexibility in a project?

time; it passes no matter what happens

what is the ultimate goal of developing a schedule?

to create a realistic project schedule that provides a basis for monitoring project progress for the time dimension of the project

what is more difficult than creating a good scope statement and WBS for a project?

to verify project scope and minimize scope changes

what attributes relate to system requirements?

• An abstract representation of the solution • What the system does • Do not define the design • How well it does it • Owned by systems engineers

what are some suggestions for improving user input?

• Develop a good project selection process and insist that sponsors are from the user organization • Have users on the project team in important roles • Have regular meetings with defined agendas, and have users sign off on key deliverables presented at meetings • Deliver something to users and sponsors on a regular basis • Don't promise to deliver when you know you can't • Co-locate users with developers

what are some suggestions for reducing incomplete and changing requirements

• Develop and follow a requirements management process • Use techniques such as prototyping, use case modeling, and JAD to get more user involvement • Put requirements in writing and keep them current • Create a requirements management database for documenting and controlling requirements • Rank and prioritize requirements; pay more attention to high ranking requirements • Provide adequate review, inspection and testing throughout the project life cycle (including systems development life cycle) • Review changes from a systems perspective • Inform and discuss project impact of changes with stakeholders • Emphasize completion dates to help focus on what's most important • Allocate resources specifically for handling change requests/enhancements • Trace change requests to requirements • Have a structured change management system

what tasks can be done to collect requirements for a project?

• Interviewing • Focus groups and facilitated workshops • Using group creativity and decision-making techniques • Questionnaires and surveys • Observation • Prototyping • Software tools

what are the symbols in a Gantt chart?

◦Black diamonds: milestones ◦Thick black bars: summary tasks ◦Lighter horizontal bars: durations of tasks ◦Arrows: dependencies between tasks

what are some important issues to consider in estimating resources?

◦How difficult will it be to do specific activities on this project? ◦What is the organization's history in doing similar activities? ◦Are the required resources available?

what are the tools and techniques used for controlling a schedule

◦Progress reports ◦A schedule change control system ◦Project management software, including schedule comparison charts like the tracking Gantt chart ◦Variance analysis, such as analyzing float or slack ◦Performance management, such as earned value

what does SMART criteria stand for in regards to milestones?

◦Specific ◦Measurable ◦Assignable ◦Realistic ◦Time-framed


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