Quiz 5
A design where two independent variables have two conditions
2x2
183. Experimental designs are characterized by what
Random assignment to treatment
5. What is a more rigorous approach, random assignment or random selection?
Random assignment.
14. describe a placebo control group
includes individuals who are led to believe they are receiving a treatment of significant benefit when in fact the treatment that is actually given has been found to have no significant benefit
92. Single subject research is sometimes referred to as what
single system research
Design where there are three independent variables total two with two conditions and one with three conditions
2x2x3
design where one of the independent variables has three conditions and the other has two conditions
2x3
240. Describe multiple-treatment interference
A threat to external validity that occurs when a group of participants is given more than one treatment and treatments given earlier in an experiment might affect the effectiveness of treatments given to the same participants later
241. Describe the Dunning-Kruger Effect and give an example
A threat to external validity. A type of cognitive bias in which people believe that they are smarter and more capable than they really are. Essentially, low ability people do not possess the skills needed to recognize their own incompetence. The combination of poor self-awareness and low cognitive ability leads them to overestimate their own capabilities
2. In occupational therapy, all studies seeking to determine the effects of a given treatment approach involves what 4 things
A treatment, at least one outcome measure, categories of conditions into groups., and at least one point of comparison.
104. what type of withdrawal design has the most ethical appeal and why
ABAB because it does not end with withdrawing the intervention
212. in psychology of single group design in which treatments are alternated is often called what
ABAB design
10. What is the probabilistically equivalent
Although two groups may not be equal in all variables, any difference between the groups are likely to be based on chance rather than a systematic pattern of variation. So in other words, they are equally likely to have. Random errors.
222. Crossover designs should not be used if you think there will be ________ effects
Carryover
58. what is CONSORT
Consolidated standards of reporting trial statement
219. what is a demand characteristic
Cue that lets participants know the expected outcome of an experiment and can be a problem if participants attempt to please the experimenter
128. describe data graphs with single subject research
Ditto for each variable for each participant or system or graphed with the dependent variable on the Y axis and time on the X axis
11. Describe the pretest, posttest randomized experiment.
Experiment that is nearly identical to a typical Control treatment Experiment Except It also includes a pretest before the treatment is offered.
1. Quantitative research incorporates what three major design classifications?
Experimental, quasi experimental, and non experimental designs.
28. What are the several threats to validity when using a single group pretest posttest design
History, selection bias, experimenter expectancy, and maturation
180. how might using a pretest be a problem
It could lead to pretest sensitization also called reactive effect of testing which is where the pretest becomes part of the treatment because the participants learn how to take the test
3. What is the earmark of an experimental design?
It involves random assignment.
114. What are the three major strengths of multiple baseline designs
It rules out internal validity threat of history because the interventionist started at a different time for each individual, behavior or setting; support is provided for the demonstration of causal relationships because these designs can show that changes affected in multiple individuals, behaviors, or settings and it requires no reversal or withdrawal of the intervention; useful when behaviors are not likely to be reversible
38. what Are the problems that could arise from multiple dependent variable tests
Measurement of the first dependent variable could have an effect on the second dependent variable, and multiplicity could occur
231. Selection internal threat and example
Natural difference between the groups under study. More common in quasi-experimental studies. a study there are more older adults in the control group than in the experimental group, results show the experimental group had less decline but that could be due to having more young adults versus older adults.
157. Researchers __________ independent variables in nonexperimental studies
Observe as they occur
110. describe multiple baseline design across participants
One behavior is treated sequentially across matched participants for example if there are three male clients with limited grip strength or therapist might institute a squeeze both for the first on the eighth day for the second on the 16th day and for the third on the 26th day to compare grip strength before and after therapy
8. Describe the two group post test only randomized experiment.
Participants are randomly assigned to either a treatment group or the non treatment group.
156. Researchers ___________ _________ independent variables in experimental studies
Physically manipulate
238. Describe reactive effects of pretesting
Pre test may influence your response or sensitivity to treatment if you know what the researcher wants you to do/answer from the pretest questions
4. What is the difference between random assignment and random selection?
Random assignment is conducted without participants knowledge of the group or treatment condition to which they are being assigned to, and random selection is when participants are aware of the condition to which they are being selected.
221. What are the 3 characteristics of a true experiment
Random assignment, treatment and control group, and independent variable is independently manipulated by the researcher
163. Researchers try to produce definitions that are adequate to permit a....
Replication
199. how do you Control selection bias
Select the participants for an experiment at random from a population
233. Compensatory rivalry threat and example
Social threat to internal validity that exists when the study group not receiving the experimental treatment feels disadvantaged, disappointed, or left out and decides to obtain a similar intervention on its own. Example: A control group sees the reinforcement the experimental group is getting when they get an answer right, so the control group decides to work even harder to obtain more right answers than the experimental group to prove themselves.
235. Compensatory equalization of treatment threat and example
Social threat to internal validity where there is a treatment and control group, participants can sometimes become competitive when not included in the treatment group. As a result, they exert additional effort, which may improve the score on the dependent variable for the control group compared with normal conditions (i.e., compared with what is typical or expected for such a group).
232. Diffusion or imitation treatment threat
Social threat to internal validity. Diffusion of treatment occurs when a comparison group learns about the program either directly or indirectly from program group participants. Participants then adopt a different intervention from the one they were assigned because they believe the other intervention is more effective.
155. What does a research proposal include
Statement of the problem and objective, short literature review, detailed description, requirements for the schedule, budget, and ethical issues handling
102. ABA or withdrawal design has _______ internal validity than AB and ABC designs
Stronger
239. Describe reactive effect of experimental procedures and the Hawthorne effect
The Hawthorne Effect describes the participants' change in behavior due to the awareness of other people observing them. The reactive effect refers to the participants' behaviors changing due to the researcher of the study observing them. Sometimes, it is referred to as the observer's paradox.
220. What are levels of the independent variable
The different versions of the treatment
224. What is internal validity and give an example
The extent to which we may infer that an explanation for a particular phenomenon is true or a specific action or intervention has caused an effect; the extent to which the beverage (coke) increased endurance (number of jumping jacks).
174. In a pretest posttest randomized control group design yes the experimental group makes games the difference is attributable to only one of two causes. What are the 2 causes
The treatment or random error
96. how many common types of single subject research designs are they and what are they all based on
There are nine common types and they are all based on the A-B design
223. How are single subject designs different from case reports
They involve repeated measures and design phases
115. What is the primary weakness of multiple baseline designs
They require more data collection time because of the staggered starting times for the intervention phases
6. Why might you randomly assign people to comparison groups?
To reduce the chances of an uneven number of individuals with a certain factor. That may affect the outcomes of the study. Such as. BMI.
7. What are the two basic experimental designs?
Two group post test only randomized experiment and the two group pretest posttest randomized experiment.
118. when are alternating treatment designs not appropriate
When behavior is expected to take time to change, when effects are expected to be commutative, or when multiple treatment interference is anticipated
153. What is operationalization
When concepts are translated into constructs that are directly observable
105. Can you make causal inferences from withdrawal designs
Yes
207. Describe the non equivalent control group design
a commonly used quasi experimental design that has two intact groups and there is a pre test and post test for a treatment group and a control group
139. discard the randomization test
a conservative way to evaluate shifts in time series data and is ideal because it is robust and showing serial dependency and systematic trends in the data and it does not require a normal distribution
63. What is a counterbalance design
a crossover design in which it starts off like a basic experiment in which participants are randomly assigned to as many groups as there are conditions of the independent variable but each group then goes on to experience both conditions of the independent variable
51. what is randomized treatments by levels design
a different kind of factorial design that involves a randomized independent variable along with another independent variable that reflects two or more types of persons
52. what is a organismic variable
a fixed variable and non manipulated variable or a variable consistent of pre-existing conditions basically a variable that cannot be randomly assigned such as gender
46. completely randomized factorial designs randomly assigned participants to one of what four groups
a group that receives one independent variable only;a group that receives the other independent variable only;a group that receives both independent variables;and a group that receives no independent variables
86. What is the difference between a multigroup cohort design in a non randomized comparison group design
a multi group cohort design deals with the study of risk factors not under the researchers control and resulting in poor outcomes while a nonrandomized comparison group design deals with interventions under their control and hypothesized to have positive outcomes
70. Describe nonrandomized comparison group design
a non randomized trial when the dependent variable is a valued health outcome end users convenience create list in groupings as the method of assigning participants to conditions of the independent variable as opposed to randomization and is often called the nonequivalent group design
41. a researcher interested in multiple outcomes must clearly identify and justify what
a primary dependent variable in discriminant and statistical procedures between analysis of the primary dependent variable and secondary dependent variables
181. What is the Solomon Randomized four group design
a research design with four groups for the first two groups have a pretest in the last two groups only have a post test to rule out potential pretest sensitization
124. describe momentary time sampling
a response is recorded if it occurs precisely at a predetermined moment
126. describe whole interval recording
a response is scored if the behavior occurs during the full interval such as an entire 5 second interval
22. describe the one group post test only design
a single group of participants receives an OT treatment and then a post test is given to determine whether the treatment was successful. Not very rigorous
37. What is multivariate analysis of variance
a single test of the effectiveness of the intervention across all three dependent variables
97. what does ABC stand for in research
a stands for baseline B is for the intervention phase and C is for all other interventions and Conditions
44. what is a methodological hypothesis
a test of the validity of the research procedures
226. Maturation threat and example
a threat that is internal to the individual participant. It is the possibility that mental or physical changes occur within the participants themselves that could account for the evaluation results. As people become elderly, there can be a more rapid deterioration in certain physical characteristics such as hearing, vision, taste, and memory. This can negatively impact their performance during an experiment.
189. what is statistical regression
a threat that occurs only if participants are selected on the basis of their extreme scores
195. all threats to internal validity can be overcome by using what
a true experimental design in which participants are assigned at random to experimental and control groups
108. multiple baseline designs can be across what three things
across behaviors, across participants, and across settings
57. what is per protocol analysis
analysis that excludes dropouts with the rationale that inclusion of dropouts only causes random error and increases the chances of type 2 error
77. What are cross sectional designs helpful for
answering questions concerning the special characteristics of disability groups
35. the researcher using repeated measures should be clear in advance as to what
as to the primary most important endpoint the measurement that will be used to test the main hypothesis of the study
103. Describe ABA or withdrawal designs
baseline and intervention phase is reversed twice to the subjects are exposed to both conditions
160. why is a conceptual definition not adequate for effectiveness experiments
because it does not indicate that precise steps or researcher will take infer to identify the variable
87. Why do prospective multi group cohort studies generally have stronger claims to validity than retrospective studies
because measurements can be planned and possible confounding variables can be monitored
20. why are quasi experimental designs the most commonly employed designs in rehab research
because of their flexibility and relative rigor
127. why is the approach of marking this same mark regardless of whether the behavior is seen or not seen important in situations where two data collectors are in close proximity
because subtle sounds of writing and I or an 04 in or out my inadvertently provided Q to the other data collector possibly biasing results
130. what are the benefits of a standard behavior chart
behaviors with extremely high or low rates can be recorded on the chart in the graph progresses in semi log units thus facilitating the estimation of linear trends in the data
135. How can statistical change be evaluated with visual analysis
by playing a binomial test to determine whether or not a significant proportion of data points in an intervention phase fall above or below the celebration line projected from baseline
62. what are the main disadvantages of cluster randomized control trials
complexity given expanded training, fidelity issues, and ethical compliance within the rules and cultures of many different organizations, loss of power and statistical analysis caused by within site similarity
159. When a researcher wants to conduct an experiment on effectiveness what kind of definition is not adequate
conceptual definition
236. What is external validity
concerned with "to whom and under what circumstances can the results be generalized?"
16. what is a delayed treatment control group
control group in which participants are put on a wait list and sometimes receive periodic pretest assessments while waiting and then receive the treatment a period of time after the treatment group has already received the treatment
140. what is serial dependency
correlation among successive responses in one individual
40. what is a design strategy to deal with the problem of 1 dependent variable affecting another
counterbalancing of the dependent variables where the different variables are experienced in different sequences so each dependent variable sometimes occurs early in the testing protocol and sometimes occurs late
152. research requires precision and this includes what
creating well defined boundaries around the unit analysis and sample and the concepts being used and how they will be measured
81. what are the other names for case control designs
cross referent designs or case comparison designs
136. in visual analysis what does a dashed line across each phase mean
demarcating the mean
89. what are the two major types of quantitative research designs
descriptive research designs and group comparison designs
9. Why is there no pretest needed for the two group post test? Only randomized experiment?
design because the random assignment to groups renders the groups Probabilistically equivalent.
99. Describe the ABC changing criterion design
design characterized by having three or more phases with the criterion for success changing sequentially from one intervention phase to the next
71. just scribe the wait list control group design
design in which those at the top of the waiting list for an intervention are assigned to an intervention and those at the bottom of the list serve as the control group
27. describe the two group pretest posttest design
design that offers two types of comparisons in terms of outcomes one comparison between groups of participants and another comparison within each group of participants overtime
202. In general describe pre experimental designs
designs that use the elements of an experiment but lacked the necessary ingredients to be a quasi experiment or true experimental design that has limited value for investigating cause and effect relationship because of their poor internal validity
19. describe quasi experimental designs
designs that utilize random selection or other methods of non randomized assignment to groups based on convenience sampling in which participants may be fully aware of the group to which they are being assigned and researchers estimate that the groups are equivalent in terms of key features but they cannot be sure
78. what is a problem with cross sectional designs
difference on the dependent variable might well be due to some confounding variable meaning there is a type 1 error
144. what is the difference between direct replication and systematic replication
direct replication involves systematically applying the same procedures across different but similar individuals and systematic replication involves repeating the study with systematic variations where only one variable is changed at a time
112. Because baseline data collection typically is continued until a stable pattern emerges, it is recommended dropping our participant if his or her baseline data do not achieve what
do not achieve stability within the predetermined time for the participants baseline
121. what are the three primary strengths for alternating treatment design
does not require a lengthy withdrawal of the intervention which may result in a reversal of therapeutic gain, requires less time for a comparison to be made because of the second baseline is not required, and it is possible to proceed without a formal baseline
55. what is an intention to treat analysis
dropouts are sought out for outcomes testing even if they just continue the intervention to which they were assigned and even if they ended up experiencing the opposing intervention
68. describe the Latin square
each of the intervention occurs first once second once and 3rd once the Latin square uses three of the six possible sequences of an intervention
129. researchers graph data either within what 2 charts
either within an equal interval graph or using a standard behavior chart
177. what does X stand for in research
experimental treatment
143. Single subject study is weak relative to what kind of validity
external validity because you do not know the extent to which these findings generalize to other comparable individuals
72. what are the advantages to the wait list control group design
favored for humanitarian reasons, permits the study of expensive interventions without the researcher having to fund the intervention because all the persons on the waiting list will ultimately receive the intervention
151. Statistics allow the researcher to find what
find patterns and data into generalized findings from a sample to a population
210. describe the equivalent time samples design
has only one group or possibly only one participant the treatment conditions are alternated on a random basis as indicated in the design alternating in experimental treatment with a control condition or comparison treatment so the participants serve as both the control and the experiment
205. describe the static group comparison design
has two groups but participants are not assigned to the groups at random they are intact groups and one group receives the treatment the other does not
203. One group pretest posttest design may be confounded by what explanations
history, maturation, instrumentation, testing, and statistical regression
113. In multiple baseline designs when is intervention effectiveness demonstrated
if a desired change in level, trend, or variability occurs only when the intervention is introduced and the change in performance should be maintained throughout the intervention phase
120. alternating treatment designs require interventions that will produce what
immediate and distinct changes in behavior such as with splints positioning devices and assistive technology
164. what is a replication
in attempt to confirm the results of a study by conducting it again in the same way
53. what is a randomized controlled trial
in experiment where an important health outcome is the dependent variable a clinical interventionist part of the independent variable and research participants are recruited and randomly assigned overtime as they become available
214. what is a confound
in extra variable that creates confusion regarding the explanation for a given difference
146. What do quantitative research questions include
information on the target population, the attributes or variables to be studied and what the researcher wants know about them, and the type of analysis that will be used by the researcher to answer the question
100. the ABC changing criterion design is suited for interventions that are what
interventions that are modified in a stepwise manner because the criterion for success is changed incrementally with each successive intervention phase and is appropriate for situations in which the goal is stepwise increases or stepwise decreases
132. visual analysis of graphically presented data to infer conclusions about cause and effect involves what
involves looking for a change in level, trend, or variability between phases when treatment is instituted or withdrawn
196. internal validity is concerned with what question
is this treatment in this particular case responsible for the observed changes
23. What are the disadvantages to the one group post test only design
it does not include a pre test assessment of the participants before treatment is received, it does not include a control group where in any post test differences might reveal themselves when comparing controls
73. what is the potential problem with wait list control group designs
it is possible that the people at the top of the list are systematically different from those at the bottom
179. what is the advantage of using a pretest
it permits researchers to determine how much each group has gained not just whether they are different at the end of the experiment
34. why is repeated measures designed helpful in some cases
it provides important information concerning the duration required for the intervention to have an effect
64. What are the advantages of a crossover design
it reduces the chances of type 2 error because individual differences are controlled because each participant is compared to their self
122. what is the primary weakness of the alternating treatments design
its vulnerability to a validity threat relating to the influence of an intervention on an adjacent intervention so randomizing the order would allow for order effects to be identified if they do exist
182. what is the drawback to Solomon Randomized four group design
large subject pool
36. what is the difference between post tests and long term follow-up tests
long term follow-up tests occur after a period of no intervention
79. Why are aspects of cross sectional designs frequently combined with longitudinal approaches
longitudinal approaches allow for the same sample to repeatedly measure at planned intervals overtime and the idea is that it creates a high degree of confidence if the cross sectional and longitude approaches confirm each other
50. what are the main problems with factorial designs
many more subjects are needed to fill up all the groups
209. quasi experimental researchers often use what to increase the internal validity
matching
33. What is repeated measures design
measuring the outcome repeatedly over the course of an experiment
42. what is an argument in favor of multiple dependent variable studies
mechanisms of change which occurs when the researcher theorizes that the intervention understudy works in a chain reaction style in which the first one aspect of the person is affected which in turn influences some other aspect
123. what are the three common interval recording techniques
momentary time sampling, partial interval recording, and whole interval recording
95. information learned in the process of single subject research can be used in designing what
more costly group experimental studies involving numerous participants in multiple sites
45. Completely randomized factorial designs have more than one what
more than one independent variable
117. do alternating treatment designs need a baseline
no
172. can you substitute a research purpose for directional hypothesis
no
66. crossover designs are not recommended for what
not recommended for studies of interventions that are hypothesized to lead to enduring changes within the person and not recommended for studies in which the dependent variable involves certain kinds of learning
176. what does O stand for in research
observation or measurement whether pretest or posttest
204. describe the one shot case study
one group is given a treatment followed by a test not good for cause and effect because there is no comparison
26. describe the one group pretest posttest design
one group of participants is administered a pretest before the intervention occurs this group then receives the intervention and a posttest as administered thereafter
21. what are the four quasi experimental designs that are most commonly utilized
one group post test only design, two group post test only design, one group pretest posttest design, and two group pretest posttest design
161. are you defining a variable in terms of concrete or physical steps is called what
operationalizing a variable
185. describe the internal validity threat of history
other environmental influences on the participants between the pretest and posttest
186. describe the internal validity threat of maturation
participants mature by becoming older wiser or smarter during the period between the pretest and posttest
29. What is selection bias
participants self selecting into a study or condition out of self interest or researchers bias in assigning certain participants to a specific condition
15. describe a usual care control group
participants simply continue to receive what is considered to be the usual standard of care for their particular impairment
56. what is the rationale for the intention to treat analysis
participants who drop out or choose the opposite intervention might do so because of adverse side effects brought about by the intervention to which they were originally assigned
13. what are the four common types of control groups
placebo control groups usual care control groups delayed treatment control groups and no treatment control groups
187. describe the internal validity threat of instrumentation
possible changes in the measurement procedure from the time it was used as a pre test at the time it was used as a post test
228. Instrumentation threat and example
possible changes in the measurement procedure from the time it was used as a pretest to the time it was used as a posttest. particular observers who made the pretest observations may have been less astute at noticing signs of good self-concept than the observers who made the posttest observations
167. what is a simple research hypothesis
predicts a relationship between two variables
168. what is a directional hypothesis
predicts the direction of the outcome
206. pre experiment designs are useful for what
preliminary pilot studies in which are researchers goal is to try out potential treatments and measuring tools to learn more about their acceptability and accuracy not to obtain information on causal relationships
32. What are three variations on basic post test only experimental design
pretest post test experimental designs, use of a covariate to adjust for individual differences, and randomized match subject design
61. what are the advantages to cluster randomized controlled trials
prevention of bleeding from one condition to the other, differing skill levels and possible biases of those administering the interventions can be assumed to be more balanced across conditions
90. selection of a group comparison research design depends on what five factors
prevention of type one error, prevention of type 2 error, external validity, the resources available, and the theoretical or clinical importance of the research question
59. what does consort include
provides a checklist for essential items that should be included in a randomized control trial and a diagram for documenting the flow of participants through trial
31. describe non experimental designs
purely descriptive or observational in which variables that are thought to be associated with one another are analyzed statistically in the natural environment which can help describe correlational relationships
175. What does R stand for in research
random assignment to groups
138. what is one of the best and most underutilized statistical tests of her opiate for use in single subject research
randomization test
69. describe the random assignment to all sequences
randomly assigned the sample into six groups each of which experiences one of the six possible sequences
141. if a researcher plans to use randomization test to analyze data from single subject research it is important that the researcher does what
randomly assigns experimental conditions
107. describe multiple baseline designs
require repeated measures of at least three baseline conditions that depict clear implemented concurrently with each successive baseline being longer than the previous one
170. what can be substituted for a nondirectional hypothesis
research purpose or research question
147. What are descriptive or observational studies
research studies where the researcher observes are described with the subjects report and does not intervene with the treatment
91. What is single subject research
research that defines a group of related methodological approaches that involve in depth analysis of the behaviors of a single research subject or of a relatively small group of subjects that is considered collectively with the subject serving as their own controls
218. how do you prevent the John Henry effect
researchers should try their best to conceal the control group's knowledge of its status
82. Because the data collected referred to past events in case control designs they are termed what kind of studies
retrospective studies
106. withdrawal designs are most appropriate for behaviors that are _____
reversible
198. What are some threats to external validity
selection bias, reactive effects of experimental arrangements, reactive effect of testing, and multiple treatment interference
191. the possibility that the two groups are not initially the same in all important respects was called what
selection threat
65. what are the disadvantages of crossover designs
sequence can affect or carryover effect can prevent a clear interpretation that one intervention is superior regardless of order
234. Resentful demoralization threat and example
social threat to internal validity. This results in increased dropout rates because participants simply give up, or the difference in the scores on the dependent variable between the two groups is increased. A participant knows they are not in the treatment group and are seeing positive effects of the intervention in the treatment group. This causes the participation to become spiteful and drop out of the studies.
216. how can you control the Hawthorne effect
some researchers used three groups and experimental Group A control group that receives attention in a control group that does not receive special attention
169. what is a nondirectional hypothesis
states that there will be a difference with the author does not predict the direction of the difference
165. deciding if a variable has been sufficiently operationalized to meet the criterion of adequacy involves what kind of judgment
subjective
150. selecting a unit of analysis relates to the what
target population
25. describe the two group post test only design
test whether a certain therapy or other action led to a desired outcome by allowing for a direct comparison between a group of participants receiving the therapy and one not receiving the therapy however history maturation or other confounds can't affect the findings
67. if there are three or more conditions to the independent variable a counterbalance design offers what two options
the Latin square or random assignment to all possible sequences
213. typically when an ABAB design is used initial observations constitute what
the baseline which determines for typical variation in the behavior of participants overtime before any intervention
88. what are the problems with previously collected demographic data
the data were collected under different circumstances by different data collectors and the life experiences of prospective cohort are different from archival information collected at different points in time
43. fidelity defines the degree to what
the degree to which an intervention is loyal to itself in terms of the intended content and process of the intervention
188. how is testing a threat to internal validity
the effects of the pretest on the performance exhibited on the post test could contribute to participants learning how to interpret the questions differently
227. Testing threat and example
the effects of the pretest on the performance exhibited on the posttest. For instance, while taking the pretest self-concept scale, the participants may have learned to interpret the questions differently by the end of the test.
39. What is multiplicity
the increase in type 1 error due to multiple statistical tests on the same participant the more tests that are done the more likely that some of those tests will appear to be statistically significant
229. experimental mortality threat and example
the loss of subjects in the middle of a study. Those who stay in a project all the way to the end may be more motivated to learn and thus achieved higher performance
173. what is the null hypothesis
the null hypothesis is when the researcher tries to disprove it's the default position that no relationship exists and is a statistical hypothesis
217. what is the John Henry effect
the possibility that the control group might become aware of its inferior status and respond by trying to outperform the experimental group
83. what is the advantage to retrospective studies
the relative case with which possible causal or risk factors can be explored without waiting for years to see how events unfold
166. What happens if a researcher fails to provide operational definitions of all key variables in a research report
the report is vague at best and the results are often of limited usefulness
76. describe a cross sectional design
the researcher does not manipulate the assignment of subjects to groups as an experiment. An organismic variable is used
85. describe a multi group cohort design
the researcher matches a sample that has hypothesized risk factor to a sample that does not then the researcher picks a future point in time to see if the hypothesized risk factor truly predicts the disease or disability
30. what is experimenter expectancy
the researchers expecting that participants from the therapy group center would do better
109. describe multiple baseline design across behaviors
the same treatment variable is applied sequentially to separate behaviors in a single participant for example a researcher may make treatment to address swearing but not slamming and screaming well we are certain amount of time and then 10 days later address door slamming and then after 15 days address screaming
54. What is efficacy
the study of an intervention under nearly ideal conditions were random error is highly controlled where interventions have special training and where costs are not considered
211. what is a major disadvantage of the equivalent time samples design
there is a strong possibility of multiple treatment interference in which the second time the participant receives the treatment they have already been exposed to and possibly changed by the early exposure to the treatment
178. what is the symbol for the control group
there is no symbol it is just blank
84. what are the disadvantages to retrospective studies
they frequently depend on unreliable data such as self reports which become less accurate as distance in time increases and case control studies involve multiplicity in which the researcher investigates a host of past events some of which might discriminate between currently assembled groups by pure chance
49. What is an advantage to factorial designs
they tend to prevent type 2 error because they allow for statistical analysis through analysis of variance
194. how does selection interact with mortality
those in experimental groups may have a higher dropout rate
201. Describe the multiple treatment interference threat
threat that occurs when a group of participants has given more than one treatment causing generalization to be risky if treatments given early In an experiment might affect the effectiveness of treatments given later to the same participants
225. History internal vailidty threat and example
threat to internal validity because events in the natural course of history may have an unanticipated influence on outcomes. If a researcher was studying the effects of a public education campaign on building accessibility and, during the course of the study, the county passed a law that all doorways must be modified to be a certain width, history has clearly played a role in outcomes
230. Statistical regression threat and example
threat to internal validity that occurs only if participants are selected on the basis of their extreme scores. An example of this would be if a large group of students was administered a self-concept scale and those in the lowest 20% were selected for treatment in the experiment. Those who scored extremely low on a screening test will, on average, tend to have a higher score when they are tested again.
208. a nonequivalent control group design is subject to what threats
threats of mortality, selection, and interaction of selection with other threats
237. what are interaction effects of selection biases and intervention
threats to external validity. If a sample is biased, a researcher's ability to generalize to a population is greatly limited. If a biased sample of participants is used in an experiment (such as using the students who happen to be in one professor's class), a researcher will not know whether the effects of the treatment (observed in that class) can be expected if the treatment is administered to the entire population.
184. Alternative explanations to results in a research study are called what
threats to internal validity
145. generalizability in single subject research is achieved only through what
through replication with other individuals and other settings and with other therapists
133. incorporating additional descriptive information into graphs can be used to what
to augment visual data analysis
75. what is the purpose of a cross sectional design
to compare different types of persons in terms of some immediately measurable dependent variable
142. what is the purpose of assessing social validity
to evaluate the acceptability or viability of an intervention and it's important because it is possible for an intervention to result in desirable changes in the dependent variable but still be identified by research participants or other stakeholders as being unacceptable
80. what is the purpose of a case control design
to find out if some specific variable from the past discriminate between people who today have a disease or disability and people who do not
158. Why might a researcher want two independent variables instead of 1
to get more information by looking at two independent variables in one study them by looking at each independent variable in a separate experiment because you can see how do independent variables work in combination
74. what is an important design strategy when conducting non randomized designs
to match the groups at the outset on potentially confounding variables
154. What are some reasons why you might write a research proposal
to obtain funding, to get instructor approval, for an Institutional Review Board
12. What is the primary way of maintaining blinding
to offer participants who are assigned to the no treatment condition of placebo treatment
197. external validity is concerned with what question
to whom and under what circumstances can the results be generalized
162. true or false you can never completely operationalize a variable
true
101. true or false width AB and ABC designs no causal statements can be made
true there are too many threats to internal validity
193. describe selection maturation interaction
two groups on average were at somewhat different developmental stages at the time of the pretest
60. what is a cluster randomized controlled trial
type of RCT and which clinical sites are randomly assigned to arms conditions of independent variables as opposed to randomly assigning individual participant
148. at the design phase, a researcher must decide the ___________ and ensure that it is appropriate to the question being asked
unit of analysis
116. describe the alternating treatments design/multielement baseline design/randomization design/multiple schedule design
used to compare the effects of intervention and no intervention or they can use to compare the effects of two or more distinct and involve a fast alternation of two or more different interventions or conditions
134. Describe the split middle technique
used to describe data and predict outcomes given the rate of change and used to facilitate the examination and comparison of friends in two or more phases
94. Single subject research methods are useful for what
useful for answering questions regarding the effectiveness of specific interventions for specific individuals by providing experimental control and by contributing to clear and precise clinical documentation, appropriate for use when the therapist has one or at most a few clients, work with individuals with a low incidence diagnosis or impairment, and it does not require the withholding of treatment from a no treatment control group
18. what control conditions are often utilized in quasi experimental studies
usual care, delayed treatment, and no treatment control conditions
111. what is the non concurrent multiple baseline design across individuals
we're different individuals are studied at different times a feature that makes it ideal for clinical settings where it is often impractical to start multiple clients in a study simultaneously
192. describe selection history interaction
when a selection of participants for the two groups is not at random so they may systematically be subjected to different life experiences
119. alternating treatment designs are useful in situations when what
when change is expected in the dependent variable overtime because of factors such as a disease process or a natural recovery process effects from these changes largely they are controlled because each intervention is instituted within a short period of time.
215. describe the Hawthorne effect
when participants don't necessarily respond to the change of the independent variable but instead to the attention of being observed by the researchers
190. how can groups be a threat to internal validity
when researchers use two comparison groups that are not formed at random such as intact groups
137. How can the dashed line contribute to missed interpretations of the data
when the data reflect either an upward or downward trend when there are few data points within a phase and when data points within a phase are highly variable
47. when does an interaction occur in a randomized factorial design
when the effects of 1 intervention depend on the effects of the other intervention
200. what is the reactive effects of experimental arrangements threat
when the experimental setting is different from the natural setting
17. what is a no treatment control group
when the participants are either naive to any treatment for their particular impairment or have independently withdrawn from or have been deliberately withdrawn from treatment for purposes of the study
24. when is it beneficial to use the one group post test only design
when the prior history and information of the situation before the treatment can be inferred and understood and might reveal useful information characterized by a signature cause that is so unique that it would be impossible to link the outcome to any other explanations
131. what factors should be taken into account when determining estimates for phase lengths prior to study implementation
whether or not he or she intends to use statistical analysis, in situations where change is expected consider making the lengths of baseline and intervention phases comparable, variability in the expected data in the magnitude of the expected change so in cases where high variability and or small changes are expected longer phases are advised
149. what is the unit of analysis
who or what constitutes one unit from which data has been collected in this study data collected will likely represent individuals and analysis will discuss the findings in terms of individuals
98. Describe the ABC successive intervention design
with this design is second intervention is introduced in the C phase and can be used to see if one intervention is more effective than the other
93. single subject research is based on what
within subject performance because each participant serves as her own control and there are repeated measurements overtime
171. when using a research question as the basis for Research you must not state it as what
yes or no
125. describe partial interval recording
your response was scored if the behavior occurs in any part of the interval
