Quiz 5 Study Guide

The most famous major extinction event that occurred on Earth was the _________, which resulted in the extinction of the dinosaurs. a. K-T boundary mass extinction b. Devonian extinction c. Triassic extinction d. Permian extinction e. Ordovician extinction

a. K-T boundary mass extinction

Which of the following countries has the greatest water footprint? a. United States b. Sudan c. Mexico d. Saudi Arabia e. India

a. United States

Environmental issues caused by industrial farming techniques include which of the following? a. all of the answers are correct b. formation of a "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico c. heavy use of pesticides d. reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilizer e. eutrophication

a. all of the answers are correct: formation of a "dead zone" in the Gulf of Mexico, heavy use of pesticides, reliance on synthetic nitrogen fertilizer, and eutrophication

What is the one possible result of growing crops in marginal soil? a. all of the answers are correct b. lower yields c. cultural eutrophication d. increased greenhouse gas release e. dependence on fertilizer

a. all of the answers are correct: lower yields, cultural eutrophication, increased greenhouse gas release, and dependence on fertilizer

Which event may lead two populations to undergo speciation? a. all of these answers may lead to speciation b. habitat fragmentation c. isolation d. new predators e. food availability

a. all of these answers may lead to speciation: habitat fragmentation, isolation, new predators, and food availability

A genetic trait causes double muscling in cattle. Breeders mate together individuals with this trait to increase muscle mass in their herd. This is an example of ____________. a. artificial selection b. core speciation c. natural selection d. disruptive selection e. stabilizing selection

a. artificial selection

A species is considered ____________ to an area if it is not found anywhere else on Earth. a. endemic b. elected c. extinct d. extirpated e. exiled

a. endemic

While dams are important, they lose large amounts of water every day due to __________. a. evaporation b. infiltration c. all of the answers are correct d. runoff e. transpiration

a. evaporation

Modern industrial agriculture methods: a. focus all resources on a single crop b. are refered to as organic c. rely on renewable energy sources to power modern farming equipment d. maintain and enrich ecosystem services e. avoid the use of chemical fertilizers

a. focus all resources on a single crop

Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. giraffes that stretch their necks more than other giraffes will have babies with longer necks b. populations with more genetic diversity are less likely to suffer from inbreeding c. natural selection acts on individual organisms d. adaptive traits allow individual organisms to better survive and reproduce e. selection pressures can change over time

a. giraffes that stretch their necks more than other giraffes will have babies with longer necks

A road that cuts through a forest is an example of__________. a. habitat fragmentation b. a biological corridor c. transition destruction d. transition loss e. edge destruction

a. habitat fragmentation

Which groupings of organisms are ordered most diverse to least diverse? a. insects > plants > fungi > vertebrates > bacteria b. fungi > insects > bacteria > vertebrates > plants c. bacteria > insects > plants > fungi > vertebrates d. insects > vertebrates > plants > fungi > bacteria e. plants > fungi > bacteria > insects > vertebrates

a. insects > plants > fungi > vertebrates > bacteria

How did the Orange County Water District solve the problem of saltwater intrusion into unconfined coastal aquifers? a. it began to pump highly treated sewage wastewater into infiltrated wells b. it built a dam to block the seepage of saltwater into the aquifers c. it built sea walls along coastal areas to keep out advancing waves d. it stopped using those aquifers as public water supplies e. it installed desalination plants to purify the water coming out of the aquifers

a. it began to pump highly treated sewage wastewater into infiltrated wells

The farming technique that is seen in most industrial farms is called _________ agriculture. a. monoculture b. none of the answers are correct c. organic d. polyculture e. integrated

a. monoculture

Endemic species are _________ susceptible to extinction due to habitat loss. a. more b. less

a. more

______ is farming without the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and other chemical additives. a. organic agriculture b. synthetic farming c. industrialized agriculture d. symboiotic agriculture e. the green revolution

a. organic agriculture

______________ treatment is a physical process that removes large particles with a screen. a. primary b. clarifier c. secondary d. tertiary e. potable

a. primary

Desalination, the process that removes ______________ from water is ________________________. a. salt and other minerals; expensive b. sewage; mandated by the federal government c. organic matter; facilitated by reverse osmosis d. pollution; a biomimicry process e. bacteria; cheap

a. salt and other minerals; expensive

When treatment marshes are used by sewage treatment facilities to treat wastewater, the treatment marsh is acting as a form of ________________ treatment. a. secondary b. primary c. clarifier d. potable e. tertiary

a. secondary

Which region of DNA molecules do conservation geneticists study? a. small sequences of repeating nucleotides b. the entire gene sequence c. conservation geneticists actually study RNA molecules d. promoters e. a portion of the gene sequence that encodes a protein

a. small sequences of repeating nucleotides

Which factor (s) contribute (s) to the emergence of pesticide-resistant crop pest populations? a. the ability of individual pests within a population to survive exposure to the pesticide and reproduce b. lack of genetic diversity in the pest population c. the ability of pesticide reapplication to kill all pests in a population d. organic farming techniques e. all of the answers are correct

a. the ability of individual pests within a population to survive exposure to the pesticide and reproduce

What is biodiversity? a. the variety of all living things on Earth b. diversity that only refers to coloration of fur, feathers, and skin c. the measurement of individuals in a particular population d. the variety of all living and nonliving things on Earth e. a field of study that focuses on humans and their interactions with the environment

a. the variety of all living things on Earth

The action by which plant roots pull water from the soil and then release some of it into the atmosphere is known as __________________. a. transpiration b. evapotranspiration c. evaporation d. condensation e. infiltration

a. transpiration

True or False: A person who eats 5,000 calories a day can be malnourished. a. true b. false

a. true

True or False: Efforts from the Green Revolution resulted in enough food to feed every human on Earth. a. true b. false

a. true

In contrast of single-species conservation, ecosystem conservation: a. uses measures such as species richness and evenness to guide conservation efforts b. focuses only on species of financial interest to humans c. uses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase the health of an ecosystem d. only focuses on species with a low population number e. only affects the health of indicator species of an ecosystem

a. uses measures such as species richness and evenness to guide conservation efforts

How much of Earth's total land area is protected to some degree? a. 62% b. 13% c. 28% d. 48% e. 7%

b. 13%

Refer to Infographic 14.1. Even though the planet is 75% water, only ______________ of this water is freshwater. a. 10% b. 3% c. less than 1/100th of 1% d. 5% e. 20%

b. 3%

Which of the following is the closest to the World Health Organization's estimates for those without access to clean water? a. 18% b. 33% c. 53% d. 10% e. none of the answers are correct

b. 33%

How could planting Bt corn lead to even more pesticide use? a. Bt corn does not lead to more pesticide use, as the Bt toxin produced by the plant is sufficient to kill all natural pests b. Bt-resistant pests thrive when Bt-susceptible pests are no longer competition, so it takes more pesticide to get rid of them c. Bt corn doesn't actually produce Bt—it just means that the plants are Bt resistant—so farmers still have to use the pesticide to rid the corn of pests d. Bt corn actually depends on pesticide use to grow and survive e. Bt corn repels beneficial insects, which usually kill all of the pests, so now farmers must use pesticide

b. Bt-resistant pests thrive when Bt-susceptible pests are no longer competition, so it takes more pesticide to get rid of them

Which of the following countries has the highest Water Stress Index? a. Iran b. Saudi Arabia c. Pakistan d. Iraq e. India

b. Saudi Arabia

What is the relationship between the Green Revolution and industrial agriculture? a. The Green Revolution focuses on sustainable, organic farming methods while industrial agriculture focuses on chemicals and technology b. The Green Revolution took practices from industrial agriculture—like pesticide use, irrigation technologies, and high-yield crops—and brought them to developing nations like China and India c. The Green Revolution increased food production in less developed nations while industrial agriculture increased food production in more developed nations d. The Green Revolution focuses only on naturally available crops while industrial agriculture focuses on high-yield varieties of crops e. The Green Revolution focuses on small-scale, family-owned farms while industrial agriculture focuses on multi-farm corporate companies

b. The Green Revolution took practices from industrial agriculture—like pesticide use, irrigation technologies, and high-yield crops—and brought them to developing nations like China and India

The Green Revolution 2.0 is __________________. a. a program used by modern farmers to spread the use of organic agriculture b. a movement that focuses on the production of genetically modified organisms to increase crop productivity c. associated with feed conversion rates d. a movement focused on recycling e. a plant-breeding program that dramatically increased crop yields and led the way for mechanized, large-scale agriculture

b. a movement that focuses on the production of genetically modified organisms to increase crop productivity

What are some tactics utilized in single-species conservation efforts? a. fieldwork to monitor species and habitat health b. all of the answers are correct c. captive breeding programs d. use of charismatic species--that is, those that garner attention and funds from the public e. release of animals back into the wild

b. all of the answers are correct: fieldwork to monitor species and habitat health, captive breeding programs, use of characteristic species (those that garner attention and funds from the public), and the release of animals back into the wild

Which of the following is an example of greenwashing that you may find on a food label? a. produced locally (from commercial farm) b. all of the answers are correct c. cage-free eggs d. healthy organic brownies e. only contains natural ingredients

b. all of the answers are correct: produced locally (from commercial farm), cage-free eggs, healthy organic brownies, and only contains natural ingredients

Water that has a low level of dissolved ions in it can be found in __________________. a. streams b. all of the answers are correct c. lakes d. groundwater e. glaciers

b. all of the answers are correct: streams, lakes, groundwater and glaciers

Conservation genetics is useful to determine: a. whether one population is part of an endangered species b. all of the answers are correct c. the amount of genetic diversity in a population d. from which region of a country a contraband animal product is from e. whether two populations are distinct species or the same species

b. all of the answers are correct: whether one population is part of an endangered species, the amount of genetic diversity in a population, from which region of a country a contraband animal product is from, and whether two populations are distinct species or the same species

Which of the following can make a difference in how quickly natural selection can produce a change in a population? a. reproductive rate and generation time b. all of the answers can make a difference c. level of genetic diversity d. size of the population e. strength of the selective pressure

b. all of the answers can make a difference: reproductive rate and generation time, level of genetic diversity, size of the population, and strength of the selective pressure

When making a transgenic organism, where do the desired genes come from? a. corn b. all of these answers are possible donors c. fish d. insects e. bacteria

b. all of these answers are possible donors: corn, fish, insects, and bacteria

Different versions of genes in a population are called ________. a. assortments b. alleles c. memes d. individuals e. directors

b. alleles

Characteristics of concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) include which of the following? a. the manure is difficult to collect as there are so many animals in a small space b. animals are generally not permitted to roam free c. they have no net negative environmental impact d. such operations only raise beef cattle e. they use a lot of land relative to the number of animals raised

b. animals are generally not permitted to roam free

What plant nutrients are found in animal waste and fertilizer than can cause eutrophication? a. phosphorus b. both nitrogen and phosphorus c. nitrogen d. oxygen e. carbon dioxide

b. both nitrogen and phosphorus

What do drainage pipes drain off farms? a. phosphorus b. both water and nitrogen c. nitrogen d. all of the answers are correct e. water

b. both water and nitrogen

What is an advantage of growing perennial crops? a. increased soil erosion b. decreased irrigation need c. there are no advantages over growing annual crops d. increased soil fertility e. the ability to grow in any environment

b. decreased irrigation need

____________ is the complete loss of a species from the Earth. a. threatening b. extinction c. endangering d. endemic e. extirpation

b. extinction

True or False: Efforts from the Green Revolution resulted in every human on Earth being fed a life-sustaining diet. a. true b. false

b. false

Refer to Infographic 13.5. Using the DNA fingerprints, determine from where the unknown tusk was likely to have originated. a. there are not enough data to determine this b. from the brown elephant population c. from the blue elephant population d. from the dark green elephant population e. from the purple elephant population

b. from the brown elephant population

Natural selection acts on ______________ while ____________ evolve. a. communities; populations b. individuals; populations c. populations; individuals d. communities; individuals e. species; individuals

b. individuals; populations

Is eutrophication typically a point source or a nonpoint source of pollution? a. point source b. nonpoint source c. it is neither

b. nonpoint source

Which population would be the most likely to survive a disturbance in their ecosystem? a. one with no genetic diversity b. one with high genetic diversity c. one with low genetic diversity

b. one with high genetic diversity

In the southwestern US, the use of water is approaching or exceeding sustainable limits. This is a good example of _____________. a. all of the answers are correct b. physical water scarcity c. economic water scarcity d. inadequate sanitation e. none of the answers are correct

b. physical water scarcity

The 1930s Dust Bowl was caused by severe drought in prairie lands, coupled with farming techniques that left the bare soil vulnerable to wind erosion. Which of the following sustainable farming techniques would help prevent such a phenomenon from happening again? a. contour farming b. reduced tillage c. depression farming d. terrace farming e. strip cropping

b. reduced tillage

Which strategies are included in the Endangered Species Act to protect endangered species? a. none of the answers are correct b. relocation of populations c. privately funded habitat conservation d. genetic modification e. habitat destruction

b. relocation of populations

Which of the following lists the path of water correctly? a. surface -> saturated zone -> soil -> aquifer -> water table b. surface -> soil -> water table -> aquifer c. lake -> soil -> aquifer -> water table d. surface -> water table -> soil e. infiltration -> soil -> aquifer -> water table

b. surface -> soil -> water table -> aquifer

Many factors can contribute to the inability of a country to be food self-sufficient. Which of the following choices is NOT one of those factors? a. degraded land b. the use of high-yield crop varieties c. armed conflict d. natural disasters e. poor food distribution

b. the use of high-yield crop varieties

What percentage of the global population is undernourished? a. 19%; 1.3 billion people b. 23%; 1.6 billion people c. 12%; 842 million people d. 8%; 561 million people e. 2%; 140 million people

c. 12%; 842 million people

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the world produces enough food to feed everyone more than _________ calories a day. a. there is still not enough food to feed everyone b. 2000 c. 2800 d. 1800 e. 500

c. 2800

What is true in debt-for-nature swaps? a. Part of a developing nation's debt is forgiven by wealthy nations if they promise to give the wealthy nation exclusive rights to vacation in protected areas b. In exchange for land rights in protected areas, wealthy nations forgive part of a developing nation's debt c. Part of a developing nation's debt is forgiven by wealthy nations if they promise to protect natural areas in their country d. The wealthy nation's debt is forgiven by donating money to conservation efforts e. Wealthy nations forgive a part of a developing nation's debt if that nation promises to pay a percentage of any ecotourism profit with the wealthy nations

c. Part of a developing nation's debt is forgiven by wealthy nations if they promise to protect natural areas in their country

Which is an example of a point source pollution? a. none of the answers are correct b. farm water runoff c. a ruptured sewer pipe d. acid rain e. sediment pollution

c. a ruptured sewer pipe

According to this graph showing nitrogen losses under two different farming methods, farmers should only use alternative methods to reduce nitrogen loss during ______ rainfall years. a. low b. normal c. all levels of d. none of the answers are correct e. high

c. all levels of

Protecting biodiversity is a difficult task because ______. a. it is often valued less than human development b. endangered and threatened species do not always rebound, even when efforts are made to protect them c. all of the above answers are correct d. there are many species on Earth that we do not even know exist e. the human population is constantly rising and demanding more from the environment

c. all of the above answers are correct: it is often valued less than human development, endangered and threatened species do not always rebound, even when efforts are made to protect them, there are many species on Earth that we do not even know exist, and the human population is constantly rising and demanding more from the environment

__________ is (are) an organism (s) or product (s) that contains genes from another species. a. golden rice b. Bt corn plants c. all of the answers are correct d. transgenic organisms e. roundup tolerant cotton

c. all of the answers are correct: golden rice, Bt corn plants, transgenic organisms, and roundup tolerant cotton

Genetic engineering involves the transfer of genes for desirable characteristics, including ___________. a. herbicide tolerance b. pest resistance c. all of the answers are correct d. drought resistance e. increased nutrient production

c. all of the answers are correct: herbicide tolerance, pest resistance, drought resistance, and increased nutrient production

What is a consequence of too much water being removed from an aquifer? a. lowered water table levels b. saltwater intrusion c. all of the answers are correct d. dry wells e. cones of depression

c. all of the answers are correct: lowered water table levels, saltwater intrusion, dry wells, and cones of depression

What is a known problem associated with industrial agriculture? a. greenhouse gas emissions b. the disapperance of local, small, family-owned farms c. all of these answers are known problems d. pesticide-resistant pests e. water pollution

c. all of these answers are known problems: greenhouse gas emissions, the disappearance of local small family-owned farms, pesticide-resistant pests, and water pollution

Refer to the graph in Infographic 13.1. Which human activities likely contribute to climate change? a. mining, commercial development, fisheries b. energy production, residential development, aquaculture c. all of these answers contribute to climate change d. logging, agriculture, pollution e. none of the answers contribute to climate change

c. all of these answers contribute to climate change: mining, commercial development, fisheries; energy production, residential development, aquaculture; and logging, agriculture, and pollution

A genetic mutation that allows lions to better hunt their prey (gazelles) becomes prevalent in a population. In order to survive, a gazelle population must _________. a. increase their numbers through immigration to the area b. find a new food source c. coevolve to avoid the lions more effectively d. individually adapt to the threat e. move to an area where lions are not the keystone species

c. coevolve to avoid the lions more effectively

Which crop releases the most nitrogen into the soil? a. oats b. alfalfa c. corn d. rye e. plants don't release nitrogen into the soil

c. corn

In Earth's history there has(have) been ____ major extinction event(s) leading to the loss of 50% or more of the species present. a. seven b. nine c. five d. one e. three

c. five

The two main sources of genetic variation are _________. a. genetic recombination and coevolution b. genetic mutations and genetic similarity c. genetic mutations and genetic recombination d. all of the above are forms of genetic variation e. coevolution and extirpation

c. genetic mutations and genetic recombination

The draining of wetlands for development is an example of ___________. a. habitat restoration b. the founder effect c. habitat destruction d. increasing biodiversity e. overharvesting

c. habitat destruction

Like the Green Revolution, low-tech farming methods in Africa have: a. revolutionized the way people farm all over the world b. decreased the cost of farming for the typical farmer c. increased grain production in less developed communities d. introduced the use of GMOs and industrial agriculture methods e. led to a decrease in environmental problems caused by farming

c. increased grain production in less developed countries

Do GMOs raise or lower the overall crop biodiversity? a. raise b. biodiversity remains the same c. lower

c. lower

What is obesity and type 2 diabetes typically the result of? a. wasting b. kwashiorkor c. malnutrition d. food insecurity e. vitamin deficiencies

c. malnutrition

Which of the following choices was NOT introduced with the Green Revolution? a. high-yield variety crops b. chemical pesticides c. organic farming techniques d. sophisticated irrigation systems e. synthetic nitrogen fertilizer

c. organic farming techniques

What is one major motivation for companies to source sustainably grown palm oil? a. the palm oil is cheaper b. the government requires them to do so c. their customers demand sustainably grown palm oil d. the palm oil tastes better e. their customers demand cheaper prices on palm oil products

c. their customers demand sustainably grown palm oil

Which strategy would Greg and Raquel Massa NOT apply in managing their farm given their conversion to sustainable agriculture? a. building nest boxes for wood ducks, barn owls, and bats so that these wild animals will keep pests in check b. introducing ducklings into rice paddies as a natural weed control c. using transgenic golden rice seeds that are nutritionally enhanced to produce vitamin A d. installing a recirculation system to reclaim and reuse irrigation water e. planting native oak trees along field borders as a windbreak

c. using transgenic golden rice seeds that are nutritionally enhanced to produce vitamin A

How much of Earth's total ocean area is protected to some degree? a. 19.4% b. 12.1% c. 24.4% d. 1.6% e. 5.8%

d. 1.6%

Of all the freshwater on Earth, approximately _______________ is trapped as ice. a. 50% b. 10% c. 8% d. 80% e. 60%

d. 80%

What is conservation genetics? a. harvesting and saving samples of species genomes from distinct time periods b. conserving a species genome so that it is best adapted to the current environment c. the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to strengthen a particular ecosystem d. a way to inform conservation efforts based on genetic information from species e. techniques that preserve a low genetic diversity of an ecosystem

d. a way to inform conservation efforts based on genetic information from species

Which of the following would reduce the amount of infiltration of water into an aquifer? a. paved roads b. cement driveways c. buildings d. all of the answers are correct e. monoculture lawns

d. all of the answers are correct: paved roads, cement driveways, buildings, and monoculture lawns

What are some techniques employed by ecosystem conservationists? a. reforestation b. monitoring of indicator species c. remediation d. all of the answers are correct e. landscape conservation

d. all of the answers are correct: reforestation, monitoring of indicator species, remediation, and landscape conservation

Which are global threats to biodiversity? a. climate change b. overexploitation c. introduction of invasive species d. all of the answers are global threats e. habitat destruction and fragmentation

d. all of the answers are global threats: climate change, overexploitation, introduction of invasive species, and habitat destruction and fragmentation

A scientist notices that a lot more polar bears living in the warmer parts of the Arctic Circle have darker fur than they did 30 years ago. She wonders if this is an adaptation to global warming. Which of the following terms might help explain the increase in the number of darker polar bears? a. adaptation b. selective pressure c. genetic diversity d. all of the answers might explain the phenomenon e. evolution

d. all of the answers might explain the phenomenon: adaptation, selective pressure, genetic diversity, and evolution

What is one important quality of an aquifer? a. it is a source of potable water b. bacteria and other contaminants are filtered out of the water by rocks and soil c. individual homes can access the water supply by digging wells into the aquifer d. all of these answers are important qualities of aquifers e. the water supply is replenished through infiltration of rain and snowmelt

d. all of these answers are important qualities of aquifers: it is a source of potable water, bacteria and other contaminants are filtered out of the water by rocks and soil, individual homes can access the water supply by digging wells into the aquifer, and the water supply is replenished through infiltration of rain and snowmelt

Conservation biology is a science whose aim is to preserve: a. specific species b. habitats c. only endangered species d. biodiversity e. ecosystems

d. biodiversity

Rearing meat or dairy animals in confined spaces, maximizing the number of animals that can be grown in a small area, is referred to as a: a. traditional agriculture system b. monoculture c. sustainable agriculture system d. concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO) e. transgenic operation

d. concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)

An aquifer that is separated by impermeable rock is called a(n) ____________________ aquifer. a. confirmed b. unconfirmed c. nonporous d. confined e. unconfirmed

d. confined

According to the Red List, created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, which classification would be given to a species under the most serious threat? a. vulnerable b. near threatened c. endangered d. critically endangered e. least concern

d. critically endangered

Coliform bacteria indicate the contamination of a water body with ___________________. a. dioxane b. none of the answers are correct c. sediments d. fecal material e. viruses

d. fecal material

What do healthy riparian areas provide? a. optimal areas for industrial construction b. a quick path for water to enter the river or lake c. increased hypoxic conditions d. filtration of runoff water before it enters the river or lake e. excellent surfing conditions

d. filtration of runoff water before it enters the river or lake

What is a con of high-yield varieties of crops introduced globally during the Green Revolution? a. genetic diversity b. faster growth cycle c. none of these answers d. increased vulnerability to pests e. not as much grain production as traditional varieties

d. increased vulnerability to pests

Groundwater in aquifers is naturally replenished by _______________. a. transpiration b. seepage from sewers c. evaporation d. infiltration e. runoff

d. infiltration

If a species is extirpated, this means that: a. it does not exist in any ecosystem--it is extinct b. it has grown in numbers and disrupts the evenness of the species diversity for that ecosystem c. its close relatives, but not the same species, will continue to exist d. it is extinct in one ecosystem but still exists in others e. none of the above are correct

d. it is extinct in one ecosystem but still exists in others

Out of all the water on Earth, how much is usable by humans? a. 1% b. 10% c. 50% d. less than 1% e. 5%

d. less than 1%

What is ecotourism? a. where travelers go to different ecosystems around the globe b. the financial gain that a community makes through the sale of their contraband animal products to tourists c. the ability of a tourist to purchase a small plot of land in a protected reserve d. low-impact travel to natural areas that contributes to the protection of the environment e. virtual travel where the tourist does not impact the environment

d. low-impact travel to natural areas that contributes to the protection of the environment

The Irish potato famine was caused by a pathogen that quickly and successfully infected and killed millions of potato plants in Ireland. Based on the speed and ability of the pathogen to infect the plants, what kind of farming technique was likely implemented by the Irish? a. organic b. sustainable c. strip cropping d. monoculture e. CAFOs

d. monoculture

It is estimated that _______ of all species that have ever lived on this planet have gone extinct. a. 75% b. 25% c. 10% d. more than 99% e. 50%

d. more than 99%

Coevolution is a type of: a. genetic mutation b. genetic recombination c. speciation d. natural selection e. extirpation

d. natural selection

The difference between point source and nonpoint source pollution is that: a. point source pollution sources can always be remedied b. none of the answers are correct c. nonpoint source pollution is due to improper chemical storage d. point source pollution sources can be identified while nonpoint source pollution sources are more obscure e. nonpoint source pollution is located next to the body of contaminated water

d. point source pollution sources can be identified while nonpoint source pollution sources are more obscure

The largest potential source of freshwater is found in ________. a. groundwater b. oceans c. rivers d. polar ice caps and glaciers e. lakes

d. polar ice caps and glaciers

Habitat fragmentation can be detrimental to species because: a. it increases the chance that species will breed with other species out of necessity b. it decreases the isolation of particular populations c. it encourages genetic diversity, which leads to species diversity d. populations of the same species may be separated and would no longer be able to mate e. there are no livable habitats left after fragmentation

d. populations of the same species may be separated and would no longer be able to mate

Which of the following areas has the lowest percentage of population with access to improved sanitation? a. none of the answers are correct b. urban South-Central Asia c. urban East-Asia d. rural sub-Saharan Africa e. rural Latin America

d. rural sub-Saharan Africa

What happens when the water table drops below sea level in aquifers near the ocean? a. contamination of the entire aquifer with saltwater b. freshwater intrusion c. seawater conversion to freshwater d. saltwater intrusion e. there is no consequence to this

d. saltwater intrusion

______________ treatment is a biological process that uses microorganisms to break down organic matter. a. potable b. clarifier c. tertiary d. secondary e. primary

d. secondary

In sustainable agriculture _____________ is to soil erosion as _________ is to soil fertility. a. crop rotation; windbreaks b. contour farming; terrace farming c. strip cropping; contour farming d. terrace farming; crop rotation e. cover cropping; reduced tillage

d. terrace farming; crop rotation

Many zoos participate in species survival plans in which members of a particular endangered species are transferred from zoo to zoo to mate with other members of that species. Why is this mating technique important for the continuation of the species? a. there are only a few zoos that are certified to house and rear young, so mating and birth must take place at these facilities b. this technique allows captive animals to experience different environments, since they are unlikely to ever be released back into the wild c. this reduces genetic diversity of the population as a whole and increases the likelihood that the species will survive and thrive in the wild. d. this technique increases the genetic diversity of the next generation of the species, which makes them more suited to weather any disturbances in their natural habitats upon release e. oftentimes zoos will only have one sex of the endangered animal, so to mate those individuals, they must be moved to another zoo with members of the opposite sex

d. this technique increases the genetic diversity of the next generation of the species, which makes them more suited to weather any disturbances in their natural habitats upon release

In making a transgenic organism, what is typically the role of the bacterium? a. bacteria are not involved in the creation of transgenic organisms b. to donate the desired gene c. to mutate and create the desired gene d. to transport the desired gene e. to express the desired gene

d. to transport the desired gene

What is hypoxia? a. when your body temperature drops below 98.6°F b. where there is too much dissolved oxygen in water c. when your veins and arteries constrict to prevent heat loss d. where there is not enough dissolved oxygen in the water to support local organisms e. a disease affecting fish, often caused by pollution

d. where there is not enough dissolved oxygen in the water to support local organisms

How did subsidies for American farmers contribute to the level of food security in some African countries? a. American farmers were able to take advantage of the subsidies and produce more food, which made America less dependent on food supplies imported from African farmers. Since the African farmers were unable to sell their crops, the farms failed and decreased their community's level of food security. b. Since American farmers were able to produce vast quantities of food and sell it cheaply, this allowed African farmers to grow cash crops and thus bring more economic stability to the community as a whole, increasing their food security. c. Subsidies on American farms decreased the amount of crops that could economically be harvested. This decreased the overall world supply of food and resulted in African countries being unable to import enough food to feed their communities, thus decreasing their food security. d. American farm subsidies did not have any effect, positive or negative, on food security in African countries. e. American farmers were able to produce vast quantities of food and sell it cheaply. This outcompeted local African farms selling the same products. To compensate, the African farms switched to cash crops and ultimately made their country dependent on foreign food supplies, decreasing their food security.

e. American farmers were able to produce vast quantities of food and sell it cheaply. This outcompeted local African farms selling the same products. To compensate, the African farms switched to cash crops and ultimately made their country dependent on foreign food supplies, decreasing their food security.

Which of the following is NOT a negative consequence associated with confined animal feeding operations (CAFO)? a. CAFO operations are not sustainable since they are heavily dependent on external inputs, such as feed that is added from outside its own ecosystem b. Hog CAFO operations can pollute local waterways due to the vast quantities of manure that are produced in a small area c. CAFOs contribute to global warming since livestock emit greenhouse gases as part of their digestive process d. Since CAFO animals are more vulnerable to disease, farmers use heavy doses of antibiotics, which contributes to antibiotic resistance e. Cattle CAFO operations cause soil salinization since cows drink so much water

e. Cattle CAFO operations cause soil salinization since cows drink so much water

_________ are organisms that have had their genetic information modified in a way that does not occur naturally. a. AMOs b. Hybrids c. HMOs d. PMOs e. GMOs

e. GMOs

The switch to growing foods that leak nitrogen into the soil has resulted in: a. easier growing seasons for the farmers b. poorer sales of produce c. increased use of synthetic nitrogen d. better nutrient content of the food e. a higher level of nitrogen in the watershed runoff

e. a higher level of nitrogen in the watershed runoff

Which of the following contribute to the formation of precipitation? a. solar energy b. the movement of groundwater c. evaporation d. cold air in the upper atmosphere e. all of the answers are correct

e. all of the answers are correct: solar energy, the movement of groundwater, evaporation, and cold air in the upper atmosphere

What are some potential drawbacks of using pest-resistant crops? a. the creation of pest-resistant weeds b. the repelling of beneficial insects c. water pollution d. the creation of pesticide-resistant pests e. all of these answers are potential drawbacks of using pest-resistant crops

e. all of these answers are potential drawbacks of using pest-resistant crops: the creation of pest-resistant weeds, the repelling of beneficial insects, water pollution, and the creation of pesticide-resistant pests

Which statement about water use is incorrect? a. in some areas of the world, there is enough water, but people do not have enough money to purchase or dig wells to access it b. the World Health Organization estimates that one in three people lack sufficient access to clean water c. Middle Eastern nations are among the most water-stressed countries in the world d. as the population increases, water scarcity and sanitation issues will also increase e. because of their unsustainable practices, per capita water use in developing countries is far greater than in developed nations

e. because of their unsustainable practices, per capita water use in developing countries is far greater than in developed nations

In transgenic organisms, what step (s) would a gene gun replace? a. insertion of a desired gene into a plasmid b. a plasmid delivering a desired gene to the host nucleus c. isolation and replication of a desired gene d. none of the answers are correct e. both insertion of a desired gene into a plasmid and a plasmid delivering a desired gene to the host nucleus

e. both insertion of a desired gene into a plasmid and a plasmid delivering a desired gene to the host nucleus

In which protected area (s) could you hunt and fish? a. wildlife refuge b. nature preserve c. national park d. wilderness area e. both wilderness area and wildlife refuge

e. both wilderness area and wildlife refuge

The end result of eutrophication is: a. decreased nitrogen content of the water b. none of the answers are correct c. increased nitrogen content of the water d. increased oxygen content of the water e. decreased oxygen content of the water

e. decreased oxygen content of the water

__________ species may benefit from activities that fragment habitat. a. keystone b. core c. endangered d. threatened e. edge

e. edge

Sustainable agriculture is defined as a: a. plant-breeding program focused on the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to increase crop productivity or create new varieties of crops b. plant-breeding program focused on developing high yield varieties (HYVs) of grain crops c. farming method in which one crop variety is planted over a large area of land with significant inputs of fertilizer, pesticides, and water d. farming method that does not use any synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, or other chemical additives e. farming method that does not deplete resources, such as soil and water, faster than they are replaced

e. farming method that does not deplete resources, such as soil and water, faster than they are replaced

__________ is a term that describes misleading claims about the healthiness of organic foods a. organic inaccuracy b. greencarding c. organic washing d. transgenic e. greenwashing

e. greenwashing

Biodiversity is important in a population because: a. individuals in that population need a variety of mates b. it measures the species' richness but not the genetic diversity in the population and is therefore a great predictor of ecosystem stability c. it increases the populations vulnerability to extinction d. it increases the chances that each member of the population will be identical to each other e. it allows the population to be more resistant to disruptions

e. it allows the population to be more resistant to disruptions

Which practice requires the greatest amount of water input? a. washing dishes b. making a cotton T-shirt c. flushing the toilet d. taking a shower e. producing one pound of beef

e. producing one pound of beef

Which of the following is most likely the reason the bird species of Guam did not coevolve with the brown tree snake? a. there was not enough random mutation in the bird species to produce protective traits b. the birds did not need to coevolve; the brown tree snake did not pose a significant threat c. many bird species migrated off the island d. the brown tree snake only eats bird eggs e. the brown tree snake preyed on the bird species too rapidly, not allowing enough time for protective traits in the bird species to be selected for and passed on to the next generation

e. the brown tree snake preyed on the bird species too rapidly, not allowing enough time for protective traits in the bird species to be selected for and passed on to the next generation

Gravity "powers" all of the following processes of the hydrological cycle except ________________________. a. precipitation b. infiltration c. runoff d. all of the answers are correct e. transpiration

e. transpiration

Of the following ecosystems, which likely has the most biodiversity? a. frozen tundra b. temperate forest c. desert d. lake e. tropical rain forest

e. tropical rain forest