quiz 7 study guide

What is the "race to the bottom"?

The basic method is to offer lower prices than the competition-usually other low-ranking countries.

the recent Ebola outbreak illustrated global health issues in what way

The extent of inequality in access to health care around the world.

___________________ coined the term conspicuous consumption, which refers to those of the upper class who use their wealth to demonstrate their status in society.

Thorstein Veblen

This theorist argued that elite members of society want their social class membership to be obvious to others, and they accomplish this through displaying their status by what the things they wear and buy; on seeing these material things, lower classes mimic them and so the elites change what they buy

Thorstein veblem

During the __________________stage, cultures tend to focus more on their communities and families, but this focus begins to diminish during the Takeoff stageDuring the Traditional stage, cultures tend to focus more on their communities and families, but this focus begins to diminish during the ________________stage

Traditional stage Takeoff

_____________ is the country that gives the most foreign aid in terms of dollars, but ______________ routinely give more in terms of the percentage of its gross national income.

United States United Nations

When did foreign aid begin in its contemporary form

WWII

According to ___________________, some areas, such as the Mediterranean countries, lack strong central governments and export raw materials to the core

World-systems theory

The term ______________________ refers to people who live in extreme poverty and are more likely to live in the least industrialized nations, such as Africa, Bolivia, and Laos

bottom billion

Many actors and actresses earn millions each year and display their wealth by living in upscale mansions and driving expensive vehicles. This is an example of:

conspicuous consumption

World-systems theory divides the world into two parts: the _____________ and the ________________.

core periphey

World-systems theory is a _______________ theory that was strongly influenced by ______________.

critical conflict global stratification

According to Thomas Piketty's book Capital in the Twenty-First Century, which is more important, income or wealth

wealth

Income inequality in the United States looks different depending on how it is divided. Which of these comparisons has the largest disparity?

wealth inequality

While greater income is generally associated with more power, the book notes which exception to this

"breadwinner wives," or "alpha wives"

Many people consider themselves to be middle class, but the book defines the middle class by the following criteria

A family of four must earnings between $35,000 and $100,000 per year.

What development has helped narrow the digital divide?

Accessibility of simple and inexpensive devices...?

Where do the vast majority (70%) of those in the bottom billion live

Africa

Sue is a cashier at grocery store and has been at her position for 5 years, making $20,000 a year. When the store goes out of business, she takes a job at a department store making $21,000 a year. This would be an example of

Horizontal Mobility

__________________the theorist associated with World Systems Theory.

Immanuel Wallersteinis

In what sector of the global paid-labor market are women most heavily employed?

In Agriculture and labor-intensive manufacture

What is the difference between income and wealth

Income- is the amount of money a person earns in a given year from a job. [A business, investment,real estate Wealth- is the total amount of a person's financial assets and other properties less the total of various kinds of debt.

Maria is a domestic worker for a household where she has no secure contract, worker benefits, or wage agreement. Maria's job is considered part of

Informal Sector

Theorists from the _________________ perspective tend to focus on what people do within a stratified structure, such as how they present their authority or lack of authority in their body language.

Inter/Actionist

In the United States, and in much of the contemporary world, which of the following is the basis of stratification?

Is based largely on money. Money takes form of income or wealth or its social class,status,and power

According to the text, what is the main barrier to global equality in Internet access?

Lack of infrastructure within less developed countries of the Global South

According to the___________________ perspective on stratification, certain occupations, such as airplane pilots and Supreme Court judges, are occupations which require a great deal of education and therefore must be rewarded with higher salaries and extensive benefit packages.

Structural Functional

The caste system, found among the Hindus of India, is primarily based on ___________________ characteristics.

Structural Mobility

In global stratification, the _________ has dominated, controlled, exploited, and oppressed the _____________.

North South

According to the text, how many Americans were considered to be living in poverty in 2013

14.5 of the population

According to one estimate, in 2013 ______________ of the women in the United States were below the poverty line

15.8

According to Oxfam, the 80 richest people in the world have the same net worth as the poorest

3.5 billion

In percentages, how much of the world's wealth is owned by the richest 1% of people in the world as of 2014?

48%

How many countries in the world are categorized as "high-income countries"?

75 countries

Economic assistance given by countries or global institutions to foreign countries in order to promote development or social welfare is also known as

Foreign aid

Stratification on the global level is often seen as a divide of __________ and _____________.

Global North (aka Northern Hemisphere) & Global South (aka Southern Hemisphere)

Arlie Hochschild named the networks of immigrants who migrate to complete domestic work in the global economy

Global care chains

Which of these is listed in the text as one of the biggest disadvantages associated with being in the lower class in the United States

Poverty

Matt is the dean of a college. He can direct department chairs and faculty members to comply with university policies, even those they may not agree with. This is because people in Matt's position have

Power

The ability, or inability, to change one's place within the social classes in a society is called:

Social Mobility

Bill Gates, CEO of Microsoft, is estimated to be worth $48 billion. Today, it is estimated that there are 14 million Americans who are homeless. This disparity between social classes is an example of

Social Stratification

The income gap between the top 1% of earners in the United States and the bottom 20% of the population has ____________ since 1979.

increased

Over the last three decades, the wealth of the top .1% ____________, whereas the wealth of the lowest 60% _________________.

increased decreased

The text states that wealth rather than income is where the biggest disparities exist in U.S. society. However, wealth and income are linked in which of these ways?

inqualities

ohn, 31, earns $10,000 a year as a seasonal worker at a department store. His parents earn a combined income of $200,000 as lawyers. This is an example of

intergenerational mobility

The poverty line in the United States is measured by the federal government using the following formula:

multiplying the cost of what is deemed to be a nutritionally adequate food plan by three.

Stratification at the global level is a divide of Global North and South. What do North and South indicate?

north is the developed world and south is the developing.

Which of these arguments about stratification is a structural-functional theory

people that are in higher level of jobs have more power

Prince William and Prince Harry, sons of Prince Charles, were born into royalty and thus gained instant notoriety. This is an example of which characteristic?

Ascription

theorists critically examine who benefits from the existing stratification system and how this happens.

Conflict/Critical

Theories from the _________________ approach examine the relationship of dependency between wealthy countries and their transnational corporations that exploit poor countries.

Conflict/critical theory

Mary is a real estate agent who makes $100,000 a year. She lives in a three-bedroom house and drives a Lexus. The economy takes a downturn and she loses her job. Within a year, she loses her home and her vehicle and becomes homeless. This is an example of

Downward Intragenerational Mobility

Single-parent households headed by women are more likely to live in poverty compared to single-parent households headed by men. This is an example of the

Feminization of poverty

Which income category contains the largest number of countries according to the ranking by the World Bank

Middle-income economies

Mark has a large house, a big car, and multiple television sets. These are consumption markers for development according to which theory

Modernization theory

Members of elite social classes may cultivate tastes for fine foods, wines, and art. They may also vacation in expensive and remote locations where they have great privacy and can be around other people who share their social class position. According to Pierre Bourdieu, this use of culture to display and maintain social position is an example of

distiinction

Critics of modernization theory feel that it focuses too narrowly on what

economic production

At least theoretically, the Internet allows for participation by anyone anywhere in the global, digital economy, but not everyone has real and practical access. This is called

global digital divide

Many people, especially in the least industrialized nations, have no access to computers, phones, and the Internet, and in those places where the Internet is available, it is very expensive. This reflects the concept of the

global digital divide

Bill has been working at Walmart as a cashier for 5 years and makes $28,000 a year. Jane has been working at Target in customer service for 4 years and makes $32,000. According to this data, we can conclude Bill and Jane are in the same

social class

The cost of college is not a concern for brilliant students who earn scholarships or for wealthy students, but students from middle- and lower-class families face big issues with student loans. The student loan problem highlights?

social class

components of social stratification are

social class, status, and power

The text suggests that those in the Global South suffer from a "double nutritional burden." What makes the burden double?

some have little and some have to much

The wealthy perpetuate their wealth by using money and influence to resist taxation that would redistribute wealth. Which of these taxes has been affected by this influence according to the text

state aka death tax

John and Mary are on a first date, and Mary tells John she is an airplane pilot. John is very impressed by this as he considers airplane pilots to have a great deal of:

status

Groups from different social classes tend to distinguish themselves by purchasing different fashions in clothing, although lower classes may get imitation items of the latest fashions. This is an example of:

stratified form of consumption

Walt Rostow was an adviser to President John F. Kennedy. Rostow's use of modernization theory had a major influence on U.S. foreign policy during the Cold War. This theory is derived from the ______________

structural and functional

One theory of global stratification by the _________________________ approach is the modernization theory, which explains unequal economic differences based on structural and cultural differences between countries

structural/functional

What is the primary goal of foreign aid

to generate economic growth and domestic savings in recipient countries

In the time period since 1959, poverty in the United States

varied in numbers from year to year ( 7 million more)